Lyme Disease Case Study

Lyme Disease Case Study
Since the most commonly documented associated condition with AIWS is infection, much of the
recent literature has focused on the associated effects of infection resulting from Lyme disease and
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). The following three instances of AIWS episodes are case studies of
children with AIWS associated with various forms of infection:
Lyme disease–induced AIWS. Binalsheikh and his colleagues (2012) observed by a seven–year–old
boy with AIWS associated with Lyme disease. The boy was admitted to the hospital when he tested
positive Lyme disease and was monitored via video electroencephalogram (VEGG) for 36 hours.
Although Lyme disease is commonly accompanied by headache, myalgia, numbness and facial
nerve palsy, the boy only reported events of micropsia and telopsia where he perceived that his body
was becoming smaller, and where he perceived the letters in the book he was reading as becoming
smaller and farther away. After receiving intravenous treatment for Lyme disease, the boy did not
experience any symptoms associated with AIWS. From this case study, Binalsheikh and ... Show
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Liaw and Shen (1991) observed four children aged four to nine–years–old with AIWS associated
with EBV infection. Episodes of perceptual distortions in body schema and objects lasted between
five days to three months following infection of acute EBV. With the use of EEG and CT scans, the
symptoms of AIWS appeared to be caused by benign and transient EBV infections localized in the
parietal lobe. In addition to this, the perceptual distortions were also associated with infection of the
temporal and occipital lobe in this sample of children. Since EBV compromises the central nervous
system, the researchers suggest that incidences of AIWS are often the first and predominant
symptom of EBV infection. An acute EBV infection can result in infectious mononucleosis (Saldana
et. al, 2012), so it is important to also consider the long–term consequences of prolonged EBV
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Outbreak Case Studies
1.1.6 Final Report
An outbreak occurred on the campus of Ottawa University. An investigation was necessary to find
the cause of the outbreak, and how to stop it from continuing to spread. The campus clinic was
interested in testing the following nine patients: Sue, Jill, Anthony, Wanda, Maggie, Maria, Arnie,
Marco, and Alvin. All of the students have similar symptoms and agreed to being tested except for
Alvin.
First patient, is 18 year old Sue Smith. Sue has a healthy history but has recently complained of a
pounding headache, fever, tight neck, and is extremely lethargic. She rooms with her soccer
teammate Jill who has not been feeling well either. Lymph, blood, and urine are collected for testing.
Her DNA sequencing was used in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Antibiotics will also help Wanda and Alvin overcome Mononucleosis as well as Maggie with Strep.
Over–the–counter medications such as decongestants and fever reducers will help Anthony and
Alvin recover from the Influenza virus. To prevent this from happening again, all students on the
campus of Ottawa University are required to have a vaccination for Meningitis. The campus will
also undergo a complete bacterial cleaning of desks, door handles, counters, and other commonly
touched surfaces to kill any remaining bacteria from

Infectious Mononucleosis: A Case Study Of Influenza Virus
Wendy Baker Jarrett Professor Hibba Ashraf Microbiology B 16 14 September 2015 Reflection # 1
Clinical Case Study Based on the information and symptoms initially given, a wide range of
diagnoses are possible. The first that comes to my mind is Strep throat. Streptococcal Pharyngitis
will present with low grade fever and sore throat with exudates. Treatment will depend on whether it
is viral or bacterial. Mononucleosis was another potential diagnosis. Infectious Mononucleosis will
also present with a low grade fever and pharyngitis, and is usually transmitted through saliva. Given
Caitlyn's mom's suspicions of her sexual promiscuity this could very likely be the problem. Due to
that fact of concern, I also considered various sexually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Syphilis or worst case scenario, HIV, could also present as Caitlyn's earliest symptoms are
described. In the secondary stages of syphilis, sores in the mouth may emerge. Typically, within one
month of HIV infection, symptoms such as fever, fatigue, pharyngitis will appear. Thinking
positively, it could be a simple case of the influenza virus or tonsillitis. Influenza virus is seasonal
and fairly common and contracting it would be probable and not surprising, especially in a school
setting. The white discharge described in her throat makes me consider tonsillitis. Although,
tonsillitis is the inflammation of the tonsils and not the oropharynx, one might still consider
tonsillitis because of the generalized description of pain experienced in the throat. My mind keeps
going back to the questioning and reaction described in regards to her sexual behavior. Perhaps,
Caitlyn has been making

Symptoms Of Mononucleosis
What is Mononucleosis? It's a kissing disease, it is contagious hints the name of it. Mononucleosis
can be treated, by simple things. Not any medicine, a viral infection like that can't be treated with
antibiotics. This disease is mainly found in teenagers, young adult, and especially college student.
The common causes of this disease is Epstein–Barr, and other viruses that may pop up. Some of the
symptoms that come with mono is fever, sore throat, headaches, muscle weakness, night sweats etc.
The prevalence rate of this disease is over 95% worldwide, only 50% of children become
seropositive for EBV between the ages 1and 15 years old in socioeconomic groups or developed
countries. Is there a common population? I don't know I couldn't

Symptoms of Mononucleosis
Mononucleosis Symptoms Mononucleosis is an infectious disease caused by the Epstein–Barr virus
(EBV), which infects the cells in an individual's throat, and an individual's immune system (Deckler
et al., 2009). Mononucleosis gets its name from the high number of white blood cells in the blood of
an infected person, which are called mononuclear cells (Deckler et al., 2009). People infected with
EBV carry the virus in their saliva. Symptoms The symptoms of Mononucleosis are as follows,
according to the MayoClinic (2012): Fatigue/Exhaustion Overwhelming feeling of malaise Sore,
irritated throat, such as a strep throat that doesn't respond to antibiotics Fever Swollen/enlarged/sore
lymph nodes in neck and armpits Swollen tonsils Headache/migraine Skin rash or otherwise irritated
skin Soft, swollen spleen A person suffering from mono who has a swollen spleen must be very
careful to avoid physical activity or any sports which could cause a rupture to the spleen (Deckler et
al., 2009). This type of precaution is truly important as, resuming normal activities can be done
within a few days, but all forms of exercise and one should really wait at least a month for the safety
of the spleen. While the sore throat and swollen tonsils may last just a few days or a week, the sense
of extreme fatigue will last at least a few weeks (Deckler et al., 2009). Mode of Transmission As
stated earlier, individuals carry the virus in their saliva, which means that it can be

Mononucleosis Research Paper
Mononucleosis is defined as, "a vial infection caused by the Epstein–Bart virus (EBV), which is part
of the herpes family of viruses." (Beaman). Mononucleosis is often referred by one of two names:
mono or the kissing disease. This infection is typically spread via saliva, so it is important to not and
drink after other people, and when someone is in a relationship. It is most common in young adults
in the age range of 15–24 years of age. The prevalence rate of mononucleosis is over 95%. Once a
person has this infection, it takes a while for the results to go back to negative. The signs and
symptoms of mononucleosis can take approximately four to eight weeks to first appear. These
symptoms include: swollen lymph glands, fever, sore throat,

Epstein Barr Virus Research Paper
Name: Jade Dufren
Causative Agent: Epstein–Barr virus
Disease: Burkitts lymphoma, Mononucleosis, and Orchitis
Classification of the causative agent:
Human Herpesvirus 4 (HHV–4) – Gammaherpesvirinae enveloped virus.
History:
The Ebstein–Barr Virus took on the name of its founders, Anthony Epstein, Yvonne Barr, and Burt
Achong in 1964. It is a part of the herpes family, but has no relation to the genital or oral types of
herpes. Although it was first recognized in children, about 90% of the human population all over the
world between infancy to old adulthood is infected with the virus. It is most popular for causing
mononucleosis, short for mono, which a lot of people refer to as the "kissing disease". It is also
believed to be the first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This disease can cause several secondary infections including strep, sinusitis, and pneumonia that
involve damage to the immune system. In some rare circumstances, it can evolve to Guillain–Barré
syndrome which can lead to death.
In some rare cases, EBV can be associated in causing the secondary infection orchitis, which
symptoms include inflammation of the testicles.
Treatments:
There is no cure for EBV, only medications to relieve the symptoms such as anti–inflammatory and
steroids. People can also take vitamins to make their immune system stronger so the virus has a less
chance of taking over. There are also anitviral medications for people to take to help symptoms
flaring up such as acyclovir. A doctor may prescribe plenty of bed rest and fluids while experiencing
symptoms.
Prevention:
It is very difficult to prevent EBV since a lot of people infected are not even aware they have the
virus. There is no vaccine against the virus, but people can always make sure not to share drinks,
utensils, or eat after each other. Hand washing, good hygiene, and avoid kissing strangers. Protective
sex is never 100% effective but can lessen the chances of a person becoming

Epstein Barr Case Studies
Summary: Maria Hernandez, a 29–year–old school teacher, presents to the doctor's office with
fatigue, ptosis and generalized weakness. Ms. Hernandez recently received a series of botox
injections, and is currently taking atorvastatin for her hypercholesterolemia. On physical
examination, a slight fever (100.2), an erythematous pharynx, and ten–pound weight loss were
noted; neurological examination revealed ptosis, facial weakness, decreased motor function as well
as bilateral trace reflexes in her patella and ankles. Additionally, chest radiography revealed a small
nodule in her right lung, and her lymphocyte and monocyte counts were elevated on her CBC.
Question: Describe the pathophysiology of mononucleosis and the significance of the mono–spot
test. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the aforementioned symptoms are suggestive of IM, a subset of infected patients may be
asymptomatic (e.g., subclinical IM) or their symptoms may be attributable to other illnesses such as
acute HIV, cytomegalovirus or Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome.1 In order to differentiate IM
from other illnesses, diagnostic tests such as the mono–spot assay or EBV–specific antibodies
should be

Mononucleosis Research Papers
Emma Johnston Ms. Phelps Health Period 5 October 12, 2016 Mononucleosis Infectious
Mononucleosis, commonly known as mono, is an infectious disease caused by the Epstein–Barr
virus (EBV). The EBV virus causes an increase in lymphocytes (large white blood cells) in the
blood stream due to viral infection. Although scientists are not certain when the first case of mono
occurred, the most accurate record was written in 1889 by Dr. E. Pfeiffer. The term Infectious
Mononucleosis was first introduced in 1920 by British researchers Thomas P. Sprunt and Frank A.
Evans in replace of its original term Glandular Fever. By 1964, the Epstein–Barr virus was
successfully identified and named by doctors M. Anthony Epstein and Ms. Yvonne Barr. Mono's
nickname "The Kissing Disease" comes from its ability to transfer by human contact with saliva.
This, however, is not particular to just kissing. Mono can be transferred through anything that has
touched the saliva of anyone infected by it. Things such as sharing chapstick or lipstick, straws,
utensils, or cups can transmit the virus. Even sneezing or coughing in a close radius can transmit the
disease via droplet. Mono is most common in people ages 15–25, and is at it's prime during high
school years. Cases of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Doctors may often advise people diagnosed with mono to stay in bed, limit activity, drink lots of
fluids, and use a throat lozenge––or gargle with salt water––to sooth a sore throat. Nonsteroidal
anti–inflammatory and analgesic drugs (such as Ibuprofen, Advil, and Tylenol) can be bought over
the counter as pain relievers and fever reducers. Mono symptoms usually die down at around 1–4
weeks, but the person may still be infected with the EBV virus for up to two months. However, there
is a small percentage of people whose immune systems are unable to completely fight off mono. As
a result, some people may develop CFS (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome) due to the EBV

Mononucleosis
By age of 5, about 50 percent of children in the United States have already been infected by
mononucleosis. This disease pops up frequently on college campuses, where one out of every 200
students get it each year. Though it isn't very harmful it can last a while, and sometimes in rare cases
if not treated it can be fatal.
Mononucleosis is a virus caused by the epstein–barr virus. Which is also known as EBV.
Mononucleosis (also known as mono) is most commonly known as the kissing disease. It is a fairly
well known disease and it's not a very harmful one, though it is highly contagious. It can be spread
through kissing, sharing drinks, or anything where you exchange bodily fluids. So it is easily spread
within families.
In 1990, September 11th through October 7th there was an outbreak of mono in Puerto Rico. It
started out as just a few people but at one point about 70% of Puerto Rico had mono. It spreads
quickly and easily so more and more people were getting infected. Though mono isn't very harmful
to people, it stops you from being able to do lots of activities and lasts for about two weeks or more.
Doctors started investigating why it was happening and they discovered how contagious it ... Show
There was an outbreak where 450 students got mono. After that, they then began a 5 year study on
it. The next time they started studying it again was in 1971 when at yale university, over 16 people
were diagnosed with mono. Then, in 1972 2,851 people were infected in college campuses in the
united states. In 1974 it infected a military academy in the united states where 53 people were
infected. In 1979 there was an outbreak of infectious mononucleosis that infected college campuses
around california and hawaii. After that in 2013 there was another outbreak in college campuses and
there was another study on it and they found that 51 people in a high school had mono without even
knowing

Essay
At the end of the Fall 2016 semester, I received a SAP warning and was placed on academic
probation. I have no one to blame for the events of the fall semester but myself and wholeheartedly
apologize to Salem, my professors, and anyone else I affected in that period of time. However, some
of the events of that semester play into what occurred in the spring, and the least convoluted way
through everything is to start in the fall. I started my first year believing I was in the best place
mental health–wise I had been in years, despite a couple of events that occurred prior to move in
day. I was doing well, adjusting to college and being away from my family when I get a call from
my family, informing me that my grandmother was sick and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Even while seeing Dr. Singleton and continuing with weekly appointments with Iara Cury, I did not
see a noticeable improvement in my symptoms or functionality. By the time a slight improvement in
my symptoms due to a medication adjustment started to show (PHQ–9 results April 7), I had come
to the realization that I needed to take care of myself both physically and mentally before trying to
catch up in my Spring 2017 classes and get myself into the best place possible for the next year and
beyond. This realization came after meeting with one of my professors to see if I could catch up in
their class and having them suggest looking into this option. I had an appointment with Dr.
Singleton on April 7 and informed her of my decision. Before I left my appointment, I signed a
release for Dr. Singleton and Piedmont HealthCare Psychiatry to communicate with Dean Vinson
(Piedmont HealthCare Authorization For the Use and Disclosure of Protected Health Information). I
was assured that the documentation would be submitted to and received at Salem that afternoon. I
informed Iara Cury of my decision at my appointment with Salem's Counseling Services that
afternoon, unsure of how long it would take for my request to be approved (Salem College

Infectious Mononucleosis is a viral infection characterized by swelling of the lymph glands.
Mononucleosis is more commonly referred to as "mono" or "kissing disease" because it is
transferred by saliva. Mono was first named "glandular fever" in the 1880s by a group of german
physicians; the name stems from the characteristics of having swollen glands and high fever.
Glandular fever was given the name Infectious Mononucleosis in 1920 by Thomas P. Sprunt and
Frank A. Evans. In 1932, two researchers that go by the names of Paul and Bunnell discovered a
way to help doctors diagnose mono more accurately. A few years later Anthony Epstein, Barr and
Achong discovered Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) in the year 1964 and categorized it in the herpes
family. Epstein–Barr Virus and Infectious Mononucleosis had no connection until 1968 when
Gertrude and Werner Henle discovered how to inoculate EBV and found a link between the two. ...
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About 85%–90% of Americans have developed antibodies to the Epstein–Barr virus by the time
they are 40 years of age, which indicates that they have been infected with the virus during their
lifetime. A person can live with someone that has EBV and never become infected, but it is possible
that a person is susceptible to spreading the virus even if they no longer have symptoms. Epstein–
Barr virus lives in the nose and throat and is spread when a person comes in contact with infected
saliva, tears and mucus.
The most common group of people to contract EBV are teenagers from the ages of 15–17 years old,
but anyone can contract the virus. Young adults that become infected with this virus will usually
experience common symptoms, such as, headache, sore throat, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, fever
and in some cases an enlarged spleen. Swelling of the spleen can get as large as two to three times
the normal size and occurs in about 75 out of 100 people that are

How Did Aids Affect People?
How Did AIDS Affect People?
Lissette Borgono
Honors Global Citizenship
April 29, 2016
The AIDS virus shook the world. It seemed to have appeared from nowhere. No one knew how to
deal with it. Thus, many people, even those affected by the disease, reacted with fear. This confusion
combined with the knee jerk reaction by the public towards AIDS has influenced many lives. But in
what ways? How were people affected by the AIDS disease and how the public reacted to it? In
order to understand why the public had such an intense reaction, one must look into what AIDS truly
is. In 1980, doctors find the presences of a new disease. At the very least, it seemed new. They
called it 'new' because they were forced to resort to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Joel Weisman, a doctor known for his kindness towards homosexuals, realized an increase within
his patients of mononucleosis–like syndrome. Mononucleosis (mono) is also called the kissing
disease. The virus that induces mono is shared through saliva. Thus you can get infected by sharing
eating utensils and drinks, by kissing, and by being exposed to a cough or sneeze by someone who
has mono. Unlike the common cold, mononucleosis is not as contagious. Symptoms of
mononucleosis include but are not limited to, swollen lymph nodes in the neck and armpits, skin
rash, and swollen spleen. Within Weisman's patients, those with mononucleosis–like syndrome,
were also marked by weight loss, hectic fever, and swollen lymph nodes. There were other
similarities. The patients were young and from the growing California gay community. Another
doctor, Michael Gottlieb, realized that Weisman's peculiar cases seemed familiar. Together they
noticed that two of their patients were homosexual and had Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP),
which is a rare illness. By the beginning of 1982, there were two hundred reported cases. However,
the disease still lacked a name. Newspapers called the disease many things. All of them focusing on
the fact the majority of its victims were gay. Thus they called it 'gay cancer' or 'gay pneumonia' even
'gay plague.' The disease was not named

Mononucleosis Symptoms and Treatment
First seen in 1889, Mononucleosis was originally named the "Drüsenfieber," or having a glandular
fever. They converted to the name we now know of mononucleosis in 1920 when they saw an
increasing the number of lymphocytes that were seen in the blood of a group of college students
who showed signs such as fevers and other distinct symptoms of this virus. Mononucleosis was
nicknamed "mono", is an infectious agent caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). This infection is
very common especially amongst the adolescents; another name that this virus is labeled under is
the "kissing disease". EBV is scientifically classified to be a member of the herpes family of viruses.
An antibody that fights EBV can be detected in the blood streem of most people by the time arrive at
adult age. When this infection happens during childhood, the virus almost absolutely yields no
symptoms. only about 10% of those children that become infected with EBV is estimated to develop
the illness. In the same inference it is assumed that due to the developed immunity, most adults
probably will not developed the illness. In the U.S., there are up to 95% of adults ages 35–40 years
that have antibodies directed against the EBV. Unfortunately this is a clear indicator that most
people have been infected with EBV at sometime in their lives. This explain why some people are
against their babies being kissed and makes you wonder is the one that are open to just anyone
kissing their children have this

Infectious Mononucleosis
Mononucleosis, Infectious mononucleosis, is a viral illness that is caused by the Epstein–Barr virus
and is commonly referred to as the "kissing disease". Mononucleosis most often occurs between the
ages of childhood to early adulthood. Mononucleosis is asymptomatic with flu like symptoms that
may not be immediately recognized as mononucleosis. In most cases, mono symptoms are mild and
can be resolved at home. Mono is not typically serious and usually clears up within one to two
months. Most symptoms of mono tend to appear within 4 to 6 weeks after contracting mono.
Common symptoms of mononucleosis are severe fatigue, headaches, jaundice, tiny red spots inside
the mouth, sore throat, chills, fevers, body aches, rash, swollen lymph nodes in the neck and armpits
and a swollen liver or spleen or possibly both. Being that these symptoms are also found in other
contagious illnesses, it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, Mono can be spread without a person even knowing that they are contagious. Most
people recover within two to four weeks but there are a small percentage of people who continue to
feel ill for weeks thereafter. Medical treatment of mononucleosis includes the steroid prednisone,
ibuprofen or acetaminophen for fever and sore throat. For the most part, mononucleosis can be
treated at home, by getting rest. Once a person has had mono, some may experience the sequelae of
the disease. Respiratory sequelae may consist of mediastinal lymphadenopathy, myocarditis, plural
effusion interstitial pneumonitis, respiratory failure, and pneumonia. (S. J. Saccomano (June 2013):
p42) What is commonly reported is chronic fatigue syndrome, although others can experience
weakness, swollen tonsils, edema in the pharyngeal tissue, meningitis, encephalitis, Guillain–Barre
syndrome and less common but others can experience a splenic

Personal Narrative: Mononucleosis
It was the second semester of my senior year, and soccer season was just getting started. Prior to the
first game, our coach put us through an extensive winter conditioning program. Looking back, it was
the hardest I have ever pushed my body to this day. Having worked so hard, I was very optimistic
about the season ahead. That optimism, however, quickly changed. As I was warming up at practice
one day, my body started to shut down; no energy, light headed, and feeling extremely dehydrated. I
did not have a primary adult physician, so I went straight to one nearby that my coach had
recommended. The diagnosis: mononucleosis. This would be the start of the worst month of my life.
The sickness took hold of me unlike anything I had ever experienced.

Infectious mononucleosis, or mono, is called "the kissing disease" because that is one of the ways
you can get it. Mono occurs in about 1 in every 2,000 people every year. Mono is caused by
Epstein–Barr virus, EBV for short, which affects nearly every person at some point in his or her life.
In this essay, you will learn the signs and symptoms, the treatment options for, and the prognosis of
infectious mononucleosis. Infectious mononucleosis most often occurs in people between the 5 to 25
years of age, with the highest occurrence rate being between 15 to 25 years of age. Universities are
the hot spot for contractions of mononucleosis each year. Epstein–Barr virus is carried in the
salivary glands and is spread by direct intimate contact

Epstein Barr Research Paper
Epstein–Barr Virus, also known as human herpesvirus type 4, is a common infectious virus that will
affect greater than 85% of the population at least once in their lifetime. The virus was first
discovered by, and named after, Sir Michael Anthony Epstein and Yvonne Mr. Barr in 1964 in the
midst of researching a case of Burkitt's lymphoma. The Epstein–Barr virus is predominately found
in a host's saliva, and is transmitted through direct and indirect contact with the infected person's
bodily fluids. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is responsible for numerous infections that can take place
throughout the body, most commonly acute infectious mononucleosis. Infectious mononucleosis,
simply referred to as "mono," is an illness that is directly caused by the Epstein–Barr virus and can
frequently affect toddlers, teenagers, and adults. EBV, along with infectious mononucleosis, is
primarily spread from person to person orally through the following acts: kissing, sharing food and
drinks, and coming in contact with contaminated objects, such as toothbrushes. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Antibiotics are not usually prescribed to those infected because they are considered an ineffectual
treatment of Epstein–Barr virus and its secondary virus, mononucleosis. However, over–the–counter
medications such as acetaminophen can be taken, but will only reduce fever and pain associated
with symptoms and will not treat the virus itself. Those in the recovering stage will be instructed by
a physician to get a sufficient amount of sleep, stay hydrated, and use pain relievers for any pain and
fevers that may arise. Confirmation of Epstein–Barr Virus can come from a "mono spot" test and
complete blood count (CBC) testing if the mono spot test produces a negative result. Typically, a
physician will check for any red dots or noticeable white patches on the oropharynx and soft palate
areas during an

Mononucleosis Vs Choice
Choice "D" is the best answer. The mainstay of treatment for infectious mononucleosis is supportive
care, including adequate hydration; nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory drugs or acetaminophen for
fever and myalgias; and throat lozenges/sprays or gargling with a 2 percent lidocaine (Xylocaine)
solution to relieve pharyngeal discomfort. Given the lack of evidence for bed rest in many other
conditions, it seems sensible to recommend that patients decide their return to usual activities on
their energy levels[2]. Choice "A" is not the best answer. No effective antiviral therapy is available
for EBV infectious mononucleosis in immunocompetent persons. Acyclovir and ganciclovir may
reduce EBV shedding but are ineffective clinically. Treatment of immunocompromised patients with
EBV ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Short courses of corticosteroids are indicated for EBV infectious mononucleosis with hemolytic
anemia, thrombocytopenia, CNS involvement, or extreme tonsillar enlargement. However,
corticosteroids are not indicated for uncomplicated infections. Corticosteroids should be considered
in those with impending airway obstruction[4]. Choice "C" is not the best answer. Splenectomy is
not indicated in uncomplicated EBV mononucleosis. Laparoscopic splenectomy is indicated for
various benign hematologic diseases, malignant hematologic diseases, secondary hypersplenism,
and other anatomic disorders of the spleen. Although the use of laparoscopic splenectomy in trauma
has been advocated, its role is limited because most hemodynamically stable patients with splenic
injuries are successfully treated non–operatively, and unstable patients require emergency
laparotomy for control of hemorrhage and to evaluate possible associated traumatic injuries[1].
Choice "E" is not the best answer. Tonsillectomy is indicated in the following situations[3]: (1)
Enlarged tonsils that cause upper airway obstruction, severe dysphagia, sleep disorders, or
cardiopulmonary

Medical Case Study
As the head physician at Johns Hopkins University Center Infirmary, I must inform you of an urgent
matter regarding the presence of four different diseases that hold the potential for an outbreak on
your campus. These four diagnosed diseases are meningococcal disease, Epstein–Barr virus,
streptococcal pharyngitis, and influenza virus B. Currently, nine students are independently affected
by one of these illnesses and if the campus does not take precaution immediately, the number of
infected students can quickly double within a day.
Found to be the most prevalent disease of the four, meningococcal disease, also known as bacterial
meningitis, was diagnosed in four of the campus' students. It was first diagnosed by DNA
sequencing through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second disease was the Epstein–Barr virus, which is also known as mononucleosis, that infected
two students on campus. For diagnosis, DNA sequencing through BLAST was also used to detect
the pathogen's existence in one of the patients. However, since the laboratory was unable to obtain a
sample from the second patient, the clinic deduced their infection by determining their relationships.
The symptoms that accompany this illness include a fever, sore throat, headaches, fatigue, and
swollen lymph nodes. Since the pathogen, Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV–4), for mononucleosis is a
virus, the patients were instructed to rest and antiviral medications were prescribed. Antiviral drugs,
unlike antibiotics, function similarly to pain killers as the viruses cannot be targeted and destroyed
the way that bacteria can, therefore, advising that the patients rest and recover allows for their
immune system to gradually fight off the viral infection. As the pathogen is able to be transmitted
through bodily fluids, students are advised to avoid sharing foods and drinks with other students and
maintain overall good hygiene, which includes regularly washing their hands.
Strep throat claimed one of the students on the campus, which was determined again through DNA
sequencing. With strep throat, individuals typically have a sore throat, fever, headaches, swollen
tonsils and/or lymph nodes, and overall body soreness. The

Epstein-Bar Virus Experiment
The aim of this experiment was to investigate if all six well possess Epstein–bar virus (EBV), as the
first two wells were used as a control and the other four were patient's samples. Introduction The
glandular fever also known as the kissing disease is a type of viral infection that mostly affects
young adults. The common symptoms that may be found are a high fever, sore throat, swollen
glands and fatigue (extreme tiredness). This infection is caused by the EBV and is found in the
saliva of an infected person. It can spread by kissing, exposure to coughs and sneezes and sharing
eating and drinking such as cups, glasses and other liquid holders. The Elisa technique uses
components of the immune system and chemicals to detect the immune response.

Klaudia Malara Introduction The Epstein – Barr virus is one of the most common viruses in
humans. It is so common it has been stated that in the United States alone, it has shown previous
infection in about ninety to ninety five percent of all adults. (Weller, 2003). It is also one of the eight
main human herpes viruses as well as the cause of another disease called mononucleosis.
Mononucleosis is a kind of infection that is generated through kissing or sharing the same saliva.
Occurrences vary from drinking from the same glass or using the same toothbrush as someone who
is infected. It is also spread by blood or semen. Occurrences may include sex or an organ transplant.
Even after the infection of mononucleosis has ended, the virus stays in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Epstein–Barr virus is part of the Herpesvirales Order. Following order, this viruses Family is the
Herpesviridae. What this term means is that the viruses nucleic capsid is liner and has a double
stranded DNA. It is also composed of an icosahedral capsid and it is surrounded by an envelope
which is rich with phospholipids. The Epstein – Barr virus also is classified with a Subfamily
termed Gammaherpesvirinae. The virus is specific to T–lymphocytes or B–lymphocytes as well as
attacking the lymphoid tissues of vertebrae's. Moreover, the Genus is named Lymphocryptovirus
because it only infects cells in humans and monkeys. The Species is the Human Herpesvirus 4–.
This translates into a kind of virus that infects humans only and causes infectious mononucleosis
(Weller,

Epstein Barr Virus ( Ebv )
INTRODUCTION Epstein–Barr virus was first discovered in 1964 by Sir Michael Anthony Epstein
and Ms. Yvonne Barr. They located it in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line. It was the first virus to be
associated with cancer. Infection of Epstein–Barr (EBV) is extremely widespread. The National
Institutes of Health estimates that roughly 95% of people carry the virus. The virus was later found
to cause infectious mononucleosis. Mononucleosis has since been nicknamed the "kissing disease".
Transmission is spread orally, primarily through saliva. Healthy people are able to spread the virus
to uninfected people through kissing or sharing food. The virus remains dormant in the body
throughout life. For the most part, EBV presents no serious complications other than the cold–like
symptoms and glandular fever related to mononucleosis. However, a growing body of evidence
indicates that many cancers are directly attributable to EBV. It is also known to play a significant
role in the incidence of certain autoimmune and blood diseases.
ETIOLOGY
Epstein–Barr Disease (EBV) is known as Herpes Virus 4 (HHV–4). HHV–4 belongs to the gamma–
herpes viruses family. EBV is distinct to B lymphocytes. Latency is often present in lymphoid
tissue. EBV DNA "may persist lifelong in an episomal form in the host carrier cells (mainly in
lymphocytes but also in macrophages, in non–hornifying squamous epithelium and/or in blood
vessel endothelial cells)." (Rajcani)
MANIFESTATIONS OF PRIMARY EBV The most

Mononucleosis Case Studies
Based off of the clinical symptoms as well as the lab workup, I believe this patient has an acute
infection with mononucleosis caused by Ebstein–Barr Virus (EBV). The patient's white blood cell
count is decreased at 2, and has an elevated band count indicating an infection is present.
Furthermore, the EBV VCA IgM and IgG indicate a present EBV infectious mononucleosis (IM)
(Mayo Clinic, 2017). It is not uncommon for the monospot test to be a false negative. The patient
has the classic triad symptoms of mononucleosis along with a positive antibody test indicating a
current infection (Mayo Clinic, 2017). If the patient had an elevated EBV VCA IgG without a
positive IgM that would indicate a past exposure to infectious mononucleosis caused by ... Show
For instance, he can use Tylenol to reduce fevers. Tylenol or Ibuprofen can also be used for muscle
or body aches and sore throat (Marshall & Foxworth II, 2012). Patient should be instructed to do salt
water gargles to help relieve sore throat. Warm fluids can help decrease throat soreness as well. He
should increase fluid intake and increase sleep and resting time periods. Antiviral medications are
contraindicated in IM (Marshall & Foxworth II, 2012). Corticosteroids can be used to help resolve
IM, but it is reserved for the possibility of complications arising. If there are no serious
complications, corticosteroids should not be used to treat IM (Singer–Leshinsky, 2012). How often
would you like to see this patient in follow–up? This patient would be instructed to follow up
immediately if symptoms worsen. He should also be instructed on possible splenomegaly and when
to seek emergency medical care if necessary. The patient should be aware that they could be at an
increased risk for bleeding, and that risk is increased with the use of Ibuprofen (Marshall &
Foxworth II, 2012). As long as symptoms are not worsening patient should follow up in one week. If
symptoms continue to improve patient would need to follow up only if an issue or concern arises.
Would you repeat this laboratory at any

Acute Hepatitis Case Studies
It has recently been brought to my attention that I am close to the maximum amount of allowed
absences from our UGC 211 class before an automatic failing grade will be applied. These
documents are to serve the purpose of explaining my previous absences, many of which have been
due to my medical diagnosis of acute hepatitis that was derived from a severe case of
mononucleosis. These two conditions affected me simultaneously. Starting from the beginning of
the semester, I experienced about 2 weeks of severe and problematic symptoms. These symptoms
began with fatigue, malaise, and moderate jaundice of my sclera (whites of the eyes) and my tongue.
With the initial onset of symptoms, I went to the medical center at Michael Hall on South Campus,
but the medics dismissed my symptoms as the common cold. It wasn't until my return ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This blood work indicated significantly elevated levels of various liver and spleen enzymes far
exceeding the normal ranges. These concerning lab results resulted in my referral to a
gastroenterologist. Upon attending my appointment with Dr. Adnan Khdair, he diagnosed me with
acute hepatitis. His examination revealed a swollen liver and spleen. Additional blood work was
done during this appointment to test for mononucleosis, as he suspected this may be the cause. In
about 5 days, the blood work tested positive for mononucleosis. My severe case of mononucleosis
led to the acute hepatitis. The symptoms of these conditions are extremely similar to the flu and due
to my impaired liver, I am unable to take medications,

Mono Research Paper
Infectious Mononucleosis also known as Mono is known to be caused by the Epstein–Barr Virus
(EBV). It is contagious. It is usually seen during childhood but can extend to young adulthood ages
15 to 25. Ninety percent of the children who have mono have the EBV
The signs and symptoms include fever, and general malaise, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes
located in the neck and armpits, rash, and sometimes a swollen liver or spleen or both (CDC.com).
However, these symptoms are not visible until after the incubation period of four to six weeks.
Serology tests that can detect the IgM EBV antibodies are positive for EBV virus are used if a
person is symptomatic and has a negative mono test (labtestsonline.org). They may also show
increased ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Genera Lymphocryptovirus. (HHV–4). This virus has been known to be one of the most common
viruses in humans. It may cause a host of human diseases such as chicken pox, shingles, multiple
sclerosis, infectious mononucleosis, and Burkitts lymphoma which is one of the human cancers.
More than ninety percent of the adult population have artificially acquired immunity
The portal of entry is the respiratory tract. The virus survives in the infected cells of humans, and
causes an infection to the B cells which are located in the lymphoid tissues near the tonsils. Serology
tests that can detect that the IgM EBV antibodies are positive for EBV virus are used. Signs and
symptoms include, fever, sore throat, swollen and tender cervical lymph nodes, and extreme fatigue.
Prevention should include the treatment of symptoms and avoiding strenuous activity because there
is an increased risk of spleen rupture.
Reference

The Principle Of The Glandular Fever Test
1) What is the organism responsible for the occurrence of IM? What patient group is mainly
affected?
The organism responsible for the occurrence of IM is the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). This virus
belongs to the Herpes group and was first identified in cultured cells from biopsies of Burkitt's
Lymphoma.
The patient group that is mainly affected are 15 to 25 year olds. Infants and younger children have
been affected, but the virus is very rarely found in middle aged or elderly people.
2) Explain the principle of the glandular fever test.
A patient sample is added to an absorbent pad on the test strip which contains bovine erythrocyte
glycoprotein. The patient sample mobilises the blue microspheres that are contained in the test strip
and they move up the strip. The test strip contains a region of immobilised bovine erythrocyte
glycoprotein in the result window. If any IM heterophile antibodies are present in the specimen, then
a blue line should appear in the result window. The Clearview IM test strips used in the laboratory
provides an integrated control feature.
3) What is a heterophile antibody?
A heterophile antibody is an antibody produced in one species that reacts with the cells from another
unrelated species. These antibodies, which are IgM in nature, are not specific for sheep red cells but
also react with horse and ox, but NOT human, red cells.
4) What are atypical lymphocytes and how do they appear on: a) blood film, b) graphics plot?
a) On a blood

Infectious Mononucleosis Essay
Infectious mononucleosis is an infection caused by a virus. This illness is often called "mono." It
causes symptoms that affect various areas of the body, including the throat, upper air passages, and
lymph glands. The liver or spleen may also be affected.
The virus spreads from person to person through close contact. The illness is usually not serious and
often goes away in 2–4 weeks without treatment. In rare cases, symptoms can be more severe and
last longer, sometimes up to several months. Because the illness can sometimes cause the liver or
spleen to become enlarged, you should not participate in contact sports or strenuous exercise until
your health care provider approves.
CAUSES
Infectious mononucleosis is caused by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Feeling sick to your stomach (nauseous).
Abdominal pain.
DIAGNOSIS
Your health care provider will take your medical history and do a physical exam. Blood tests can be
done to confirm the diagnosis.
TREATMENT
Infectious mononucleosis usually goes away on its own with time. It cannot be cured with
medicines, but medicines are sometimes used to relieve symptoms. Steroid medicine is sometimes
needed if the swelling in the throat causes breathing or swallowing problems. Treatment in a
hospital is sometimes needed for severe cases.
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
Rest as needed.
Do not participate in contact sports, strenuous exercise, or heavy lifting until your health care
provider approves. The liver and spleen could be seriously injured if they are enlarged from the
illness. You may need to wait a couple months before participating in sports.
Drink enough fluid to keep your urine clear or pale yellow.
Do not drink alcohol.
Eat soft foods. Cool foods such as popsicles or ice cream can soothe a sore throat.

Take medicines only as directed by your health care provider. Children under 18 years of age should
not take aspirin because of the association with Reye

Essay about Mononucleosis
Most commonly known as "the kissing disease", Mononucleosis or "Mono" is a serious and
contagious virus. Mononucleosis is a condition where there is an unusual profiteration of the
lymphocytes in the blood, due to an infection with the Epstein–Barr virus. The (EBV) Epstein– Barr
virus is a common and highly contagious organism and is a member of the Herpesviridae family.
EVP has played a role in the development of some cancers: Lymphoma's and Nasopharyngeal. Some
of the symptoms of "Mono" are often confused with strep throat. But because of the severe sore
throat, it often prompts the patient to call the doctor and get in for a visit. Some of the most common
symptoms of Infectious Mononucleosis are: a general lack of energy or ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These tests rely on our immune system and it's measurable anti–bodies against the (EBV) Epstein–
Barr virus. Unfortunately that is not able to be done until the patient has had the virus for 2 to 3
weeks. The doctor will need to ask several questions and examine the patient. Once the blood tests
are done, the results will help the doctor rule out any other causes of the patient's symptoms. Once
detected Mononucleosis can live in ones saliva for up to 18 months. One thing about this virus is,
once you have tested positive for "mono" our body builds up an antibody against the Epstein–Barr
Virus. Although patients have stated that with this virus making you feel so terrible, that ,there must
be some kind of antibiotic that is needed to get better. However, self care is usually all that is
needed. Of course, getting plenty of rest is important with most sickness, but with mono that is all
you will seem to do for the next 4 to 6 weeks. Gargle with salt water and warm water. That will help
your sore throat and swollen tonsils. Make sure to get some throat lozenges to help sooth your throat
as well. It is also helpful to take some acetaminophen (like Tylenol) or ibuprofen (like Advil) to
reduce fever and helps relieve the sore throat that was mentioned above. If possible only rest,
nourishment, and water are the best way to get through this virus. The medications above are not
needed to improve they are only

Katressa Case Study Essay
Case Study: Chief Complaint Katressa is a 16–year–old female high school student who recently
began to have health issues. The first instance of something being wrong was when she noticed that
she was extremely tired, had a sore throat and a headache. Her mother thought that she had a virus
and recommended that she go to bed early. Several days later she was feeling worse (even after
getting a ton of sleep the previous two nights) and felt like she had a fever and her neck hurt when
she moved it from side–to–side. But, since she had a project due at school, she decided that she
needed to go to school. During gym class that day became dizzy and had to sit down. Two days later
while in her technology course, she fainted. The school immediately called for an ambulance and
her parents were notified. Examination At the hospital, she was asked several questions by the ER
nurse and doctor. She told them she had these symptoms for 7–10 days. She had not traveled out of
the United States. She (with the help of her mother) described her symptoms. She was extremely
tired (somnolence), muscle pain (myalgia), sore throat, swollen glands, headache and a fever.
Katressa symptoms included Hyperpyrexia (an abnormally high body temperature), pharyngitis
(inflammation of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Katressa was not sure where she contacted the virus, since none of her friends had it. She was also
told that once you have the virus, you will have the virus for the rest of your live. But, once infected,
you will not contract it again if exposed at a later date. And that other complications may occur.
These complications included tonsillitis (swelling and infection of the tonsils), splenomegaly
(enlargement of the spleen), hepatomegaly or an abnormal enlargement of the liver. She was told
that she may also see a symptom of photophobia, which is an abnormal sensitivity to or intolerance
of light and/or hepatitis or inflammation is another serious

Mononucleosis Essay
Introduction
Mononucleosis is a viral disease that affects those usually between the age of ten and thirty–five,
although a person at any age can get the disease. This disease found in mainly adolescents and
adults seems to only occur in those who escaped the Epstein–Barr virus infection in childhood. It is
also known as Glandular Fever, because it affects the lymph nodes in the neck, arm pits and groin. It
can last anywhere from one to two weeks to six to eight weeks, some people suffer from
mononucleosis for months at a time, but as an individual it depends on your personal recuperation
time. Recuperation is a very slow process, which demands a lot of sleep and rest. Being sick for a
length of time such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When diagnosed with Mononucleosis, the doctor usually informs you to avoid any sports, except
swimming, because if you receive a blow to your spleen, it could rupture, requiring surgery.
Enlargement of the spleen occurs in 2 out of every 3 cases and is not uncommon. Signs of a ruptured
spleen include; pain in the left upper abdomen, feeling light headed, feeling like your heart is
beating fast and hard, bleeding more easily than usual and having breathing trouble.
The inflammation of the liver is detected by the blood tests taken and can be reduced by drinking
lots and lots of fluids, to flush out the toxins. A patient can detect liver inflammation by nausea,
vomiting, reduced appetite and jaundice. It is also possible to obtain rash–like symptoms, similar to
those of measles or scarlet fever. They can appear all over the body and are very itchy, much like
hives. A cortisone cream applied in small amounts to the small bumps can reduce the itch and
swelling. Severe scratching of the bumps can leave scars.
In about 2% of all cases, pneumonia is present. Encephalitis, meningitis or peripheral neuritis can
occur, but is usually uncommon. In some cases, the upper eyelids can swell, which is a common
finding among mono patients. In some cases, the urine may contain blood, but those are very rare

Ebv Mononucleosis
Mononucleosis is caused by EBV. EBV is a member of the herpes virus family and is one of the
most common viruses to infect humans around the world. The virus is spread through direct contact
with saliva from the mouth of an infected person and cannot be spread through blood contact. It
takes at least up to four or eight weeks for symptoms to develop when infected with mono.
Coughing or sneezing, by kissing, or even by sharing food and drinks with someone who has mono
can expose someone to the virus. High school students and college students are more common to get
infected with the virus due to them being around a large number of people. As well as people
working in the medical field, caregivers, and people taking medication to that suppress

Symptoms and Treatment of Mononucleosis
Mononucleosis Description of the Disease Mononucleosis is often caused by the Epstein–Barr virus
(EBV) but may also be caused by other viruses such as cytomegalovirus. Kissing, coughing, and
sneezing are common ways of spreading mononucleosis (DeMoranville, 2002). The disease usually
develops several weeks to 2 months after exposure to the virus, which spreads primarily through
exchanges of saliva. The incubation period of the EB virus is 2 to 8 weeks followed by an acute
phase of 2 to 8 weeks. During this time, the virus can shed intermittently. Although immunity
usually results after infection, in rare cases the disease may recur periodically. Mononucleosis, or
mono, is often spread by saliva and close contact. Often referred to as the kissing disease, it mainly
occurs in persons aged 15 to 17. However, the infection may develop at any age. Other risk factors
include sharing contaminated eating utensils as well as cough or sneeze. Symptoms Drowsiness
Fever General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling Loss of appetite Muscle aches or stiffness Rash
Sore throat Swollen lymph nodes, especially in the neck and armpit Swollen spleen Chest pain
Fatigue Jaundice Rapid heart rate Shortness of breath Complications Bacterial infection of the throat
Hemolytic anemia Hepatitis with jaundice (more common in patients older than 35) Inflammation of
the testicles Nervous system problems though rare including meningitis and seizures Diagnosis The
exam may

Epstein-Barr Virus: A Case Study
The large, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), is a complex cell that is not easily identified by the immune
system (Weisser, 2009). It infects nearly all individuals at some point in their lives and occasionally
goes undetected because symptoms can be dormant or resemble those of the common cold. In all
parts of the world, this virus is found (Chamberlain, 2009). Epstein–Barr virus can lead to many
other illnesses and in more severe cases, cancer (Smith, 2014). Once infected with the contagious
virus, it never escapes the body and can continue being transmitted to other individuals that one
comes in contact with (Nettleman, 2014). This intricate virus contains many structures that allow it
to survive and be pathogenic. Constructed by lipids, the cells ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Symptoms are commonly not seen in children under the age of five–years–old. When individuals are
in their teenage years or adults, symptoms are usually more noticeable. According to the Merck
Manual Home Edition, the four main signs of infectious mononucleosis are: extreme fatigue, fever,
sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. The most traditional sign of infectious mononucleosis are
swollen lymph nodes; which are often seen in ones neck, but can be visible in other areas of the
infected body. Another symptom that must be taken serious is an inflamed spleen. This may or may
not be noticeable, but if not handled properly it could rupture and result in serious consequences.
After all other symptoms have stopped, one may continue to suffer from fatigue for up to several
months (Urban,

Cytomegalovirus Infects
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infections: Several species of Cytomegalovirus have been identified and
classified for different mammals.[6] The most studied is Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which
is also known as Human herpesvirus 5 (HHV–5). Other primate CMV species include Chimpanzee
cytomegalovirus (CCMV) that infects chimpanzees and orangutans, and Simian cytomegalovirus
(SCCMV) and Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) that infect macaques; CCMV is known as both
Panine herpesvirus 2 (PaHV–2) and Pongine herpesvirus–4(PoHV–4). SCCMV is called
Cercopithecine herpesvirus–5 (CeHV–5) and RhCMV, Cercopithecine herpesvirus 8 (CeHV–8). A
further two viruses found in the night monkey are tentatively placed in the Cytomegalovirus genus,
and are called Herpesvirus aotus 1and Herpesvirus aotus 3. Rodents also have viruses previously
called cytomegaloviruses that are now reclassified under the genus Muromegalovirus; this ... Show
People at greater risk of signs and symptoms of CMV include: Newborns infected with CMV before
birth (congenital CMV). Infants who become infected during birth or shortly after ward (perinatal
CMV). This group includes babies infected through breast milk. People with weakened immune
systems, for example due to organ transplant or HIV infection. Babies Most babies with congenital
CMV appear healthy at birth. A few babies with congenital CMV who appear healthy at birth can
develop signs over time – sometimes not for months or years after birth. The most common of these
late–occurring signs are hearing loss and developmental delay. A small number of babies may also
develop vision problems. Babies with congenital CMV who are sick at birth tend to have significant
signs and symptoms, including: Premature birth Low birth weight Yellow skin and eyes (jaundice)
Enlarged and poorly functioning liver Purple skin splotches or a rash or both Abnormally small head

Mononucleosis is a disease that is spread from person to person. It is commonly referred to as
"mono" and "the kissing disease". It often occurs in adolescents from the age of fifteen to seventeen.
Mononucleosis is a viral infection that can cause fever, sore throat and swollen lymph glands. It is
passed on by saliva and close contact. It was discovered in the late nineteenth century. It was not
always referred to as mononucleosis and did not receive that name until around 1920. The virus,
Epstein–Barr Virus, that causes Mononucleosis is relatively large in size. It is something that stays
in your body due to cell memory. It is not always active and cannot always cause for a flare up of
the disease. When diagnosing this disease doctor's conduct ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
When going to a doctor for suspected Mononucleosis a simple test is needed. The first test is a
simple evaluation. This is done by simply looking at the patient. The doctor is looking for signs such
as a skin rash, swollen tonsils, and swollen liver or spleen. After doing this simple test the doctors
will draw blood. Mononucleosis leads to an elevated white blood cell count. The mononucleosis
spot test looks for two specific antibodies that are associated with this disease. An antibody titer
helps to tell if the Epstein– Barr Virus infection in the patient is current or not. It measures the
number of the antibodies present against EBV in blood, which test can determine if the antibodies
are unknown or have been around for a long time. There are many simple treatments that will help
with this Mononucleosis, which relieve the symptoms of this disease. Thus include drinking plenty
of fluids, gargle with warm salt water, to ease the sore throat. Mononucleosis can cause fatigue.
Acetaminophen or ibuprofen should be taken to ease the pain. Since the spleen is swollen no contact
sports or anything that could rupture the spleen are contraindicated (Medline Plus, Center of Disease
Control)

Medical Case Study
Upon creating our differential diagnosis, we were given the information about a forty–eight year old
male who was admitted to the hospital for a serious accident involving his leg while using a chain
saw to remove a dead tree. He had a spiked fever and was complaining of pain. The picture of the
wound given showed a red warm wound on the knee that was larger than the initial wound.
Information given indicated that he had swollen and tender inguinal lymph nodes. Based on all of
this information given we concluded that the patient could possibly have: mononucleosis,
pneumonia,cellulitis, an insect bite, bursitis, UTI, tinea, lyme disease and some type of infectious
abscess. We ruled out most of these suspected diagnosis by taking all of the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The agar is known to be selective for Staphylococcus aureus. The catalase test produced bubbles
which determined a positive result. The coagulase test produced a solid matrix at the bottom of the
tube which helped us determine between Gram positive or Gram negative Stapholoccus aureus.
With all of this information and following the Gram positive cocci flow chart from lab 6 we came to
the conclusion that our unknown pathogen is Stapholoccus aureus, but because of the fact that the
lab results indicated that the sensitivity test results showed resistance to all B–lactam agents we
realized our unknown HAI pathogen is methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus aureus. According to
Centers for Disease and Control,"MRSA is a type of harmful bacteria that is resistant to many
antibiodoics both Staph and MRSA can cause a variety of problems including skin infections, sepis,
and pneumonia to bloodstream infections" (Methicillian Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus MRSA
www.cdc.gov). MRSA can infect different areas of the human body including the hands,
armpit,nose,groin, and areas of skin folds and can range from normal levels to severe. This specific
bacteria is called a superbug and can spread very easily by human contact or contaminated objects.
MRSA can cause cellulitis an infection of the skin, folliculitis an infection of the hair follicles, and
an abscess which is a batch of pus that is located underneath the infected tissue. An abscess can be

Research Paper On Sleepwalking
January 21st – Put on Interim Suspension and open charges of A&B and B&E at night pending
investigation for behavioral misconduct. In the early morning (4:15 AM~) of Saturday, January 21st,
I allegedly walked into a female's room (who I did not know prior to this other than passing
conversation, having moved into this dorm two weeks prior) that was two doors down from mine
and pulled her hair, and she apparently scratched me. I have absolutely no recollection of these
events, and believe I was sleepwalking at the time of this incident due to a variety of circumstances:
I was currently suffering from mononucleosis, I had some alcohol in my system at the time (stopped
drinking 4 hours prior and was below the legal limit), this occurred two and a half hours after I went
to sleep (1:30 AM~), my family has a history of sleep issues such as sleep apnea and sleep talking,
and I have slept walk in the past through multiple doors and into family members bedrooms. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have since been diagnosed with a sleepwalking disorder and received testimony from experts that
situation was most certainly due the circumstances such as sleep deprivation, exhaustion from
mononucleosis, and alcohol in my system. Doctors have said taking the measures that I am will
prevent this from ever being an issue again in the future and there will be no issue for me returning
to a dorm environment, though I should be encouraged to pursue a single

Case Study Horse Red Blood Smear
An 18–year–old male college student comes to the student care center complaining of severe fatigue
for the past 1–2 weeks and a sore throat for several days. On exam he has significant
lymphadenopathy and a temperature of 38.1ºC (100.5º F). The patient's serum agglutinates horse red
blood cells. His peripheral blood smear is likely to show which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Answer
Choice "A" is the best answer. The patient in this vignette is suffering from infectious
mononucleosis. The primary symptoms are those of a systemic viral illness, and include malaise,
severe sore throat and a low–grade fever. The Monospot test, a heterophile antibody test, in the
setting of appropriate clinical symptoms, is diagnostic for infectious

Lyme Disease Case Study

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