3. OBJecTiVes:
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Identify the different properties of a well-
written text;
Cite the importance of a well-written text;
and
Create a short well-written paragraph
employing the properties of a well-
written text.
5. A well-organized piece of
writing supports readers by
making it easy for them to
follow.
5
6. Instruction in organization focuses
on two areas: text structures
specific to the particular genre and
the cohesive elements that tie
clauses, sentences, and paragraphs
together into a cohesive whole.
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7. TexTs
T
R
u
c
T
U
R
e
s
7
Is the framework of a text’s beginning,
middle, and end.
Different narratives and expository genres
have different purposes and different audiences,
so they require different text structures.
Beginnings and endings help link the text into a
coherent whole.
8. The beginning also called the lead
or the hook, orients the reader to
the purpose of the writing by
introducing characters or setting
(for narrative) or the topic, thesis, or
argument (for expository writing).
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9. The organization of the middle of a
piece of writing depends on the
genre. Researchers have identified
five basic organizational structures:
sequence, description, cause and
effect, compare and contrast, and
problems and solution.
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10. The type of ending an author chooses
depends on his or her purpose. When the
purpose is to entertain, endings may be
happy or tragic, or a surprise ending may
provide a twist. Endings can be circular,
looping back to the beginning so readers
end where they began, or they can leave the
reader hanging, wishing for more.
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11. If narrative and expository structures
are the framework, cohesive elements
such as transition words are the glue
that holds these structural elements
together. Transition words show the
relationship between different
sentences and ideas.
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1
13. SpATiALo
R
D
e
R
1
3
Words used in descriptive
writing to signal spatial
relationships, such as above,
below, beside, nearby, beyond,
inside, and outside.
14. Timeo
R
D
e
R
1
4
Words used in writing narratives,
and instructions to signal chronological
sequence, such as before, after, first,
next, then, when, finally, while, as,
during, earlier, later, and meanwhile.
15. NumeRicALo
R
D
e
R
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5
Words used in expository writing
to signal order of importance, such as
first, second, also, finally, in addition,
equally important, and more or less
important.
16. CAUse/eFFecTo
R
D
e
R
1
6
Words used in expository writing
to signal causal relationships, such as
because, since, for, so as result,
consequently, thus, and hence.
17. CompARison/conTRAsT o
R
D
e
R
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7
Words used in expository writing to
signal similarities and differences, such as (for
similarities) also, additionally, just as, as if, as
though, like, and similarly; and (for
differences) but, yet, only, although, whereas,
in contrast, conversely, however, on the other
hand, rather, instead, in spite of, and
nevertheless.
18. GeneRAL/speciFico
R
D
e
R
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8
Words used in descriptive reports
and arguments to signal more specific
elaboration on an idea, such as for
example, such as, like, namely, for
instance, that is, in fact, in other words,
and indeed.
19. and end?
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hooks the reader?
Does your piece have a clear beginning, middle,
Does your piece have a strong beginning that
Does your piece have a strong ending that fits the
focus?
Are the ideas and actions connected to each other?
beginning to end?
Can your reader follow the piece logically from
Is it complete? Does it feel finished?
GuiDinG quesTionsF
o
RTHe
oRGAnizATion:
21. A text is cohesive if its elements are
linked together. A text is coherent if it
makes sense. Cohesion is a formal feature
of texts (it gives them their texture), while
coherence is “in the eye of the beholder” –
that is to say, it is the extent to which the
reader (or listener) is able to infer the
writer’s communicative intentions.
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1
22. CoHesionWiTH nocoHeRence
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2
“My favorite color is blue. Blue sports cars
go very fast. Driving in this way is
dangerous and can cause many car
crashes. I had a car accident once and
broke my leg. I was very sad because I had
to miss a holiday in Europe because of the
injury.”
24. LAnGuAGeuse
As a writer, it is important not only to think
about what you say but how you say it.
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25. One must also think about the style, tone,
and clarity of his/her writing, and adapt
these elements to the reading audience.
In order To choose the most effective
language, the writer must consider the
objective of the document, the context in
which it is being written, and who will be
reading it.
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5
32. mecHAnics
Mechanics is the term we use to describe
the technical aspects of writing, such as
spelling, punctuation, capitalization, etc.
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33. P
A
R
T
soFs
p
e
e
C
H
3
3
Knowing the parts of speech, using them
correctly, and understanding how they relate to
one another is an important early step in
creating strong writing skills. From nouns and
verbs to prepositions and conjunctions, each
part of speech plays a key role in sentence
structure and clarity of thought.
35. GRAMMAR
3
5
Grammar not only affects our
clarity, but also can add authority,
enhance meaning, and create a more
sophisticated voice.
36. punCTuATion
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6
Punctuations are marks such as periods
(.), question marks (?), exclamation points (!),
commas (,), apostrophes (‘), quotation marks
(“”), semi-colons (;), and colons (:). When used
correctly, they make writing look more
organized and easier to read and understand.
They tell you how to read a line and where to
pause or breathe.
38. GuiDinG quesTionsFo
RConVenTions:
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8
Are your sentences complete?
Does your piece demonstrate standard usage?
Are all your words used correctly?
Are punctuation, capitalization, spelling, and
paragraphs used correctly in your piece?
Have you used capital letters for the first word in a
sentence and proper nouns?
Have you used paragraphs appropriately?
41. AssiGnmenT
This presentation uses the following typographies:
✗ Titles: Amatic SC
✗ Body copy: Nunito
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You don’t need to keep this slide in your presentation. It’s only here to serve you as a
design guide if you need to create new slides or download the fonts to edit the
presentation in PowerPoint®
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