This document outlines the key properties of well-written text, including organization, coherence and cohesion, language use, and mechanics. It discusses how organization relies on logical progression of ideas and clear text structures. Coherence and cohesion refer to how connected ideas are and how easy the writing is to understand. Effective language uses concrete details, concise wording, familiar terminology, and constructive phrasing. Proper mechanics involves correct use of grammar, spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and paragraphs. The document provides examples and questions to guide writing that demonstrates these important properties.

1. ✗ When can we say the text
is well-written? And
when it’s not?
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2. Properties of a well-
written text

3. Objectives:
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 Identify the different properties of a well-
written text;
 Cite the importance of a well-written text;
and
 Create a short well-written paragraph
employing the properties of a well-
written text.

4. organization
Simply put, is the logical progression and
completeness of ideas in a text.
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5. A well-organized piece of
writing supports readers by
making it easy for them to
follow.
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6. Instruction in organization focuses
on two areas: text structures
specific to the particular genre and
the cohesive elements that tie
clauses, sentences, and paragraphs
together into a cohesive whole.
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7. Text structures
Is the framework of a text’s beginning,
middle, and end.
Different narratives and expository genres
have different purposes and different audiences,
so they require different text structures.
Beginnings and endings help link the text into a
coherent whole.
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8. The beginning also called the lead
or the hook, orients the reader to
the purpose of the writing by
introducing characters or setting
(for narrative) or the topic, thesis, or
argument (for expository writing).
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9. The organization of the middle of a
piece of writing depends on the
genre. Researchers have identified
five basic organizational structures:
sequence, description, cause and
effect, compare and contrast, and
problems and solution.
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10. The type of ending an author chooses
depends on his or her purpose. When the
purpose is to entertain, endings may be
happy or tragic, or a surprise ending may
provide a twist. Endings can be circular,
looping back to the beginning so readers
end where they began, or they can leave the
reader hanging, wishing for more.
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11. If narrative and expository structures
are the framework, cohesive elements
such as transition words are the glue
that holds these structural elements
together. Transition words show the
relationship between different
sentences and ideas.
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12. 12
Transition Words
Spatial order
Time order
Numerical order
Cause/effect order
Comparison/contrast
order
General/specific
order

13. Spatial order
Words used in descriptive
writing to signal spatial
relationships, such as above,
below, beside, nearby, beyond,
inside, and outside.
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14. Time order
Words used in writing narratives,
and instructions to signal chronological
sequence, such as before, after, first,
next, then, when, finally, while, as,
during, earlier, later, and meanwhile.
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15. Numerical order
Words used in expository writing
to signal order of importance, such as
first, second, also, finally, in addition,
equally important, and more or less
important.
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16. Cause/effect order
Words used in expository writing
to signal causal relationships, such as
because, since, for, so as result,
consequently, thus, and hence.
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17. Comparison/contrast order
Words used in expository writing to
signal similarities and differences, such as (for
similarities) also, additionally, just as, as if, as
though, like, and similarly; and (for
differences) but, yet, only, although, whereas,
in contrast, conversely, however, on the other
hand, rather, instead, in spite of, and
nevertheless.
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18. General/specific order
Words used in descriptive reports
and arguments to signal more specific
elaboration on an idea, such as for
example, such as, like, namely, for
instance, that is, in fact, in other words,
and indeed.
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19.  Does your piece have a clear beginning, middle,
and end?
 Does your piece have a strong beginning that
hooks the reader?
 Does your piece have a strong ending that fits the
focus?
 Are the ideas and actions connected to each other?
 Can your reader follow the piece logically from
beginning to end?
 Is it complete? Does it feel finished?
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Guiding questions for the organization:

20. Coherence and cohesive
Cohesion refers to the connectivity in the
text. Coherence refers to how easy it is to
understand the writing.
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21. A text is cohesive if its elements are
linked together. A text is coherent if it
makes sense. Cohesion is a formal feature
of texts (it gives them their texture), while
coherence is “in the eye of the beholder” –
that is to say, it is the extent to which the
reader (or listener) is able to infer the
writer’s communicative intentions.
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22. Cohesion with no coherence
“My favorite color is blue. Blue sports cars
go very fast. Driving in this way is
dangerous and can cause many car
crashes. I had a car accident once and
broke my leg. I was very sad because I had
to miss a holiday in Europe because of the
injury.”
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23. Coherence with no cohesion
“My favorite color is blue. I’m calm and
relaxed. In the summer I lie on the
grass and look up.”
23

24. Language use
As a writer, it is important not only to think
about what you say but how you say it.
3

25. One must also think about the style, tone,
and clarity of his/her writing, and adapt
these elements to the reading audience.
In order To choose the most effective
language, the writer must consider the
objective of the document, the context in
which it is being written, and who will be
reading it.
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26. 26
Characteristics of
effective language
1. Concrete and
Specific Language
2. Concise
Language
3. Familiar
Language
Precise and Clear
Language
Constructive
Language

27. Concrete and specific
Concrete Language includes
descriptions that create tangible
images with details the reader can
visualize.
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28. Concise language
A hallmark of effective
writing is the ability to express the
desired message in as few words
as possible.
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29. FAMILIAR LANGUAGE
Familiar language is that which
the readers easily recognize and
understand because they use it on a
regular basis.
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30. Precise and clear language
The use of appropriate
language is a tricky matter
because the meaning of words is
relative and situational.
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31. Constructive language
Constructive language
phrases a potentially negative
message in a positive way.
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32. mechanics
Mechanics is the term we use to describe
the technical aspects of writing, such as
spelling, punctuation, capitalization, etc.
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33. Parts of speech
Knowing the parts of speech, using them
correctly, and understanding how they relate to
one another is an important early step in
creating strong writing skills. From nouns and
verbs to prepositions and conjunctions, each
part of speech plays a key role in sentence
structure and clarity of thought.
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34. capitalization
In a world of lowercase
texting, learning proper
capitalization takes on a whole
new meaning.
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35. grammar
Grammar not only affects our
clarity, but also can add authority,
enhance meaning, and create a more
sophisticated voice.
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36. punctuation
Punctuations are marks such as periods
(.), question marks (?), exclamation points (!),
commas (,), apostrophes (‘), quotation marks
(“”), semi-colons (;), and colons (:). When used
correctly, they make writing look more
organized and easier to read and understand.
They tell you how to read a line and where to
pause or breathe.
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37. spelling
Misspelled words should be
avoided when writing any form of
text.
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38. Guiding questions for conventions:
 Are your sentences complete?
 Does your piece demonstrate standard usage?
 Are all your words used correctly?
 Are punctuation, capitalization, spelling, and
paragraphs used correctly in your piece?
 Have you used capital letters for the first word in a
sentence and proper nouns?
 Have you used paragraphs appropriately?
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