2. Overview
Introduction
Literature Review
Case Study: Base Isolated Building
Case Study: Fixed Base Building
Conclusions and Recommendations
3. Introduction
NBCC 2010 specifies that
buildings and their
structural members shall be
designed by one of the
following methods:
analysis based on generally
established theory,
evaluation of a given full-scale
structure or a prototype by
loading tester or
studies of model analogues .
4. Literature review
Earthquake
Structural bearing
Base Isolation
Design requirements
Construction of base isolated building
6. Cont.
0.8
0.7
Spectral Response Acceleration,S
0.6
0.5
Toronto
0.4
Alexandria
0.3
White River
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Period, T
Seismic map in Canada
The four Sa 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 seconds (equivalent to frequencies of 5, 2, 1, and 0.5 Hertz)
[Source: www.earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca]
7. Structural bearing
The CHBDC standards recognized
the bearing as follows:
Plain elastomeric
Natural Rubber
Neoprene
Steel reinforced elastomeric
Roller bearing Elastomeric Roller
Rocker bearing
Pot bearing
Disc bearing
Spherical and cylindrical bearing
Other (require approval)
Rapolla seismic isolated building, Potenza, Italy
LBRtest
Rocker Pot
8. Rubber bearing
Lift-off: bearing behavior assumed in :
Internal forces which act to displace the rubber from the vertical height “seismic linear model”
lost in deflection to the unloaded sides
Load-deflection for one and three layer units reinforced with steel plate [Farat]
9. Base isolation
Add your procedure
here
Key assumptions
Add your assumptions
here
Building movement
Base-Isolation Building [Lu et al 2012]
11. Damping
0.001 g (0.01 m/s²) – perceptible by people
0.02 g (0.2 m/s²) – people lose their balance
0.50 g – very high; well-designed buildings can
survive if the duration is short
17. Parametric study
Finite element modeling
Gravity loads
Isolated base building
Fixed base building
Results
18. Finite element modeling
Table 3. 1 High damping bearing Properties
Vertical (axial) stiffness 10,000 k/in
(linear)
Initial shear stiffness in each 10 K/in
direction
Shear yield force in each 5 kips
direction B.1
Ratio of post yield shear 0.2
stiffness to initial shear
stiffness
Figure 3. 1 3D Finite element model
19. Gravity loads & forces
Moment 3-3 Diagram
Axial Force Diagram
Figure 3. 3 Combo (Dead plus live load) effect on the N-S for Grid A.1 or A.4
20. Isolated base building
Response histories
(a) displacement of column
(joint 15, 13),
(b) displacement of column
w.r.t. base,
(c) displacement of base shear
21. MODAL 1
Moment 3-3 Diagram
(MODAL) Model 1 –
Period 2.81065
Deformation shape
(MODAL) – Mode 1 –
Period 2.81065
22. MODAL 2
Moment 3-3 Diagram
(MODAL) Model 2 –
Period 2.7975
Deformation shape
(MODAL) – Mode 2 –
Period 2.7975
23. MODAL 3
Moment 3-3 Diagram
(MODAL) Model 3 –
Period 2.42137
Deformation shape
(MODAL) – Mode 3 –
Period 2.42137
24. MODAL 4
Moment 3-3 Diagram
(MODAL) Model 4 –
Period 0.32664
Deformation shape
(MODAL) – Mode 4 –
Period 0.32664
25. MODAL 5
Moment 3-3 Diagram
(MODAL) Model 5 –
Period 0.24728
Deformation shape
(MODAL) – Mode 5 –
Period 0.24728
26. Fixed base building
Response histories
(a) displacement of column
(joint 15, 13),
(b) displacement of column w.r.t.
base,
(c) displacement of base shear
27. MODAL 1
Moment 3-3
Diagram (MODAL)
Model 1 – Period
0.49310
Deformation shape
(MODAL) – Mode 1
– Period 0.49310
28. MODAL 2
Moment 3-3 Diagram
(MODAL) Model 2 –
Period 0.35973
Deformation shape
(MODAL) – Mode 2 –
Period 0.35973
29. MODAL 3
Moment 3-3 Diagram
(MODAL) Model 3 –
Period 0.35117
Deformation shape
(MODAL) – Mode 3 –
Period 0.35117
30. MODAL 4
Moment 3-3 Diagram
(MODAL) Model 4 –
Period 0.19916
Deformation shape
(MODAL) – Mode 4 –
Period 0.19916
31. MODAL 5
Moment 3-3 Diagram
(MODAL) Model 5 –
Period 0.14006
Deformation shape
(MODAL) – Mode 5 –
Period 0.14006
32. Results
Modal participating mass ratio (MPMR)
Period, T [seconds] Frequency, ƒ [Hz]
Modal
Fixed Base Isolated Base Fixed Isolated
Mode
Base Base
1 0.49310 2.81065 2.0279 0.35578
2 0.35973 2.79750 2.7799 0.35746
3 0.35117 2.42137 2.8476 0.41298
4 0.19916 0.32664 5.0211 3.06147
5 0.14006 0.24728 7.1397 4.04399
Where ƒ ≥ 1 Hz for rigid building, ƒ < 1 Hz for flexible building
6
5
MODAL, mode
4
3
Fixed base
2
Isolated base
1
0
0 2 4 6 8
frequency, Hz
38. Conclusions
The main observation from the modeling study on the accuracy of seismic
effect and lateral load patterns utilized in the Multi-Modal Pushover
analysis (MPA) in predicting earthquake effect showed that the accuracy of
the pushover results depends strongly on the load path, properties of the
structure and the characteristics of the ground motion.
The lateral deflection for MDOF for multi-story building can be represented
as SDOF once the equivalent mass and stiffness is obtained.
The plastic hinge location varies by the type of loading, and the change in
MODAL period. It can be located at any point along the span of member
as well as the end of the member.
Drift index and inter-story drift should be predicted using the multi-modal
(SRSS) and the elastic first mode with long period for the lateral load
pattern which corresponds to the average in most cases.
Base-isolated structure exhibit less lateral deflection, as the lateral
displacement at the base never equals to zero, and less moment values than
the fixed base structure.
39. Cont.,
The base isolation decouples the building from the
earthquake-induced load, and maintain longer
fundamental lateral period than that of the fixed base.
Base-isolated structure exhibit less lateral deflection, as
the lateral displacement at the base never equals to
zero, and less moment values than the fixed base
structure.
The base isolation decouples the building from the
earthquake-induced load, and maintain longer
fundamental lateral period than that of the fixed base.
40. Recommendations
Study the influence of the structural bearing
properties and the stresses generated from tilting of
the superstructure due to lateral loading.
Study the potential for liquefaction of the soil and
its consequences on base-isolated buildings.
Establish design procedures and guidelines for
Base-Isolation structure.
41. References
Chopra, A.R., “Dynamics of structures,” Prentice-Hall, New
Jersy, USA, 2001.
CSI, “base reactions for response spectrum,” website:
https://wiki.csiberkeley.com/display/kb/Base+reactions+fo
r+response+spectrum+analysis, accessed March 2012.
Eggert, H., Kauschke, W., “Structural Bearings,” Ernst & Sohn,
Germany, 2002.
NRCC, “National Building Code of Canada,” Associate
Committee on the National Building Code, National
Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, 2005.
Tedesco, J.W., McDougal, W.G., and Ross C.A., “Structural
dynamics: Theory and applications,” Prentice Hall, USA,
1998.
42. DRAMATIC BUILDING COLLAPSE CAUGHT ON TAPE!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzGJs-
uyaSY&feature=related
Earthquake causes building to collapse
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqRN63iDTqA
Rapolla seismic isolated building, Potenza, Italy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oGkM1QpL3M
LBRtest
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yXgu4aS8HE