Final year project #UPM2012/2016 Bachelor of Science Major Biology have Lots to mprove actually hmmm, need to further study

1. Human Health Risk Assessment of
Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Collected from Village and Commercial Farm
KHAIRAIN MARSELA BINTI IDRUS
(169102)
SUPERVISOR : ASSOC. PROF. DR. YAP CHEE KONG

2. For large scale of production, natural feeding method is not enough, so poultry
industry need a feed type with extra nutrition (Malu et al., 2015)
enhancement would cause accumulation of heavy metal in the poultry (Islam et al.,
2013)
Different parts of poultry tissues have different concentrations of heavy metal
accumulation (John et al., 1994).
Broiler chickens have more harmful chemicals from their feed and growth injection
but kampong chicken might be contaminated from the unknown source as they are
free to feed anywhere (Khan, 2013)
through food chain, human would also be affected when consuming the chickens
(Bowring, 2005).

3. To measure heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts,
gizzard, liver, skin, and muscles of wings, breast, and
thigh.
To estimate heavy metals content in chicken feed
To compare accumulation of heavy metals between
commercial chicken and kampong chicken
To estimate Human Health Risk Assessment of the
chickens (EDI and THQ)

4. SAMPLE
PREPARATION ACID DIGESTION METALS ANALYSIS

5. SAMPLE
PREPARATION
ACID DIGESTION METALS ANALYSIS
Samples collection
weighing
Grinding
Drying

6. SAMPLE
PREPARATION ACID DIGESTION METALS ANALYSIS
0.5 g
sample +
10ml HNO3
Diluted
to 40ml

7. SAMPLE
PREPARATION ACID DIGESTION METALS ANALYSIS
Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS)
model Thermo Fisher Scientific
Spectrometer: S Series GE712405 V1.27
Calculation of Human Health Risk Assessment
Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) Target Hazard Quotient (THQ)

8. 𝐸𝐷𝐼 =
𝑀𝐶 × 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠.
𝐵𝑤
C : concentration of heavy
metals in the food
Cons. : consumption rate;
150 g/day for adult and
100 g/day for children
(Salwa, 2014)
Bw : body weight ; 60kg
for adult and 30kg for
children (USEPA, 1989)
ORD ,
(USEPA, 2015)
Cu : 40
Ni : 20
Fe : 700
Zn : 300
EDI value < ORD (mg/kg/day)
No significance
health risk
Estimated Daily Intake (EDI)
* EDI for Pb is not calculated because of no
evidence of a threshold for non-harmful intake
(USEPA, 2004)

9. a) THQ Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni
𝑇𝐻𝑄 =
𝐸𝐹 × 𝐸𝐷 × 𝐶𝑅 × 𝑀𝐶
𝑂𝑅𝐷 × 𝐴𝐵𝑊 × 𝐴𝐸𝑇
𝑋 10−3
EF : exposure frequency (365 days/year)
ED : exposure duration (70 years)
CR : consumption rate
MC : heavy metal concentration in wet weight
ORD : oral reference dose
ABW : average body weight : 64 kg (Lim et
al., 2000)
AET : average exposure time for non-
carcinogens (365 days/year) (USEPA, 2000)
b) THQ for Pb
𝑇𝐻𝑄 =
𝑃𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑤
𝑀𝑅𝐿
ww : wet weight
MRL :Maximum Regulation Limit :
2mg/kg (MFR, 1985)
Target Hazard Quotient (THQ)
THQ < 1 = no health risk

10. Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard, liver, skin,
and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Male Adults
kampong commercial
COPPER
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Male Juvenile
kampong commercial

11. Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard, liver, skin,
and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Female Juvenile
kampong commercial
COPPER
0
5
10
15
20
25
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Female Adults
kampong commercial

12. Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard, liver, skin,
and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
NICKEL
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Male Adult
kampong commercial
0
1
2
3
4
5
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Male Juvenile
kampong commercial

13. Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard, liver, skin,
and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
NICKEL
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Female Juvenile
kampong commercial
0
1
1
2
2
3
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Female Adult
kampong commercial

14. Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard, liver, skin,
and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
FERUM
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Male Adult
kampong commercial
0
100
200
300
400
500
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Female Adult
kampong commercial

15. Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard, liver, skin,
and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
FERUM
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Male Juvenile
kampong commercial
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Female Juvenile
kampong commercial

16. Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard, liver, skin,
and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
LEAD
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/g,dw
Male Adult
kampong commercial
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Female Adult
kampong commercial

17. Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard, liver, skin,
and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
LEAD
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Male Juvenile
kampong commercial
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Female Juvenile
kampong commercial

18. Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard, liver, skin,
and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
LEAD
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/g,dw
Male Adult
kampong commercial
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Female Adult
kampong commercial

19. Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard, liver, skin,
and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
ZINC
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Male Adult
kampong commercial
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Female Juvenile
kampong commercial

20. Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard, liver, skin,
and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
ZINC
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Male Juvenile
kampong commercial
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
heart gizzard liver skin wings thigh breast
µg/gdw
Female Adult
kampong commercial

21. CF : Conversion factor ww: wet weight (mg/kg)
Conversion factor
𝐶𝐹 =
(𝑑𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒)
(𝑤𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒)
𝑤𝑤 = 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑤 𝑥 𝐶𝐹

22. Heart Gizzard Liver Skin Wing Thigh Breast
MA
Kampong 0.24 0.22 0.28 0.24 0.25 0.23 0.21
Commercial 0.15 0.17 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.21 0.22
FA
Kampong 0.17 0.21 0.29 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Commercial 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.30 0.26 0.24 0.25
MJ
Kampong 0.21 0.31 0.29 0.22 0.24 0.23 0.24
Commercial 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26
FJ
Kampong 0.25 0.21 0.27 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.27
Commercial 0.14 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.24
MA : Male Adult FA: Female Adult MJ: Male Juvenile FJ: Female Juvenile
Table 1 : Conversion factor

23. Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard,
liver, skin, and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
Organ CF Pb Cu Fe Ni Zn
Gizzard
Kampong 0.22 0.65 1.25 44.56 0.48 21.99
Commercial 0.17 3.80 1.11 21.46 0.45 16.47
Liver
Kampong 0.28 0.64 2.78 191.19 0.37 28.07
Commercial 0.20 2.47 3.17 63.04 0.12 16.12
Heart
Kampong 0.24 0.55 1.86 46.80 0.32 24.00
Commercial 0.15 6.49 2.19 29.74 0.23 13.51
Skin
Kampong 0.24 4.45 0.30 15.96 0.33 10.60
Commercial 0.26 0.01 0.65 11.32 0.31 5.85
Wing Muscle
Kampong 0.25 1.31 0.61 13.65 0.38 15.87
Commercial 0.20 0.68 0.36 8.75 0.18 9.81
Thigh Muscle
Kampong 0.23 0.40 0.78 18.76 0.46 18.80
Commercial 0.21 0.55 0.62 9.93 0.14 14.61
Breast Muscle
Kampong 0.21 1.07 0.52 15.00 0.32 12.94
Commercial 0.22 0.54 0.39 8.35 0.18 5.95
Concentration of Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn (mg/kg ww)
Table 2 : Concentration of Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn (mg/kg ww)
in
Highest concentration
male adult chickens

24. Table 3 : Concentration of Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn (mg/kg ww)
in
Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard,
liver, skin, and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
Concentration of Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn (mg/kg ww)
Organ CF Pb Cu Fe Ni Zn
Gizzard
Kampong 0.21 0.62 0.94 45.38 0.28 20.80
Commercial 0.20 6.27 1.34 24.22 0.19 20.42
Liver
Kampong 0.29 0.73 3.04 115.72 0.27 25.79
Commercial 0.22 1.54 3.52 72.91 0.20 16.17
Heart
Kampong 0.17 0.78 3.14 43.62 0.11 24.90
Commercial 0.18 0.00 0.76 31.68 0.26 17.40
Skin
Kampong 0.25 8.59 0.36 26.00 0.23 7.79
Commercial 0.30 0.00 0.76 13.34 0.35 6.37
Wing Muscle
Kampong 0.25 1.90 0.56 7.33 0.38 13.84
Commercial 0.26 0.52 0.49 7.91 0.31 10.46
Thigh Muscle
Kampong 0.25 0.62 0.61 15.80 0.43 18.50
Commercial 0.24 0.57 0.66 10.66 0.22 16.92
Breast Muscle
Kampong 0.25 1.69 0.41 6.48 0.27 5.39
Commercial 0.25 0.38 0.45 9.48 0.50 7.05
Highest concentration
female adult chickens

25. Table 4 : Concentration of Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn (mg/kg ww)
in
Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard,
liver, skin, and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
Concentration of Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn (mg/kg ww)
Highest concentration
Organ CF Pb Cu Fe Ni Zn
Gizzard
Kampong 0.31 0.87 1.22 40.97 0.70 16.56
Commercial 0.18 3.73 1.43 22.70 0.27 28.50
Liver
Kampong 0.29 0.57 4.04 95.41 0.33 27.04
Commercial 0.21 0.60 6.35 67.01 0.21 16.30
Heart
Kampong 0.21 0.96 1.03 42.55 0.28 18.44
Commercial 0.16 0.00 0.88 19.31 0.41 14.46
Skin
Kampong 0.22 3.69 0.80 10.01 0.36 9.23
Commercial 0.23 0.00 1.42 15.05 0.22 9.59
Wing Muscle
Kampong 0.24 1.54 0.60 14.94 0.37 12.17
Commercial 0.24 0.52 0.64 9.34 0.26 12.95
Thigh Muscle
Kampong 0.23 0.48 0.31 9.87 0.16 17.77
Commercial 0.25 2.26 0.74 11.58 0.12 15.11
Breast Muscle
Kampong 0.24 1.35 0.44 12.12 0.22 7.55
Commercial 0.26 0.86 0.47 8.56 0.08 6.02
male juvenile chickens

26. Table 5 : Concentration of Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn (mg/kg ww)
in
Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard,
liver, skin, and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
Concentration of Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn (mg/kg ww)
Highest concentration
Organ CF Pb Cu Fe Ni Zn
Gizzard
Kampong 0.21 2. 07 1.34 36.13 0.48 23.76
Commercial 0.16 7.00 1.24 19.29 0.09 17.25
Liver
Kampong 0.27 1.88 2.59 132.51 0.12 22.70
Commercial 0.20 1.19 3.72 48.92 0.06 12.94
Heart
Kampong 0.25 0.52 3.49 75.89 0.17 21.95
Commercial 0.14 0.00 0.42 22.24 0.15 9.41
Skin
Kampong 0.25 8.40 0.82 23.87 0.17 9.56
Commercial 0.24 0.00 0.87 10.04 0.37 7.46
Wing Muscle
Kampong 0.26 1.30 1.08 18.64 0.84 14.76
Commercial 0.23 1.54 0.64 9.94 0.45 9.09
Thigh Muscle
Kampong 0.25 0.85 0.97 16.04 0.50 18.36
Commercial 0.22 0.44 0.76 8.70 0.58 11.56
Breast Muscle
Kampong 0.27 3.24 1.14 18.76 0.96 7.57
Commercial 0.24 2.41 0.64 9.30 0.00 10.79
female juvenile chickens

27. Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard,
liver, skin, and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
Heart Gizzard Liver Skin Wing Thigh Breast
MA Fe: 46.80 Fe: 44.56 Fe:191.19 Fe: 15.96 Zn: 15.87 Zn: 18.80 Fe: 15.00
FA Fe: 43.62 Fe: 45.38 Fe:115.72 Fe: 26.00 Zn: 13.84 Zn: 18.50 Fe: 6.48
MJ Fe: 42.55 Fe: 40.97 Fe: 95.41 Fe: 10.01 Fe: 14.94 Zn: 17.77 Fe: 12.12
FJ Fe: 75.89 Fe: 36.13 Fe:132.51 Fe: 23.87 Fe: 18.64 Zn: 18.36 Fe: 18.76
MA : Male Adult FA: Female Adult MJ: Male Juvenile FJ: Female Juvenile
Table 7 : Highest metal concentration (µg/g ww) in commercial chickens
Heart Gizzard Liver Skin Wing Thigh Breast
MA Fe: 29.74 Fe: 21.46 Fe: 63.04 Fe: 11.32 Zn: 9.81 Zn: 14.61 Fe: 8.35
FA Fe: 31.68 Fe: 24.22 Fe: 72.91 Fe: 13.34 Zn : 10.46 Zn: 16.92 Fe: 9.48
MJ Fe: 19.31 Zn : 28.50 Fe: 67.01 Fe: 15.05 Zn: 12.95 Zn: 15.11 Fe: 8.56
FJ Fe: 22.24 Fe: 19.29 Fe: 48.92 Fe: 10.04 Fe: 9.94 Zn: 11.56 Zn: 10.79
Table 6 : Highest metal concentration (µg/g ww) in kampong chickens

28. Heavy metals distribution in chicken hearts, gizzard,
liver, skin, and muscles of wings, breast, and thigh
CF Pb Cu Fe Ni Zn
Kampong feed 0.79 2.46 2.15 30.65 0.00 13.98
Commercial feed 0.95 2.43 173.24 31.09 1.36 175.72
*kampong feed was corn
Table 8 : Metal concentration (µg/g ww) in chickens feed
Kampong feed = Ni < Cu < Pb < Zn < Fe
Commercial feed = Ni < Pb < Fe < Cu < Zn
Zn in commercial feed
• Improves immunity
• 0.012–0.018% of total-weight basis is
commonly added (Batal et al., 2001;
Leeson and Summers, 1997)
• Growth and reproduction (Okoye, 2011)
Cu in commercial feed
• use as feed additive
• Immunity : replace antibiotic
(Cohen, 2002)

29. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI)
Target Hazard Quotient (THQ)
Human Health Risk Assessment

30. Human Health Risk Assessment of the Chickens
(Estimated Daily Intake)

31. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Estimated Daily Intake)
Adult Children
Organ CF Cu Fe Ni Zn Cu Fe Ni Zn
Gizzard
Kampong 0.22 3.12 111.39 1.20 54.97 4.16 148.52 1.60 73.29
Commercial 0.17 2.78 53.65 1.13 41.17 3.71 71.53 1.51 54.89
Liver
Kampong 0.28 6.95 477.97 0.93 70.17 9.27 637.29 1.24 93.56
Commercial 0.20 7.92 157.59 0.30 40.29 9.27 210.12 0.40 53.72
Heart
Kampong 0.24 4.64 117.00 0.79 60.01 6.19 156.00 1.05 80.01
Commercial 0.15 5.47 74.34 0.57 33.78 6.19 99.12 0.75 45.03
Skin
Kampong 0.24 0.75 39.89 0.82 26.50 1.00 53.19 1.10 35.33
Commercial 0.26 1.63 28.31 0.77 14.61 2.18 37.75 1.02 19.48
Wing Muscle
Kampong 0.25 1.51 34.12 0.94 39.68 2.02 45.49 1.26 52.91
Commercial 0.20 0.90 21.88 0.46 24.53 2.02 29.17 0.62 32.70
Thigh Muscle
Kampong 0.23 1.94 46.90 1.15 47.00 2.59 62.53 1.53 62.67
Commercial 0.21 1.54 24.81 0.36 36.53 2.05 33.08 0.48 48.71
Breast Muscle
Kampong 0.21 1.29 37.49 0.80 32.36 1.72 49.99 1.06 43.14
Commercial 0.22 0.98 20.88 0.45 14.89 1.72 27.83 0.60 19.85
ORD
Cu : 40
Ni : 20
Fe : 700
Zn : 300
Highest EDI
Lowest EDI
All values are lower
than ORD
Table 9 : EDI of metals for Adult and children consumers of male adult chicken

32. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Estimated Daily Intake)

33. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Estimated Daily Intake)
Adult Children
Organ CF Cu Fe Ni Zn Cu Fe Ni Zn
Gizzard
Kampong 0.21 2.34 113.45 0.70 52.00 3.12 151.27 0.94 69.34
Commercial 0.20 3.36 60.54 0.48 51.04 3.12 80.73 0.64 68.06
Liver
Kampong 0.29 7.59 289.31 0.67 64.48 10.12 385.75 0.89 85.98
Commercial 0.22 8.81 182.27 0.50 40.44 11.75 243.03 0.67 53.92
Heart
Kampong 0.17 7.84 109.04 0.27 62.25 10.45 145.39 0.36 83.00
Commercial 0.18 1.89 79.21 0.66 43.49 2.52 105.61 0.88 57.98
Skin
Kampong 0.25 0.90 65.01 0.58 19.49 1.20 86.68 0.78 25.98
Commercial 0.30 1.89 33.35 0.87 15.92 1.20 44.46 1.16 21.23
Wing Muscle
Kampong 0.25 1.39 18.33 0.94 34.60 1.86 24.44 1.26 46.13
Commercial 0.26 1.22 19.77 0.78 26.14 1.63 26.36 1.05 34.86
Thigh Muscle
Kampong 0.25 1.53 39.49 1.08 46.25 2.04 52.66 1.44 61.67
Commercial 0.24 1.64 26.66 0.56 42.30 2.04 35.54 0.74 56.39
Breast Muscle
Kampong 0.25 1.02 16.20 0.69 13.48 1.36 21.61 0.92 17.98
Commercial 0.25 1.13 23.70 1.26 17.63 1.51 31.60 1.68 23.51
Highest EDI
Lowest EDI
ORD
Cu : 40
Ni : 20
Fe : 700
Zn : 300
All values are lower
than ORD
Table 10 : EDI of metals for Adult and children consumers of
female adult chicken

34. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Estimated Daily Intake)

35. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Estimated Daily Intake)
Adult Children
Organ CF Cu Fe Ni Zn Cu Fe Ni Zn
Gizzard
Kampong 0.31 3.05 102.42 1.75 71.26 4.06 136.56 2.33 95.01
Commercial 0.18 3.57 56.76 0.69 41.41 4.76 75.68 0.92 55.21
Liver
Kampong 0.29 10.09 238.54 0.82 67.59 13.45 318.05 1.09 90.12
Commercial 0.21 15.87 167.53 0.53 40.74 13.45 223.37 0.71 54.32
Heart
Kampong 0.21 2.59 106.39 0.70 46.10 3.45 141.85 0.93 61.47
Commercial 0.16 2.20 48.27 1.02 36.14 3.45 64.36 1.36 48.19
Skin
Kampong 0.22 2.00 25.02 0.89 23.07 2.66 33.37 1.18 30.77
Commercial 0.23 3.54 37.62 0.55 23.99 4.72 50.16 0.74 31.98
Wing Muscle
Kampong 0.24 1.49 37.36 0.93 30.43 1.99 49.81 1.24 40.58
Commercial 0.24 1.60 23.36 0.65 32.38 1.99 31.14 0.86 43.17
Thigh Muscle
Kampong 0.23 0.78 24.68 0.39 44.43 1.04 32.90 0.52 59.24
Commercial 0.25 1.85 28.95 0.30 37.78 2.47 38.60 0.40 50.37
Breast Muscle
Kampong 0.24 1.11 30.31 0.55 18.88 1.48 40.41 0.73 25.18
Commercial 0.26 1.18 21.41 0.20 15.04 1.48 28.54 0.27 20.06 Highest EDI
Lowest EDI
ORD
Cu : 40
Ni : 20
Fe : 700
Zn : 300
All values are lower
than ORD
Table 11 : EDI of metals for Adult and children consumers of male
juvenile chicken

36. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Estimated Daily Intake)

37. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Estimated Daily Intake)
Adult Children
Organ CF Cu Fe Ni Zn Cu Fe Ni Zn
Gizzard
Kampong 0.21 3.34 90.32 1.20 59.40 4.45 120.43 1.60 79.20
Commercial 0.16 3.10 48.22 0.23 43.13 4.45 64.29 0.30 57.51
Liver
Kampong 0.27 6.47 331.28 0.30 56.75 8.62 441.71 0.40 75.66
Commercial 0.20 9.30 122.30 0.14 32.36 12.40 163.06 0.18 43.14
Heart
Kampong 0.25 8.72 189.72 0.42 54.87 11.63 252.96 0.56 73.16
Commercial 0.14 1.05 55.59 0.37 23.52 1.40 74.12 0.49 31.36
Skin
Kampong 0.25 2.06 59.68 0.42 23.89 2.75 79.57 0.56 31.85
Commercial 0.24 2.17 25.10 0.93 18.66 2.75 33.47 1.23 24.88
Wing Muscle
Kampong 0.26 2.69 46.59 2.10 36.91 3.59 62.13 2.81 49.21
Commercial 0.23 1.59 24.84 1.12 22.73 2.12 33.12 1.49 30.31
Thigh Muscle
Kampong 0.25 2.42 40.11 1.24 45.91 3.22 53.48 1.66 61.22
Commercial 0.22 1.90 21.75 1.45 28.90 3.22 29.00 1.93 38.53
Breast Muscle
Kampong 0.27 2.86 46.90 2.40 18.93 3.81 62.53 3.20 25.25
Commercial 0.24 1.59 23.26 0.00 26.96 2.12 31.02 0.00 35.95
Highest EDI
Lowest EDI
ORD
Cu : 40
Ni : 20
Fe : 700
Zn : 300
All values are lower
than ORD
Table 12 : EDI of metals for Adult and children consumers of
female juvenile chicken

38. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Target Hazard Quotient)
AVERAGE CHICKEN CONSUMPTION IN MALAYSIA
Consumption rate (CR) = 28.143 g/day
CONSUMPTION BY ADULTS AND CHILDREN
Adult CR = 150 g/day
Children CR = 100 g/day

39. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Target Hazard Quotient)
Male Adult Chicken
AVERAGE CHICKEN CONSUMPTION IN MALAYSIA
Consumption rate = 28.1143 g/day
Organ CF Cu Fe Ni Zn Pb HI
Gizzard
Kampong 0.22 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.32 0.39
Commercial 0.17 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 1.90 1.96
Liver
Kampong 0.28 0.00 0.13 0.01 0.04 0.32 0.49
Commercial 0.20 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.03 1.23 1.33
Heart
Kampong 0.24 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.27 0.37
Commercial 0.15 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 3.24 3.32
Skin
Kampong 0.24 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 2.22 2.26
Commercial 0.26 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.03
Wing Muscle
Kampong 0.25 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.66 0.70
Commercial 0.20 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.34 0.37
Thigh Muscle
Kampong 0.23 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.20 0.25
Commercial 0.21 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.27 0.31
Breast Muscle
Kampong 0.21 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.53 0.57
Commercial 0.22 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.27 0.29
HI : Hazard index
Table 13 : THQ of metals
in male adult chickens

40. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Target Hazard Quotient)
Female Adult Chicken
AVERAGE CHICKEN CONSUMPTION IN MALAYSIA
Consumption rate = 28.1143 g/day
Organ CF Cu Fe Ni Zn Pb HI
Gizzard
Kampong 0.21 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.31 0.38
Commercial 0.20 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.03 3.13 3.20
Liver
Kampong 0.29 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.04 0.36 0.48
Commercial 0.22 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.77 0.88
Heart
Kampong 0.17 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.39 0.45
Commercial 0.18 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.06
Skin
Kampong 0.25 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 4.30 4.33
Commercial 0.30 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.03
Wing Muscle
Kampong 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.95 0.98
Commercial 0.26 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.26 0.29
Thigh Muscle
Kampong 0.25 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.31 0.35
Commercial 0.24 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.29 0.33
Breast Muscle
Kampong 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.85 0.86
Commercial 0.25 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.19 0.22
HI : Hazard index
Table 14 : THQ of metals
in fe male adult chickens

41. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Target Hazard Quotient)
Male Juvenile Chicken
AVERAGE CHICKEN CONSUMPTION IN MALAYSIA
Consumption rate = 28.1143 g/day
Organ CF Cu Fe Ni Zn Pb HI
Gizzard
Kampong 0.31 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.29 0.39
Commercial 0.18 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.30 0.44
Liver
Kampong 0.29 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.04 1.85 1.87
Commercial 0.21 0.07 0.04 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.05
Heart
Kampong 0.21 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.43 0.52
Commercial 0.16 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 1.87 1.93
Skin
Kampong 0.22 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.77 0.81
Commercial 0.23 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.26 0.30
Wing Muscle
Kampong 0.24 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.24 0.27
Commercial 0.24 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 1.13 1.17
Thigh Muscle
Kampong 0.23 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.67 0.70
Commercial 0.25 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.43 0.45
Breast Muscle
Kampong 0.24 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.26 0.34
Commercial 0.26 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.04
HI : Hazard index
Table 15 : THQ of metals
in male juvenile chickens

42. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Target Hazard Quotient)
Female Juvenile Chicken
AVERAGE CHICKEN CONSUMPTION IN MALAYSIA
Consumption rate = 28.1143 g/day
Organ CF Cu Fe Ni Zn Pb HI
Gizzard
Kampong 0.21 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.04 1.03 1.10
Commercial 0.16 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.03 3.50 3.55
Liver
Kampong 0.27 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.04 0.94 1.07
Commercial 0.20 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.60 0.69
Heart
Kampong 0.25 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.26 0.34
Commercial 0.14 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.04
Skin
Kampong 0.25 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 4.20 4.23
Commercial 0.24 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.04
Wing Muscle
Kampong 0.26 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.65 0.70
Commercial 0.23 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.77 0.81
Thigh Muscle
Kampong 0.25 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.42 0.47
Commercial 0.22 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.22 0.27
Breast Muscle
Kampong 0.27 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 1.62 1.66
Commercial 0.24 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 1.20 1.23
HI : Hazard index
Table 16 : THQ of metals
in female juvenile
chickens

43. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Target Hazard Quotient)
AVERAGE CHICKEN CONSUMPTION IN MALAYSIA
Consumption rate (CR) = 28.143 g/day
CONSUMPTION BY ADULTS AND CHILDREN
Adult CR = 150 g/day
Children CR = 100 g/day

44. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Target Hazard Quotient)
CONSUMPTION BY ADULTS AND CHILDREN
Adult Children
Organ CF Cu Fe Ni Zn Pb HI Cu Fe Ni Zn Pb HI
Gizzard
Kampong 0.22 0.08 0.16 0.06 0.18 0.32 0.80 0.10 0.21 0.08 0.24 0.32 0.95
Commercial 0.17 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.14 1.90 2.25 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.18 1.90 2.35
Liver
Kampong 0.28 0.00 0.68 0.05 0.23 0.32 1.28 0.23 0.91 0.06 0.31 0.32 1.83
Commercial 0.20 0.20 0.23 0.01 0.13 1.23 1.80 0.26 0.30 0.02 0.18 1.23 1.99
Heart
Kampong 0.24 0.13 0.17 0.04 0.20 0.27 0.81 0.15 0.22 0.05 0.27 0.27 0.97
Commercial 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.03 0.11 3.24 3.63 0.18 0.14 0.04 0.15 3.24 3.75
Skin
Kampong 0.24 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.09 2.22 2.43 0.03 0.08 0.05 0.12 2.22 2.50
Commercial 0.26 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.17 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.00 0.23
Wing Muscle
Kampong 0.25 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.66 0.88 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.18 0.66 1.01
Commercial 0.20 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.34 0.50 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.11 0.34 0.55
Thigh Muscle
Kampong 0.23 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.16 0.20 0.53 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.21 0.20 0.64
Commercial 0.21 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.12 0.27 0.49 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.16 0.27 0.56
Breast Muscle
Kampong 0.21 0.00 0.05 0.04 0.11 0.53 0.73 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.14 0.53 0.84
Commercial 0.22 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.27 0.40 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.07 0.27 0.44
Table 17 : THQ of metal between adults and children consumers of male adult chicken

45. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Target Hazard Quotient)
CONSUMPTION BY ADULTS AND CHILDREN
Adult Children
Organ CF Cu Fe Ni Zn Pb HI Cu Fe Ni Zn Pb HI
Gizzard
Kampong 0.21 0.00 0.16 0.04 0.17 0.31 0.68 0.08 0.22 0.05 0.23 0.31 0.88
Commercial 0.20 0.08 0.09 0.02 0.17 3.13 3.50 0.11 0.12 0.03 0.23 3.13 3.62
Liver
Kampong 0.29 0.19 0.41 0.03 0.21 0.36 1.21 0.25 0.55 0.04 0.29 0.36 1.50
Commercial 0.22 0.22 0.26 0.03 0.13 0.77 1.41 0.29 0.35 0.03 0.18 0.77 1.62
Heart
Kampong 0.17 0.20 0.16 0.01 0.21 0.39 0.96 0.26 0.21 0.02 0.28 0.39 1.15
Commercial 0.18 0.05 0.11 0.03 0.14 0.00 0.34 0.06 0.15 0.04 0.19 0.00 0.45
Skin
Kampong 0.25 0.00 0.09 0.03 0.06 4.30 4.48 0.03 0.12 0.04 0.09 4.30 4.58
Commercial 0.30 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.19 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.00 0.26
Wing Muscle
Kampong 0.25 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.12 0.95 1.17 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.15 0.95 1.25
Commercial 0.26 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.26 0.44 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.12 0.26 0.51
Thigh Muscle
Kampong 0.25 0.00 0.06 0.05 0.15 0.31 0.57 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.21 0.31 0.71
Commercial 0.24 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.14 0.29 0.54 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.19 0.29 0.62
Breast Muscle
Kampong 0.25 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.85 0.97 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.85 1.02
Commercial 0.25 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.19 0.37 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.19 0.43
Table 18 : THQ of metal between adults and children consumers of female adult chicken

46. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Target Hazard Quotient)
CONSUMPTION BY ADULTS AND CHILDREN
Adult Children
Organ CF Cu Fe Ni Zn Pb HI Cu Fe Ni Zn Pb HI
Gizzard
Kampong 0.31 0.08 0.15 0.09 0.24 0.29 0.85 0.10 0.20 0.12 0.32 0.29 1.03
Commercial 0.18 0.09 0.08 0.03 0.14 0.30 0.64 0.12 0.11 0.05 0.18 0.30 0.76
Liver
Kampong 0.29 0.00 0.34 0.04 0.23 1.85 2.46 0.34 0.45 0.05 0.3 1.85 2.99
Commercial 0.21 0.40 0.24 0.03 0.14 0.00 0.81 0.53 0.32 0.04 0.18 0.00 1.07
Heart
Kampong 0.21 0.00 0.15 0.03 0.15 0.43 0.76 0.09 0.2 0.05 0.2 0.43 0.97
Commercial 0.16 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.12 1.87 2.17 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.16 1.87 2.26
Skin
Kampong 0.22 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.77 0.98 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.10 0.77 1.05
Commercial 0.23 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.08 0.26 0.51 0.12 0.07 0.04 0.11 0.26 0.60
Wing Muscle
Kampong 0.24 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.24 0.44 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.14 0.24 0.56
Commercial 0.24 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.11 1.13 1.34 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.14 1.13 1.40
Thigh Muscle
Kampong 0.23 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.15 0.67 0.9 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.2 0.67 0.98
Commercial 0.25 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.13 0.43 0.67 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.17 0.43 0.74
Breast Muscle
Kampong 0.24 0.00 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.26 0.39 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.08 0.26 0.48
Commercial 0.26 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.12 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.07 0.00 0.16
Table 19 : THQ of metal between adults and children consumers of female juvenile chicken

47. Human Health Risk Assessment of the chickens
(Target Hazard Quotient)
CONSUMPTION BY ADULTS AND CHILDREN
Adult Children
Organ CF Cu Fe Ni Zn Pb HI Cu Fe Ni Zn Pb HI
Gizzard
Kampong 0.21 0.00 0.13 0.06 0.20 1.03 1.42 0.11 0.17 0.08 0.26 1.03 1.66
Commercial 0.16 0.08 0.07 0.01 0.14 3.50 3.80 0.10 0.09 0.02 0.19 3.50 3.90
Liver
Kampong 0.27 0.16 0.47 0.02 0.19 0.94 1.78 0.22 0.63 0.02 0.25 0.94 2.06
Commercial 0.20 0.23 0.17 0.01 0.11 0.60 1.12 0.31 0.23 0.01 0.14 0.60 1.29
Heart
Kampong 0.25 0.22 0.27 0.02 0.18 0.26 0.95 0.29 0.36 0.03 0.24 0.26 1.18
Commercial 0.14 0.03 0.08 0.02 0.08 0.00 0.20 0.04 0.11 0.02 0.10 0.00 0.27
Skin
Kampong 0.25 0.00 0.09 0.02 0.08 4.20 4.38 0.07 0.11 0.03 0.11 4.20 4.52
Commercial 0.24 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.00 0.20 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.00 0.27
Wing Muscle
Kampong 0.26 0.07 0.07 0.11 0.12 0.65 1.01 0.09 0.09 0.14 0.16 0.65 1.13
Commercial 0.23 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.77 0.98 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.77 1.05
Thigh Muscle
Kampong 0.25 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.15 0.42 0.70 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.20 0.42 0.87
Commercial 0.22 0.05 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.22 0.47 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.13 0.22 0.55
Breast Muscle
Kampong 0.27 0.07 0.07 0.12 0.06 1.62 1.94 0.10 0.09 0.16 0.08 1.62 2.05
Commercial 0.24 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.09 1.20 1.37 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.12 1.20 1.42
Table 20: THQ of metal between adults and children consumers of female juvenile chicken

48. accumulation of heavy metals between commercial chicken
and kampong chicken
Kampong or commercial chicken that have
higher or lower metal concentration?

49. AVERAGE THQ OF CONSUMING ADULT CHICKEN
0.43
0.91
0.56
0.20 0.23
0.30
0.17
0.35
0.61
0.36
0.18 0.18
0.23
0.16
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Gizzard Liver Heart Skin Wing
Muscle
Thigh
Muscle
Breast
Muscle
Average HI of Consuming Adult
Chicken (Adults)
Kampong Commercial
0.61
1.33
0.73
0.28 0.33
0.42
0.24
0.49
0.85
0.45
0.26 0.25
0.33
0.25
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
Gizzard Liver Heart Skin Wing
Muscle
Thigh
Muscle
Breast
Muscle
Average HI of Consuming Adult
Chicken (Children)
Kampong Commercial

50. AVERAGE THQ OF CONSUMING JUVENILE CHICKEN
0.47
0.73
0.52
0.20
0.28 0.25 0.23
0.32
0.66
0.25 0.23 0.21 0.24
0.14
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
Gizzard Liver Heart Skin Wing
Muscle
Thigh
Muscle
Breast
Muscle
Average HI of Consuming Juvenile
Chicken (Adults)
Kampong Commercial
0.68
1.14
0.73
0.30
0.40 0.37 0.33
0.43
0.88
0.33 0.30 0.28 0.32
0.19
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
Gizzard Liver Heart Skin Wing
Muscle
Thigh
Muscle
Breast
Muscle
Average HI of Consuming Juvenile
Chicken (Children)
Kampong Commercial

51. • Distribution of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni in chickens parts may not cause potential
health risk to human
• However, Pb was found exceeding 1 that may cause hazards for adults and
children consumers
• Pb in the chicken consumption should be investigated further
• Local food regulations should be revise more frequently, so that we know the
real status of today ‘s hazard possibilities

52. Organ Pb Cu Fe Ni Zn
Gizzard
Kampong dw 20.59 ± 7.98 7.35 ± 0.65 206.6 ± 5.7 5.68 ± 0.37 101.10 ± 3.47
ww 0.65 1.56 44.56 1.22 22.02
Commercial dw 31.36 ± 8.47 4.81 ± 1.39 127.66 ± 3.6 2.69 ± 0.34 97.97 ± 9.42
ww 3.80 0.82 21.46 0.46 15.90
Liver
Kampong dw 4.72 ± 0.03 12.40 ± 0.82 684.0 ± 12.4 9.04 ± 0.49 100.41 ± 9.27
ww 0.64 3.27 191.19 2.57 28.09
Commercial dw 12.16 ± 4.31 15.61 ± 1.18 310.5 ± 7.8 2.67 ± 0.01 79.38 ± 11.84
ww 2.47 3.25 63.04 0.52 19.18
Heart
Kampong dw 2.70 ± 1.51 12.54 ± 1.34 197.5 ± 5.1 8.08 ± 0.52 101.29 ± 6.90
ww 0.55 7.77 46.80 1.91 23.99
Commercial dw 39.23 ± 16.28 16.81 ± 0.82 203.8 ± 38.9 4.24 ± 0.99 92.59 ± 9.76
ww 6.49 2.21 29.74 0.86 14.15
Skin
Kampong dw 1.63 ± 0.03 1.79 ± 0.40 67.5 ± 4.0 1.54 ± 0.38 44.86 ± 3.05
ww 4.45 0.75 15.96 0.35 10.32
Commercial dw 0.08 ± 0.00 2.52 ± 0.37 43.7 ± 2.3 1.38 ± 0.01 22.57 ± 0.77
ww 0.01 0.60 11.32 0.36 4.65

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