presentation about Mangroves

1. BY: MUHAMMAD NADEEM BHAT
20ZYM32
Msc (iv) sem
Fishery science and aquaculture
Department of zoology, AMU
SEMINAR PRESENTATION
MANGROVES AND THEIR
SIGNIFICANCE

2. What are Mangroves :
Mangroves are a group of plants (mostly trees, shrubs )
that occur in the coastal intertidal zones of tropics and the sub-
tropics.
Term “mangroves” refers to an ecological group of halophytic
plant species known as salt tolerant forest ecosystem.
Require high solar radiation to filter out saline water.

4. Adaptations:
1) Salt tolerancy (Rejection and screation).
-Some roots are impermeable to salt.
-Presence of salt glands in leaves .
2) Viviparity-mode of reproduction:
Seeds germinate on the tree itself bef-
re falling on the ground.

5.  3) Complex root systems:
. -Protect from water tide.
-Pneumatophores(breathing roots): Allow mangroves to
absorb gases directly from air.
-Stilt roots; grow vertically and provide
support in unstable substratum.
4) Modified leaves:
-To reduce transpiration rate and
conserve water loss.

6. 1)Red mangroves:
-called as walking tree bcx of prop and drop roots.
- Closest to water ,conditions are harshest.
-Tallest mangroves ,upto 80 ft.
-Leaves –large , elliptical,dark green on top
and light green on bottom.
Types of Mangroves:

7.  2) Black mangroves:
-Found close to red mangroves.
- Called black because colour of wood is dark brown or black.
-Pneumatophores for oxygen.
- Leaves= narrow,oval with pointy end.
-Tree excreates salt crystals on leaf surface.

8. 3) white mangroves:
- Found farer than red and black mangroves,on stable soil
around ponds and lagoons.
-Leaf is about 3 inches long,light yellow green,broad and oval
shaped with rounded end.
-Two glands called as “ nectaries” , source of sugar for ants.
-Don’t have aerial roots like others .
-Develop peg roots during low levels of
oxygen in its sorrounding’s water.

9. 4) Buttonwood mangroves:
. -Silver and green mangroves.
-Upto 15ft tall.
-Nomenclature because of button like appearance of their flower heads .
-Live farthest away from inland.
-Leaf=long, elliptical with pointed ends and smooth edges.
-Salt glands are present underside of leaves
and also at base.

10. Distribution of mangroves:
Mangroves dominate approximately 75% of the world’s tropical
coastline between 23.5° N and 23.5° S latitude.
The most northerly sites-top of the Red Sea in the Gulf of Aquba and
South Japan.
Most southerly sites - are Australia and Chathan island east of New
Zealand (Walter, 1977).
The total mangrove cover of the world is about 1, 81, 000 sq.kms.

11. Approximately 43% of the World’s mangroves are located in just four
countries-
1) Indonesia (42,550 sq.kms),
2) Brazil (13,400 sq.kms),
3) Australia (11,500 sq.kms) &
4) Nigeria (10,515 sq.kms).

13. Distribution in India:
In India, the mangrove vegetation can be observed all along its
coastline.
The total area(7,00,000 ha) contributes 3.1% of total world’s
mangrove.
The most dominant mangrove species found along the east and
west coast of India are Rhizophora mucronata , R. apiculata,
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza , B. Parviflora,, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus
granatum, Avicennia officinalis, A. marina, etc (Kathiresan,2003).

15. SIGNIFICANCE OF MANGROVES:
1) Provide a physical habitat and nursery grounds for marine
organisms.
Royal Bengal Tiger is one of the unique resident species of mangroves of the
Sunderbans.
Nursery and breeding ground of several marine fauna like prawns, crabs, fishes
and molluscs.

16. 2) Mangroves for food security:
Crabs,clams,oyesters, fishes and other food often collected from
mangrove ecosystem.
Mangrove leaves fall in water,convert into detritus and become food for
mangrove organisms.
MANGROVE plant parts also used as food by human beings like;
a) Tenderr leaves of Acacia fernesiana are used as substitute for
tamarid chutneys.
b) Tender leaves and shoots of Salvadora persica is used as
salad.

17. 3) Mangroves for coastal protection:
The role of mangroves in protection of the life and property along the
coast is being strongly realized today after the 1999 super cyclone of
Orissa and the tsunami of 2004.
Less loss for those human settlements located behind mangrove
swamps .
Mangroves can help prevent erosion by stabilizing shorelines with their
specialized root systems.

19. 4) Mangroves for medicines:
The people of Kutch and Saurashtra use the smoked dry leaves of
Avicennia officinalis for relief from Asthma.
The leaves and bark of Acanthus ilicifolius, is found to be useful in
nervous disorders.
Calophyllum paste are applied for relief from painful joints.

20. 5)Improve water clarity and quality:
The tangled root systems filter runoff that may include
pollutants.
They trap sediments and debris from the land .
6) Support endangered species :
The hawksbill , green sea turtle, smalltooth sawfish,
Peregrine falcon, Eastern indigo snake etc.

21. Miscellaneous uses:
The bark of Avicennia officinalis yields a natural dye (Banerjee et
al. 1989).
The flowers of Aegiceras corniculatum are good sources of high
quality white honey (Banerjee et al. 1989).
The leaves of Avicennia officinalis are rich in proteins and
carbohydrates and hence, used as fodder .
.

22. Ecological uses
Erosion control
Protection from damage
climate change
Habitat provision
Carbon sinks
Economical uses
Fishing
Shrimp and crab
industries
Charcoal production
Timber production
Firewood
Social uses
Education
tourism
Food
Local employment
Agriculture
Traditional medicine

23. if mangroves were removed what impacts would this
have 🤫
-Threats
-Conservations
“Plant is the only wall exists between you and your disaster.”
-Nadeem

24. References:
Tomlinson P B. The Botany of Mangrove. New York: Press Syndicate
of the University of Cambridge, 1986
Khan M A, Aziz I. Salinity tolerance in some mangrove species from
Pakistan. Wetl Ecol Manag, 2001, 9: 219̣222
http://www.naturefoundationsxm.org/education/mangroves/mangroves.htm
http://www.nhmi.org/mangroves/id.htm