3. Learning
objectives:
I. Define academic text.
II. Determine text structure of an academic
text.
III. Explain the components of the three-part
essay structure.
4. What I know
1. Formality in academic writing requires precision to make a legitimate piece of
writing.
2. Writing is a form of communication that is shaped by the following factors: topic,
role, and audience.
3. The use of personal pronouns such as I, you, and we is acceptable in academic
writing.
4. “How can these problems be solved?” is an example of a critical question.
5. Because is an example of transitional devise that expresses cause and effect.
TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is wrong. Write your answer
in your notebook.
5. What I know
6. An abstract is a summary of a novel.
7. The conclusion is the section that summarizes the main
points of the essay.
8. A summary is a condensed form of a text which is usually half
the original material.
9. To introduce a topic in an essay, the writer must be able to
explain its details.
10. A research paper contains background of the study, body
and recommendations.
6. What’s new
Directions: Below are jumbled parts of a common research paper. Put them into the
correct order by using numbers to represent the sequence. Write your answer on
your notebook.
A. Presentation of the Research
Problem
b. Title of the research paper
c. Presentation of the result
d. recommendations
e. Overview or scope of research
f. Interpretation and discussion of
results
g. The reference list
h. The abstract
i. Review of past research relevant to the
paper
j. Description of methods used to carry out
the research
7. What is it
What is an academic text?
Written by professionals in the
given field
Well-edited and often takes years
to publish
Uses formal language
Contains words and terms specific
to the field (jargons)
8. What is it
Academic texts
Contains list of sources and
references
Main goal is to advance human
understanding in a particular
discipline
Can be challenging for
novice/beginner readers
Informative, argumentative, or
objective in nature
9. What is it
Examples of Academic texts
• School books and textbooks
• Journal articles
• Research proposals and
papers
• Some newspaper and
magazine articles
• Thesis and dissertations
10. What is it
Literary analysis
• Examines, evaluates and makes
an argument about a literary
works
• It goes beyond mere
summarization
• It requires careful close reading
of one or multiple texts and
often focuses on a specific
characteristic, theme or motif.
11. What is it
Research paper
• It uses outside information to support a thesis
or make an argument.
• Written in all disciplines and may be
evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature.
• Common research sources include data,
primary sources (e.g., historical records) and
secondary sources (e.g., peer-reviewed
scholarly articles.
• It involves synthesizing this external
information with your own ideas.
12. What is it
dissertation
• It is a document submitted at the
conclusion of a Ph.D. program.
• A book-length summarization of the
doctoral candidate’s research.
• Academic papers may be done as a part
of a class, in a program of study, or for
publication in an academic journal or
scholarly book of articles around a theme
by different authors.
13. What is it
Text structure
• A well-structured
text enables the
readers to follow
arguments and
navigate the text.
14. What is it
Two common structures of
academic text:
• The three-part essay
structure
• IMRaD structure
15. What is it
The three-part essay structure
• A basic structure that
consist of
INTRODUCTION, BODY
and CONCLUSION.
16. What is it
INTRODUCTION
• Its purpose is to clearly tell
the reader the topic,
purpose and structure of the
paper.
• It might be between 10-20
percent of the length of the
whole paper.
17. What is it
Three main parts of introduction
A. The most general
information
B. The core of the
introduction
C. The most specific
information.
18. What is it
Note:
• You should write your
introduction after you know
both your overall point of
view (if it is persuasive paper)
and the whole structure of
your paper.
• Revise the introduction when
you completed the main
body.
19. What is it
The body
• Develops the question, “What is the topic about?”
• It may elaborate directly on the topic sentence by
giving definitions, classifications, explanations,
contrasts, examples and evidence.
• The heart of the essay because it expounds the
specific ideas for the readers to have a better
understanding of the topic.
• It is the largest part of the essay.
20. What is it
conclusion
• ‘Mirror image’ of the introduction.
• If the introduction begins with general information and
ends with specific information, the conclusion moves in the
opposite direction
• Begins by briefly summarizing the main scope or structure
of the paper.
• Confirms the topic that was given in the introduction, ends
the more general statement about how this topic relates to
its context.
21. What is it
conclusion
• This may take the form
of an evaluation of the
importance of the topic,
implications for future
research or a
recommendation about
theory or practice.
22. What is it
Note:
• The introduction and the
conclusion should be shorter
than the body of the text.
• For shorter essays one or two
paragraphs for each of these
sections can be appropriate.
• For longer text or thesis, they
may be several pages long.
23. What is it
The imrad structure
•For thesis and
dissertation
24. What is it
Sections of the imrad structure
•Introductions
•Methods
•Results and
•Discussion
25. What is it
Sections of the imrad structure
• the METHODOLOGY
let your readers know
your data collection
methods, research
instrument employed,
sample size and so on.
• the INTRODUCTIONS
usually depicts the
background of the
topic and the central
focus of the study.
26. What is it
Sections of the imrad structure
• the RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION states
the brief summary of
the key findings of the
result of your study.
27. What’s more
Performance task No. 1
Directions: Create an essay about
the current issues in the
Philippines. Use the three-part
essay you have learned in the
lesson. The body must consist of
3-5 paragraphs only. Encode your
essay in a long size bond paper.
29. Learning
objectives:
I. Determine language style in academic writing.
II. Differentiate language style used in academic texts
from various discipline; and
III. Construct paragraphs using academic language.
30. What I know
Directions: Use the given subject and verb in constructing your own sentence. Observe subject-verb
agreement in your sentences. You may add “s” or “es” to the verb. Write your answer in your
notebook.
subject verb sentence
United States Make
The students Excel
English language Help
The books Improve
The journey Enhance
The patient Cry
Mrs. Cruz Appeal
Filipino people Provide
A child Love
The Lecturer Explain
31. What’s new
SPOT THE DIFFERENCE!
Directions: What is the difference in the following pairs of sentences?
Explain your answer. Write your answer in your notebook.
S1: it was raining cats
and dogs.
S2: It was raining very
heavily.
S3: We believe the practice
is unsustainable.
S4: It is believed the
practice is unsustainable.
32. What is it
What is an academic language?
Represents the language demand
of school (academics).
Includes language in textbooks,
classrooms, on test, and in each
discipline.
academic writing
A formal, objective (impersonal)
and technical.
33. What is it
Academic
language
Formal
Avoid casual or
conversational
and informal
vocabulary.
technical
Use vocabulary
specific to
discipline.
objectives
Avoid personal
or direct
reference to
people or
feelings.
34. What is it
formality
• Choosing expanded forms over contracted forms. (e.g.,
don’t – do not)
• Choose one-word verbs over two-word verbs. (e.g., mess
up – ruin/damage)
• Avoid using abbreviations. (e.g., DepEd – Department of
Education)
• Avoid using colloquial/idiomatic expression. (e.g., Kind of
– Kinda)
35. What is it
objectivity
• The focus of the information is on the topic rather than
the writer him/herself. (Third person point-of-view)
• Avoid using personal pronouns. (e.g., We need to follow
instructions. – The researchers need to follow
instructions.)
• Avoid rhetorical questions.
• Avoid emotive language. (e.g., The police investigators
were shocked to see the results of the tests. – The police
investigators did not expect the results.)
36. What is it
technicality
• Contains words and
terms specific to the
field (jargons)
• Use vocabulary specific
to discipline.
37. What’s more
Directions: What do you think is the most correct answer in
the following instances. Write your answer in your notebook.
1. I have read (I think, The
essay has)
2. turn out to be (become,
end up)
3. paid for (given, funded)
4. job (role, gig)
5. funny (laughable, ironic)
6. picked out (selected,
taken)
7. stand for (be, present)
8. music fans (audience,
goers)
9. killing (assassination,
political murder)
10. given off (created, done)
