Acknowledgement To Country And Indigenous Teaching...

Acknowledgement To Country And Indigenous Teaching...
Like many non–Aboriginal teacher's, I have not a considerable amount of experience teaching and
engaging with Aboriginal students. My comprehension and learning of utilizing correct terms to
describe or speak of culture and worldviews are restricted. Having knowledge and understanding of
these tools, is an absolute necessity to a successful teacher to all children and background. This
reflection, on self and overview of the unit will be in connection to three sub topics and provide
indigenous studies for all students, knowledge of all topics and achieving Australian Institute for
Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL) standards (2017).
2. Topic 1: Journal 1. Acknowledgement to country/Indigenous terms of reference
Acknowledgement to Country and Indigenous terms of reference are important protocols to
Indigenous Australians as it is a way of demonstrating appreciation and respect for indigenous
people, custodians of land, where meetings and events occur (Harrison & Sellwood, 2016, p 15), as
it recognises the connection that Indigenous people have with country. However, an
acknowledgement to country occurs when traditional custodians are not available, and can also take
place when a traditional welcome is not required. It shows respect to custodians, their culture,
spiritual practices, and allowing the event to occur on their traditional land (Reconciliation
Australia. n.d.). In the classroom, I would discuss with students the concept of acknowledgement to
country and ask
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Aboriginal Suicide
This paragraph will explain about one evidence–based strategy to prevent the mental illness and
suicide in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Indigenous people mental health is not
healthy as non–indigenous people. The population of indigenous societies are more affected which
is unfortunately leading cause of suicide. Basically, the reason of the mental illness and suicide
incident is associated with social and cultural factors. The sociol and cultural components, which
hugely affect in mental health are education, employment, racism, loss of identification, and lack of
health services access and culturally suitable services and support. After many research and studies,
Australian Government initiates different strategies and

Cultural Competence In Health Care Essay
Critically analyse one of the main challenges, barriers, and enablers for cultural competence in
health care when working in a cross–cultural environment. This essay will discuss the issues for
Indigenous Australians only, this however, can be related to any culture, but for the purpose of this
essay I will be referring to Indigenous Australians only. How we define health differs to how
Indigenous Australians define health. The World Health Organisation defines health as "not only the
absence of infirmity and disease but also a state of physical, mental and social well–being" (WHO,
1946) However, the National Aboriginal Health Strategy Working Party (1989) ... Show more
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The benefits of this would be the staff understanding the culture and giving advice and health care
that is appropriate to the individual's needs. Once again by encouraging Indigenous Australians to in
fact become the health care workers will also have benefits to these rural communities as they will
see that the healthcare is nothing to be afraid of and will seek help when required rather than only
when the illness is at its worst. Education is also an important key to Indigenous Australians
accessing healthcare, if community leaders are educated to the healthcare that is available then they
can pass this on to their community members, also if the community sees that the leaders are
comfortable in accessing the health care then this would encourage them to also access the health
care. Trust is important as if you do not have the trust within the community then it will quickly
spread throughout that the healthcare setting is not to be trusted and Indigenous Australians will be
too frightened to attend. Word of mouth is important within the community but you do not want
people to have bad experiences then go back to their community and spread the word that they had a
bad experience. As quoted by Florence Nightingale "unless we are making progress in our nursing
every year, every month, every week, take my word for it we are going backwards." (Nursing
Schools.net,

The Factors Of The Aquaculture In Australia
Introduction
Aquaculture is a major industry world–wide but is becoming fast growing in Australia (Moffatt, B.
2008). Aquaculture is defined as the business of farming aquatic animals and plants, under varying
degrees of controlled conditions, both in marine and freshwater environments (Daf, 2017).
Aquaculture has the potential, through harvesting and farming species, to support the growing
demand for seafood (Daf, 2017). Aquaculture produces fish for food, sport, bait and ornamental, as
well as crustaceans, molluscs, algae, sea vegetables and fish eggs (NOAA, 2017). Seafood demand
has significantly increased over the last three decades, the demand exceeds the supply capable by
domestic production and continues to grow everyday (Agriculture, 2017). Aquaculture occurs
throughout Australia from the tropical north to the temperate south, the industry is largely based in
regional Australia and makes a significant and positive contribution to the regional development
(Agriculture, 2017).
The less prawns taken from the wild and the more from aquaculture will increase number of prawns
in the wild. Aquaculture will allow this to happen as it will bring the necessary levels of prawns in
the wild back to normal and increase which will let the other animals that benefit from the prawns
will live better. Prawns are profitable as they are sold to various countries for food as well as being
sold all around Australia creating a great amount of profit.
Animal Biology
There are many prawn

How Did The Stolen Generation Affect Australia
The Stolen Generation has left a devastating impact on Aboriginal people, Aboriginal culture and
Australian history. The word "Stolen Generation refers to the Aboriginal and some Torres Strait
Islander people who were forcibly removed from their families as children by past Australian
Federal government agencies, and church missions, from the late 1800s to the 1970s. The children
removed were sent to institutions or adopted by non–Indigenous families.
The forced removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children was managed by the
Aborigines Protection Board (APB). This was a government established in 1909 with the power to
remove children without their parents' permission. They were also made the legal guardian of all
Indigenous children. A that time Indigenous people were seen as an inferior race. From the 1950's,
children were taken form Aboriginal parents so they could be brought up as "white" and taught to
reject their Aboriginal culture. Although children full Aboriginal descent were removed. 'Half–
castes' (children of mixed descent) were most targeted. They believed that if a child was taken from
their family and community. The Aboriginal culture would not influence its life at all. Then the child
would fit into white society more successfully. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some people believed that Aboriginal people lived poor lives and that institutions would provide
children a better environment. The other side of people believed that Aboriginal people were bad
parents and that they did not look after their children. How would you feel as a child if you were
taken from your parents? Many children were located far from their Indigenous parents and
community. Therefore it was difficult for parents to get their children back. Once they had been
removed. They were expected to become labourers or servants. Many Indigenous children were
sexually exploited or physically

The Pros And Cons Of Indigenous Health
There is a clear relationship between the social disadvantages experienced by Indigenous people and
their current health status. These social disadvantages lead to a number of critical health issues. In
Australia 2.5 per cent of the population is made up of Indigenous people. Within this population
only 3% are 65 years of age or older, whereas 16.3% of the Australian population is over 65.
(Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2012). Furthermore Indigenous children are dying at more than
double the rate of non–Indigenous children. (Oxfam.2012). These statistics demonstrate a
substantial gap between Indigenous Australian's and the general population. This essay will aim to
address the health issues associated with the Aboriginal community in Australia, ... Show more
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For example students should be prepared with knowledge and skills to recognise, prevent and
mange health conditions that are 'indigenous specific', these include: heart disease, lung disease,
kidney disease, diabetes, obesity and mental health issues like depression and anxiety. Studies show
that majority of Indigenous people that are hospitalized could have prevented their illness if early
education and prevention agendas were used. (NSW Gov. Health. 2008). At a young age issues like
hygiene, good nutrition, exercise and healthy relationships should be the focus to deal with health
issues. The importance of health and taking care of one's self must be stressed to students. Health
education at a young age is expected to increase life expectancy and decrease infant mortality rates
once

Football: The Influence Of Aboriginal Australian Football
Although the origins of Australian rules football may be disputed throughout the wider sporting
community, the influence of Aboriginal Australians on the game is undisputed. The way they have
shaped the game, either through their amazing footballing abilities on the field or their efforts to
change the way Aboriginal people are perceived and treated. They have used there status as great
footballers to their advantage and helped the people of their communities and many generations of
Aboriginal people to come.
According to Grook (n.d.), Thomas Wentworth Wills, the creator of Australian rules football, grew
up in country Western Victoria and had strong connections with the aboriginal people in his area.
There are many suggestions that Wills adapted the game of AFL from an indigenous game of 'Marn
Grook' and others suggest it evolved from the early ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They changed the way Aboriginals were viewed by pushing for an end to racism and by creating
greater awareness for there communities and culture. They showed white Australians what they are
capable of through football and changed peoples perceptions. One of the most famous stands against
racism in Australia was made by Nicky Winmar in a 1993 VFL match against Collingwood. After
copping racist comments nearly every game from opposition supporters, Winmar decided during
this match, enough was enough. He lifted his jumper to the crowd, pointed to the colour of his skin
and said, "I'm black and I'm proud to be black... Enough!". Winmar's stand against racism didn't
change the game straight away, it took time and support, but his actions during that match formed
the confidence in his Aboriginal people that was needed to put an end to

Why Do We Need To Celebrate Australia Day
Imagine if you were unable to celebrate one of Australia's most patriotic days. If instead of partying
and having fun the day bought you great sorrow, because of what was taken away from your people
on that day. Shouldn't you be able to celebrate Australia day like white Australia does? I believe that
changing the date of Australia Day would be a positive step in recognising Indigenous Australians
and make Australia a day that everyone can celebrate.
The British invasion on the 26th of January, 1788 is nothing to celebrate. Prior to British settlement,
more than 500 Indigenous nations inhabited the Australian continent, approximately 750,000 people
in total. It is estimated that between 1788 and 1900, the Indigenous population of Australia ... Show
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What about that day says "what's great about Australia and being Australian"? If we want to see
Australia as a colonial outpost for the British then maybe that day makes sense, but if we want to
regard Australia as a 'vibrant multicultural nation', and if we want to regard Indigenous peoples as a
core part of the modern Australian identity then it makes absolutely no sense whatsoever to have
Australia Day on that date. Changing the date would show that we have aspirations for this country
to become greater than it is. Our treatment of Indigenous peoples, of asylum seekers, of the
homeless, of the unemployed, of women, of veterans, of pensioners is not great. It is not something
that is worth celebrating, and there is nothing about the arrival of the First Fleet that gives pause to
reflect on what it would take to become great. Maybe that is why the day is filled with little more
than patriotic flag waving and mass consumption of alcohol, to distract us from the fact that we
aren't as great a country as some would otherwise like to

Australia Fair Research Paper
The recent comments made by former Indigenous Australian boxer Anthony Mundine and soprano
performer Deborah Cheetham, have sparked a controversial debate regarding the place of "Advance
Australia Fair" in modern day Australia. At the centre of this disagreement, there lies a much more
serious issue concerning Indigenous Australians and the timing in which the national anthem was
introduced in regards to the Stolen Generation. Is it time to change, to mend and assist with
reconciliation?
Questions have emerged from the issue of whether our national anthem is an accurate representation
of modern day Australia. Until the late 1970's Australia was an independent country operating under
the Commonwealth of Australia; however we still had a national anthem that was associated with
our predecessors, Great Britain. After some fierce political debate, a public opinion poll which
included over seven million people was cast and "Advance Australia Fair" was announced as
Australia's National Anthem by then Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. The National Anthem has
been a talking point ever since it was proclaimed, however it should not be changed as it is part of
who we are. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The lyrics "Our home is girt by sea" describe the continuing connection that all Australians have
with our bordering seas. Eighty five percent of all Australians live within fifty kilometers of the
coast. Along with Australia's love of the coast, our coastal waters hold many of nature's best gifts
and landmarks that are deeply associated with "Advance Australia Fair". The words "young and
free"and "boundless plains to share" speak of the trueblue fairdinkum Australian that is seen in
Australia

Environmental Determinants For Aboriginals
2. Discuss the sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants that lead to these
inequities
Whilst there has been progression made in the area of improving Indigenous health, numerous ill–
advised and previous ineffective programs of integration, separation, education and welfare have
hindered the health equality of Aboriginal and ATSi's. This is reflected through the sociocultural,
socioeconomic and environmental determinants for Aboriginals and ATSI's that lead to these
inequities that they suffer.
For example, nearly half of indigenous households were in the lowest income quintile whilst less
than 5 percent were in the top income quintile. As well as this, they have higher rates of
unemployment reaching 14% in 2014, three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 2014 AIHW report on 'Aboriginal health and welfare emphasizes that the social determinants
mentioned above contribute to their poor maintaining of healthy lifestyle choices. For example they
have high rates of tobacco use, alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, overweight and obesity, poor
nutrition, physical inactivity, exposure to violence and poor housing conditions all of which
exemplify the destructive impact that determinants of inequity have in relation to their poor
standards of health and living. Data from a number of sources indicate that across a range of
socioeconomic and health related indicators the Indigenous population is disadvantaged. Evidence
suggests the gaps in access to primary health care and specialist services persist, for geographical,
social and cultural reasons, mainstream services are not always accessible to, or are the most
appropriate provider of health care for, Indigenous Australians. Due to aboriginals cultural
background they may experience difficulty in accessing health facilities and services due to a
number of reasons such as cultural beliefs about medical treatment or language difficulty due to
English being their 2nd language. For example, their willingness to seek more western medical
solutions that are not part of their cultural beliefs may influence whether or not

Health Determinants On Health
Health determinants are the factors that can have a positive or negative impact on a person's health.
Many things can affect how healthy we are, from a complex interplay between macro to molecular
influence to influences from society (for example, the prevalence of drug and alcohol use), to
individual factors such as genetic make–up. Education, employment, income, lifestyle, psychosocial
and physiological factors can also influence a person's health and wellbeing. Health can also be
significantly affected, and modified to some extent, by the quality and timeliness of the health care
services we receive, including preventative health care such as education, screening and
immunization.
This multidimensional model (Figure 1, below) explains how a person's health and wellbeing result
from a complex interplay between the influences listed above and other health determinants.
Figure 1: Conceptual framework for Australia's health 2016 http://www.aihw.gov.au/australias–
health/2016/overview/
Townsville is a city located at the centre of North Queensland on the north–eastern coast of
Queensland. It is in the dry tropics region of Queensland. Townsville is Australia's largest urban
centre north of the Sunshine Coast in the States South East. Townsville is mainly serviced by the
Townsville Hospital and Health Service which geographically covers an area of approximately
149500 square kilometres and incorporates not only the regional area of Townsville but also some
surrounding

Intergenerational Trauma Essay
Intergenerational Trauma
To this day, aboriginal individuals have faced four generations of intergenerational trauma. The
aboriginal community has been put through involuntary resocialization through colonization. They
were forced to take on European ways and caused aboriginals to forget their indigenous ways. The
main focus of this research paper will be the following: first present the idea behind residential
schools, and how they striped aboriginals from their social norms; second, discuss the issue of
involuntarily taking a families child rearing duties and third, introduce the truth behind the sixties
scoop.
Aboriginal children were placed in residential schools that de–feathered each one of them (Quinn,
2007). These individuals lost ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Four generations were affected and the recent ones are still experiencing the trauma caused from the
resocialization. Indigenous individuals were forced to view society through the eyes of a European
individual rather than through the eyes of an Indigenous individual. Each person was denied his or
her culture through three experiences: residential schools, the sixties scoop, and taking child–rearing
duties away from families. Residential schools stripped the native from a child. The sixties scoop
brought children in the care of strangers while parents and children lost his or her ability to
participate in child–rearing duties which are a big part of the aboriginal culture. This trauma still
causes distress on individuals all over the world. Most children in the care of the child welfare
authorities are aboriginals, a shocking and sad reality that needs to be faced. What it's being said
throughout this essay is showing that if aboriginals never had to face the trauma of residential
schools, the sixties scoop and the loss of child–rearing duties, then one may be able to say that the
majority of children in care are not aboriginal. But this is not the situation and the whether the
statement is true or not one will never

Health Concerns Among The Indigenous Community
Health Concern 1 – Inequities among the Indigenous Community
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health inequity occurs across all health areas and many areas of
health continue to get worse. Whilst there have been recent gains, the gap is widening as the health
of other Australians improves faster. With the gap between aboriginals growing cancer rates has
become a major issue among the indigenous community. The crisis facing Indigenous health has a
long and complex history. It continues largely as a result of decades of government inaction and a
continuing lack of appropriate medical services.
Many factors contribute to the gap between Indigenous and non–Indigenous health. Social
disadvantage, such as lower education and employment rates, is a factor, as well as higher smoking
rates, poor nutrition, physical inactivity and poor access to health services. There are certain risk
factors that increase the likelihood of an Aboriginal being diagnosed with a certain type of cancer
e.g. Risk factors for pancreatic cancer include age, smoking, a diet high in animal products and fats,
chronic pancreatitis, and a family history of the disease (4).
Social determinants of health that effect the rates of cancer, prevention and treatment are housing,
education, employment, access to justice and empowerment are directly linked to the catastrophic
health outcomes Indigenous Australians face. The social determinants in Alice Springs and Central
Australia is extreme. The extreme social

Cultural Integrity In Aboriginal Culture
Aboriginal Australians populated Australia at least 65,000 years ago. Their culture is strong and
enduring and is still today very important in the history of Australia. In this essay, we will focus on
Aboriginal languages and see how it is connected to Cultural Integrity, Cultural Wellbeing, and
Cultural Expression.
However, before we begin, I would like to acknowledge and pay respect to the traditional owners of
the land on which we meet; the Gadigal people of the Eora Nation. It is upon their ancestral lands
that the University of Sydney is built. As we share our own knowledge, teaching, learning and
research practices within this university may we also pay respect to the knowledge embedded
forever within the Aboriginal Custodianship of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are some of the issues that can be caused by the lack
of cultural wellbeing. This is what the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey
found out, by comparing the rates of cardiovascular diseases in the Utopia Homeland communities
and the Indigenous population of the Northern Territory. Contrary to the communities of the
Northern Territory, Aboriginal people from the Utopia Homeland place a high value on the
maintenance of the mother tongue and the cultural practices. They benefit from this, because they
turn out to be less likely to have cardiovascular diseases than other

Aboriginal Mental Health Case Study
It is common knowledge that there is a life expectancy gap when comparing the life span of
Aboriginal people and other Australians, so much so that the gap is known to be at least ten years. A
definition if Indigenous mental health which is culturally accepted is known as social and emotion
wellbeing, which includes mental, emotional, physical, spiritual, community, family, cultural and
country wellbeing. An unbalance to this can often cause traumas which can be life changing and
devastating to communities. It is known that Aboriginal Australians due to consequences of their
exposure to traumatic events are one of the most traumatised people in the world with these events
being felt throughout generations resulting in poor psychosocial health ... Show more content on
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Many mainstream health professionals do not consider PTSD when assessing Aboriginal patients
who show signs of other psychological disorders including psychosis, depression and drug and
alcohol abuse. Another influential factor of misdiagnosis is when PTSD is not considered as they did
not first had experience the trauma. A Study conducted in 2015 by _______, indicated that PTDS
was present for over a 12–month period of 12.1% of men and 32.3% of women. It also found that
PTSD was also linked with high rated of concurring mental disorders including anxiety, depression
and psychosis, lifetime suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. The study found that despite the
alarmingly high statistics, many (58.9%) had not accessed any form of mental health care. The
Stolen Generations also represent a significant cause of trauma, both first hand and inter–
generational. This can then be passed onto children through inter–generational trauma and can cause
long lasting effects which can be overcome by appropriate interventions.In this context, trauma can
refer to an event which is psychological overwhelming and whether real or perceived and can affect
the individuals physical or emotional wellbeing and children are particularly at risk of experiencing
complex trauma due to secondary exposure. Duran and Duran (1995) suggests that historical trauma
such as this can become normalised within a culture, which then causes it to become embedded in
cultural memory and passed on through generations. Exposure to traumatic events contribute to the
complex mental and physical health problems, increasing the vulnerability of Aboriginal people
with the outcome being overall poor health

Cultural Awareness In Nursing
1. Rheumatic Heart Disease is a condition in which the valves of heart are damaged due to acute
rheumatic fever. Lack of personal hygiene is the main factor that led to Shakira's disease as in
remote areas, there is lack of cleanliness and sanitation that resulted in RHD. Secondly, frequent
travels from remote area to another remote area also have contributed to her disease. Due to lack of
hygiene, there are not enough facilities in remote areas and as a result, her family members are not
able to take proper care of her. The treatment of RHD includes– a) Antibiotics for infection of heart
valves. b) Surgery of heart valves to repair/replace damaged valves. c) Insertion of balloons to open
up stuck valves. d) Medicines to make the blood thinner to prevent stroke. Statistics– Almost 1479
cases of RHD were registered in Northern Territory in the year 2010 out of which 1379 cases (93%)
involved indigenous people. The proportion of these people was 26 times higher than non–
indigenous people. 2. Cultural Awareness– As an enrolled nurse, nurses should not only take care of
patients of their own tradition but also be able to take care of patients of multiple cultures and
beliefs. For example, if a nurse has to take care of a patient of Catholic background, a nurse has to
be culturally aware of the patient's beliefs, customs, and perspectives. Cultural Sensitivity– It is
being aware of the cultural differences and similarities between the people of various backgrounds.
For example–

Torres Strait Islanders Identity
For most of their (over) 45,000 years history, Torres Strait Islanders have established their own
unique identity as a group and within their respective collectives, partially due to limited contact
between the Torres Strait Islands and Europeans, until Britain's colonisation in 1788; Therefore, the
last two centuries as a result of colonisation have undoubtedly effectuated the alienation of the
Torres Strait Islanders, and ergo had pernicious influences on their identity. As argued by Mua
Makereta business exploitations in the 1860s by pearl shells particularly changed the Torres Strait
Islands as the Queensland Government "formally annexed the islands", and made a centre for the
marine industry on Thursday Island as the Europeans viewed the islanders as a 'lesser breed' who
had no right in deciding what would happen to the Islands. Usually contact between the Europeans
and the Islanders was often transient and socially distanced, but the arrival of the London
Missionary Society in 1871 on the Islands resulted in their attempt to impose Christian discipline on
the Islanders, therefore manipulating their identity. Although they typically didn't allow music, when
they did the 'teachers' from the London Missionary Society were especially suspicious of the
islanders' traditional dances and songs, but tolerated South Sea dance. Cambridge scientist W.H.R.
Rivers who at the time observed that the Torres Strait Islanders would often come in contact with
South Sea Islanders as many

Health Inequities In Australia
Report: Health inequities of Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander and the socioeconomically
disadvantaged
– Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander peoples
Outline the nature and extent of the health inequities suffered by this group (4marks) (150 words)
Nature Although the Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander peoples only make up 2.5% of the
population, they experience higher rates of ill health, morbidity and mortality in comparison to the
general population. The true extent of the health inequities experienced by the ATSI population is
difficult to completely record and analyse due to their comparatively small population along with
the fact that 66% of their population does not live in capital cities. ... Show more content on
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The indigenous population has a lower average age of 21 years, in comparison to 36 years, which is
directly correlative to the higher death rates, which are 1.9 times the general population. The
contrast in the differed health status of Indigenous Australians compared with non–indigenous
Australians can be comprehended by the considerably lower life expectancy, in 2010–12 the ATSI
life expectancy was estimated to be 10.6 years lower compared to the non–indigenous population
for males (69.1 with 79.7) and 9.5 years for females (73.7 with 83.1). Similarly, the ATSI population
experiences higher rates of hospitalisation, suicide and most other major illnesses and disease
(particularly CVD and

Eddie Mabo Case And Their Role In The Case
Describe the individual of group that initiated the case and their role in the case. Provide
background information about them.
Eddie Mabo's ancestors lived for centuries on a group of three islands in the Torres Strait, near Cape
York. The islands, known as the Murray Islands, were annexed by the Queensland Government in
1879 which meant they became a part of Australia
Queensland became responsible for their administration but despite this annexation, and the
presence of European missionaries on the islands, the indigenous people permanently and
continuously inhabited them – with very little change to their way of life as a result of the
annexation. They continued to live in their settled communities; they maintained their traditional
beliefs and customs; there was a clear way of passing on their garden plots of land, and ways of
settling disputes about legal matters.
Mabo was a long–running case launched by the Meriam people of the Murray Islands to challenge
the validity of state land laws and seek recognition of rights to land.
It involved the High Court considering the application of Australian law to the rights of Indigenous
Australians, in particular regarding the legal concepts of terra nullius and native title
What was the event of right violation that led to legal action being taken?
In the late 1970s, the Queensland Government attempted to dispossess some of the local people in
their own land. In 1982, Five members on the island of Mer decided to take the matters to court, one
of these people was Eddie Mabo.
They claimed that their rights to the land had not been extinguished by the Crown when their islands
were taken over or annexed by Queensland. They still had a legal right to the land based on the legal
concept of 'native title' – right of ownership based on traditional ownership of the land. The
Queensland Government's response was to pass the Coast Islands Declaratory Act, 1985. They
claimed that: All rights to the land went to the Crown on the 1879 annexation – that native title had
been extinguished, and that no compensation for loss of land would be due to the Meriam people.
From 1985 and 1992, Eddie Mabo and other residents of the Murray Islands in far north Queensland
took action

Australian Healthcare System: A Case Study
In regard to the recognized Australian healthcare system, it is clear that numerous government–
supported services across the country provide primary health care to Aboriginals and Torres Strait
Islanders. This is despite the fact that less than 40 percent of these services have medical coverage
(White et al, 2016). There are numerous health clinics and centers in metropolitan areas. The ratio,
as a matter of fact, is 400 nurses for every 100,000 people. In other words, it is double the level of
nurse distribution in rural areas in which Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders reside. On the same
note, research has established that the healthcare system in Australia fails to offer equal healthcare
quality and access to Aboriginals and Torres ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the same note, it must be reiterated that developing a culturally competent workforce will play a
major role. Although it is possible to implement standards, so as to be effective, the first task for
healthcare providers would understand how to adapt their practice in order to effectively manage
aspects connected with culture and health. Moreover, they have to provide patient–centered care in a
manner that is efficient. As far as Park et al (2011) are concerned, providers who are culturally
competent should be able to negotiate care in a bid to bridge cultural norms, behaviors and practice.
Furthermore, this must be done to adapt care provided to particular contexts. In this regard, it is
important to ensure that standards reflect the global, national and regional policies. The focus must
also be placed on submissions that completely and effectively address health needs of their
population and health standards, irrespective of geographical area. As a result, O'Connell et al
(2013) believe providers will create a workforce and a system of healthcare delivery that can
provide exceptional care to each patient regardless of differences like race and language

Argumentative Essay On Indigenous Students
In contemporary Australian education, students' achievement standards are compared nationally and
globally, establishing them in the educational landscape. Education is identified and applauded as a
strong component in lifting socio–economic disadvantage. Yet, high–standards and excellence often
struggles to change the nature and outcomes of educational failure in various groups, including
Indigenous people. This essay discusses whole school and classrooms practise that supports
educating Indigenous students. Indigenous placement and displacement, the impact of
socioeconomic status and how it effects Indigenous students and their health and well–being is
explained and illustrated with examples of resources and tools for educators.
Historically, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders were systematically stripped of their traditional
land rights, suffered abuse, massacres, racism, and the forced removal of children from the family
Unit. Which became known as the "Stolen generations" (Craven, 2011). These factors contribute to
the displacement and placement of Indigenous Australians, by being internally displaced from their
country since colonisation, and out of home intervention in place to protect from harm (Australian
Institute of Family Studies, AIFS, 2017). Cherbourg State School, once a missionary settlement
where Aboriginal people were taken to 'save' them by making them 'less Aboriginal" (Echo360,
2010a), because of this history, Cherbourg has complex challenges

Criminal Justice System In Australia
Australia has a significant problem when considering the indigenous population and how the
westernized way of identifying cultural differences and the impact that has on different cultures and
backgrounds. There are many key differences between the first nations people and westernized
culture, especially when looking at societal issues and the criminal justice system. While the first
nations people are over–represented in many areas such as the welfare systems, child protection
systems, homelessness, healthcare systems and unemployment the media tends to focus on the
juvenile and criminal justice system (Horn, 2009). However government legislation has also had an
impact in these areas, which has led to socio–economic disadvantages within ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Evidence–based practices evolve from the interplay between research and practice and form the
foundation of intervention programs designed to reduce re–offending. It is notable that rehabilitation
along with deterrence and denunciation from the three sentencing principles in the Australian
criminal justice system. Evidence–based practices in offender rehabilitation are derived from the
"what works" literature base which was synthesised by (Andrews, Bonta & Hoge, 1990) to create
the risk–need–responsivity model (RNR) of offender management, which is underpinned by a
general personality and social learning theory of criminal behaviour which focuses on modelling
and behavioural reinforcement. The primary aim of the risk–need approach to offender rehabilitation
is to reduce an offender's risk of re–offending and therefore protect the community from further
harm. This model advocates the use of actuarial risk assessment tools in conjunction with
professional discretion to determine an offender's risk of reoffending and posits that intervention
gains and hence community safety can be achieved (Department of Justice, 2010). Cultural
competence can be thought of as the capacity to understand, value, and cooperate with people from
differing backgrounds and cultures and belief systems other than one's own. (Eyck & Busch, 2012)
acknowledged

Abina Mansah Analysis
Abdulrahman Tolba
Professor Wendeln
2 October, 2017
Getz, Trevor; and Clarke, Liz. Abina and the Important Men, a Graphic History. 2nd edition. New
York; Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2016.
Abina Mansah: An Overlooked History Abina Mansah, like many other women in her time, was a
young Akan woman who was wrongfully enslaved by her captors. Although slavery was made
illegal in 1875, many "important men" continued to seize youthful slaves – female ones in
particular, because they were less likely to run away and seek liberation. Despite this, Abina refused
to be a slave under the authority of her master, Quamina Eddoo. With the help of court interpreter
James Davis, she attempted to force the court system to hear her voice. Young enslaved women like
Abina are often talked about in history, but never the ones to write historical documents themselves.
Their voices are hidden beneath the voices of important men, and this left women like Abina
frustrated and angry. As a student of the history of gender, Abina's story and her initiative to
challenge the authority others had over her shows us the importance of being heard, and how young
women's expressions are often disregarded and deemed less significant than those of important men.
The first element of Abina's story that depicts Abina's desire to be heard and how her voice was
buried under an Important Man's was the case in court. Quamina Eddoo, Abina's master who had
purchased her from Yaw Awoah, was a powerful and

Close The Gap Analysis
The government funded 3.6 billion in services for the close the gap program with the key focus to
strengthen partnerships and relationships with Indigenous people which was considered a
fundamental component in achieving the close the gap objectives ("Close the Gap", 2017). The
strategies used to implement the close the gap program were constructed in the National Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islander Health plan 2013–2023 which outlines that the implementation will be
conducted and broken down in seven phases with the clear objectives to track targets and
accountability as well as ensuring the connections to land, culture, spirituality, family and
community (Australian Government, 2013). Health System Effectiveness ensures culturally safe

The And Sustainability Of The Pioneer River Catchment
1.0 Introduction
Catchments are depended on by the average household person, but even more valuable to the
farmers that are supplying the food to our nation. Therefore, action must be taken to ensure that the
catchments in our areas are healthy and will be able to be depended on for years to come. The panel
at Healthy Water Ways program has developed a study to guarantee the management and
sustainability of The Pioneer River catchment, by sending a team out to analyze the health of the
water ways and decide on a proposal that best suits the area to ensure future healthiness of the basin.
1.1 Background
The Pioneer River is a 120km river which is located in Northern Queensland, Australia and flows
through the city of Mackay. This river ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using the two proposals given; More signage around the catchment area detailing how important the
health of the river is and the cause of negative impact will incur a $1000 fine or the employment of
an officer to patrol the wetlands and clean up littler, rubbish control weeds and report back on the
health of the creeks. One will be chosen that best suits this catchment and an outline of details will
be provided.
1.3 Methodology
This report is based upon the collected data from scientific tests and different data collection
experiments, these diverse range of observations helped in determining the health of the river and
catchment as a whole. The experiments tested a range of variables, some including; the levels of
nitrates, phosphates, temperature of water, pH levels, turbidity of water and dissolved solids. The
collection of water and recordings of microorganisms was examined and also recorded. As well as
these scientific tests, simple recordings were also taken of the surrounding area and the amounts of
rubbish and infrastructure that could be seen. The tests conducted in the river system occurred on the
24th of May 2016, to conduct the tests the trail along the river was walked, furthering the
knowledge of the health of the river and how the the catchment area as a whole was fairing.
However, some differences to the data could be assumed as when tested it was not always done by
the same person, this could have then limited the accuracy. Another

Indigenous Alcohol Consumption Essay
Alcohol consumption is another major factor that affects the well–being and abilities of aboriginals.
Many believe that the Indigenous' relations to alcohol are a result of the cultural influence dating
back to the time of trade with European colonizers. Historically, "Extreme intoxication was common
among the colonists and provided a powerful model for the social use of alcohol among the
inexperienced Indian populations. Numerous historical accounts describe extremely violent bouts of
drinking among Indian tribes during trading sessions and on other occasions" (Beauvais 1998,
p.253). Basically, the emphasis on binge drinking amongst the Indigenous population dates back to
relations with European colonizers but the ongoing alcohol abuse ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Increasingly, evidence from over the past years has shown a genetic susceptibility to alcoholism.
Though no certain evidence has been proven amongst the Indigenous population but it is believed
that specific groups are not more susceptible to alcoholism, but within the group a proportion could
be. Social influences also play a major role in the alcohol abuse amongst the aboriginal
communities. The conditions of the typical Indigenous' lifestyle, including low employment and a
lack of education often causes significant social stress. This stress can easily lead to excessive
alcohol consumption. (Beauvais 1998, p.256). Finally, the fairly relaxed perception some individuals
have towards alcohol consumption can lead to overconsumption and abuse. Sometimes, individuals
may be oblivious to the repercussions associated with alcohol, "On the one hand, they view drinking
as a social mechanism that facilitates interactions with family and friends and increases bonding; on
the other hand, alcohol abusers are acutely aware of the destruction it has wrought in their lives"
(ibid. p.257). Essentially, the conditions in which one lives may be enough to result in turning to
alcohol and depending on one's perception and susceptibility, alcohol abuse may

Why Aboriginals Need Reconciliation Essay
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are the native Australians and they have gone through
lots of issues and trauma. The stolen generation, loss of land and culture, racism, discrimination etc.
are some of the examples. Since, these events the Native Australians have stopped to trust the
government and have shifted to the mountain side of the country. At present, we can see lots of
changes since the last few decades. The government have given them priority in major fields such as
work, and education. Despite the offers given to them, the organisations still need to encourage them
to recruit themselves in the respective field. They are the most marginalised in Australia and due to
the discriminatory policies and legislations, aboriginal communities have been denied access and
participation in many areas such as education, health employment etc. Issues such as racism still
prevails contributing to ignorance. Thus, the aboriginals need reconciliation, they need attention and
inclusions to all the services provided by the government. They are the first people of Australia,
which means they need more priority and importance and must be recruited in every field of
development. The ways ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Develop useful regional initiative and resources to educate all the staff and hold sessions to give the
staff an overview of their community history and dynamics. Research relevant aboriginal
organisations, local councils, local aboriginal and other service provider in the area and form
partnership with them. Thus, performing this task the organisation can win the trust of the aborigines
and make them realise their importance at work. After showing dedication towards them, the
organisation can assure that the aborigines will involve in the activity launch by

Australian Aboriginal Culture Analysis
Australian Indigenous {art|artwork|fine art|skill|art work} is the oldest ongoing
{tradition|custom|traditions} of art {in the world|on the planet|on earth|on the globe}. Initial {forms
of|types of|kinds of|varieties of} artistic Aboriginal {expression|manifestation|appearance} were
{rock|rock and roll} carvings, body painting and {ground|floor|surface|earth} designs, which
{date|time|time frame} {back|back again|again} more than 30,000 years.
{The quality|The product quality} and variety of Australian Indigenous {art|artwork|fine art|skill|art
work} produced today {reflects|displays|demonstrates|shows} the richness and {diversity|variety} of
Indigenous culture and the {distinct|unique|specific|distinctive|different|particular}
{differences|variations|distinctions|dissimilarities} between tribes, {languages|dialects}, dialects and
geographic {landscapes|scenery|panoramas}. Art {has always been|is definitely} an important part
of Aboriginal life, {connecting|linking|hooking up|attaching|joining} {past|recent|history|former}
and present, {the people|individuals|the folks|people|the individuals|folks} and the land, and the
supernatural and {reality|fact|actuality|truth|simple ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The {Western|European|American} Desert art {movement|motion|movements|activity} has {come
to be|become} seen as {one of the most significant|one of many} art
{movements|motions|actions|moves|activities} of the 20th {century|hundred

The Criminal Equity Framework
guardians or siblings or sisters again. Some were enlisted out as shabby work for station proprietors
as housemaids or stockboys.
Aborigines Furthermore Policing need get a synonymous term. For many, indigenous people, Police
circumspection is the grade element What 's more reason for secondary rates from claiming fear for
the Aboriginal people. Those possibility to get to which native individuals need aid showed perusing
the amount about indigenous people and Torres Strait Islander man in custody. Will be A significant
show fate of the unseemliness of the Criminal equity framework to Australia, especially the place
police forces camwood often be those. Determinant from claiming an indigenous representative
done police authority. Cunneen Also Liberman 's examination. Seemingly perspective crazy that
"the most elevated again –representation from claiming native skin for police. Authority is in the
zone from declaring open request offenses the place police tact is the best. Determinant of who will
make detained alternately captured Furthermore what they are accused of" (De Plevitz, 1995).
Indigenous Australians representation all through the criminal equity procedures is the most critical
systematic zone of examination which social researcher keep on probing, investigations and record
information. Truth be told the explanation behind the inexhaustive information gathering is kept up
upon the five discoveries of Cunneen and Libesman (1995). Their examination contends

The Current Law Regarding Teacher 's Liability For...
8.0 Further Reforms
The current law in place regarding teacher's liability for personal injury is effective in placing
responsibility on the state and away from the teacher. This is reflected through the Public Service
and Other Legislation (Civil Liability) Amendment Bill 2013 (QLD) which amended the Public
Service Act 2008 (QLD) as well as other legislation. The aim of the amendments is to provide
'legislative immunity against civil liability.Liability will instead lie with the state.' The Queensland
government's clear intention for this amendment was 'not about reducing responsibility and
accountability of public servants: it is about ensuring that we have a framework in place that
supports our people when they do jobs we ask of them and do them in an appropriate standard.' The
government also proposed in the amendment that 'the state has a right to recover contributions from
employees who are subsequently found to have engaged in conduct other than in good faith and
where it amounts to gross negligence.'Subsequently, while the Queensland government has allowed
for such legislative framework, transfiguration of political climates may affect the status of this
legislation.
Consequently, the state governments of Australia have similar policies in regards to the liabilities of
teachers for personal injury. Under the Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic), the Victorian state government
protects Victorian public school teachers from liability. The state will only refuse to do so if the

Changing Population In Australia
Since the beginning of civilising Australia, the Aboriginal people have been troubled and trapped
into an unfamiliar world, ever since the devastating European Invasion of Australia, which took
place in the year of 1788. Along with the settlement of the English people to Australia, several
diseases were brought which dramatically decreased the population of the native–aboriginals.
Statistics state that between the years of '1788 to 1900', the indigenous population of Australia was
decreased by a devasting percentage of 90%. Some of the diseases which were brought, such as
smallpox, tuberculosis, influenza, measles, whooping cough and the common cold as well. As time
passed, the British continued to expand and colonise Australia whilst driving

Aboriginal Health Research Paper
1. Describe the health inequities experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in
Australia.
Proximal determinants of health involve conditions that have an effect on physical, mental,
emotional or spiritual health. The origin of good health arises long before conception, with the
historical, political, economic and social contexts. Proximal detriments help influence health over
people life span. Beginning in early childhood, social determinants establish a possible course that is
only moderately changeable in the current social and economic context, which many Aboriginal
children live. Although the Australian Government aims towards proving aid to Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander people, their requirements are not always ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Oxfam
3. ..........................
Part A
Oxfam is an organisation that has a goal, they say creates lasting solutions to the injustice of
poverty. They strive to bring positive energy to those in poverty and they try to put a smile on their
face to make very day a brighter day. Oxfam works with original and trees strait islander people and
strive to answer all the problems these people might have. On the Oxfam website they tell us that
they have helped the self determination for individuals along with communities for over 30 years.
the reason for doing this to help social and cultural well being.
Self–determination is one of the most recent trends for aboriginals In 1973, Australians agreed that
they would transfer policy making and coordinating functions to the commonwealth and aboriginal
affairs. This can led to the development of many government agencies for aboriginal self–
determination including the Aboriginal Development Commission and the council for aboriginal

Australian Criminal Justice System Essay
The context in which the Australian Criminal Justice system has failed the people of Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islands are significantly diverse. In the below summary I will highlight the current
stressors in todays society which will correlate with those from the colonial era.
Before the beginning of the European colonial era in 1788, Cunneen (2001), discusses one of the
most crucial concern that has remained predominant and significantly controversial in the history of
Australia is the issue of injustice, specifically when it comes to the level of integrity through which
Indigenous peoples fundamental human rights are established.
For some Indigenous people who are detained, do not receive adequate medical and mental health
care. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Policies and practices implemented during the colonial and post–colonial period in Australia played
a major role in influencing injustice toward Indigenous people, within the generic structure of the
Australian criminal justice system. According to Nielsen and Robyn (2003), the apparent over
representation was influenced by the process of marginalizing Indigenous peoples that were
predominately practiced during the colonial period. Such processes included: legal control,
urbanization and partitioning and grabbing landmasses from the native titleholders.
In a research study conducted by the Australian Human Rights Commission, it was established that
the rate of incarceration of Indigenous people in Australia has constantly been increasing since
1991. Despite the incarceration rate increasing at an alarming rate over the past decade and demand
for identified services, funding has been declining. Other situations this has been noticed is Family
and Domestic violence services, women and children remain disadvantaged in terms of their access
to justice. This again is due to funding in remote and vast

The Impact Of British Colonialism On Indigenous Australians
The Social Work professional would benefit from completing SCS130 because they would gain
insight into the impact of British colonialism on Indigenous Australians and how the laws of control
and protection forced them to become dependent, this, enables an understanding in terms of the
present situation of disadvantage. Hollinsworth (2008) maintains that the historical impact of
colonisation by Europeans on Indigenous Australians, is the basis for contemporary racism in
Australia (pp. 35,67,77,79–80,83–84,97). This is supported by, The Royal Commission into
Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (1991) report, which, highlights the impact of European settlement on
the dispossession and institutional racism of Indigenous peoples. This racist ideology is based on the
belief of superiority of the dominant group, in Australia this was enforced by racist legislation
(Hollinsworth 2008, p. 47,77,79–80,97). Australia does have a racist history and as a consequence,
these racist ideologies still exist today. This has resulted in Indigenous Australians experiencing
racism through the oppressive effects of marginalisation in political, economic and social structures
(Hollinsworth 2008, p.9,14,20,38,83–84,100). Therefore, it is imperative to the Social Work
profession to complete a course such as SCS130 to enable comprehension of the present
disadvantage experienced by Indigenous Australians in the context of the impact of European
settlement.
The settlement of the Australian continent

LGBT: Guide To Gay Nightlife In Sunshine Coast, Australia
LGBT: Guide to gay nightlife in Sunshine Coast, Queensland (Australia)
The Sunshine Coast is both a couples retreat and a family destination. You will be met with plenty of
things to do including whale watching, surfing, paddle boarding and shopping!
From beautiful sandy beaches to national parks, seaside resorts to charming hinterland towns, there's
a holiday in the Sunshine Coast for everyone. The Sunshine Coast is home to a number of cafes
which warmly welcome the LGBTI community. Noosa's Main Beach on Queensland's Sunshine
Coast might seem the best choice for a gay get away.
List of places where the LGBT Community can have fun:
1. O'MALLEYS IRISH PUB:
O'Malley's Irish Bar, situated in the heart of Mooloolaba on the Sunshine Coast, is known for the
Live Music and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hideaway Noosa Men Only Beach Resort:
Offering clothing optional accommodation for gay and bisexual men, Hideaway Noosa Men Only
Beach Resort is less than 1 minutes' walk from the beautiful sands of Peregian Beach. Guests enjoy
free Wi–Fi, an outdoor saltwater swimming pool, an outdoor hot tub and a men's theatre room.
3. Saucy Spots :
After a day of fun the pleasure does not have to end there. If a little bit of kinky fun is what you are
after tonight, the stores on the Sunshine Coast for that. One of them is the Horizontal Tango Adult
Shop, which is especially female friendly. Setting the mood has never been easier with their
assortment of sexy lingerie, corsets and candles. The store also carries all the latest models of
vibrators, dildos, and anal plugs. Remember to love your body, it is only natural.
4. Casino Night :
Since you're on the Sunshine Coast, make sure you check out Wild diamond Sunshine Coast Fun
casino. Strippers can show up for a certain part of the night. You could have topless barmaids
delivering drinks to the guests.
5. Other Places:

The other places where the you can enjoy to your fullest are Solbar, The Wharf, Mezze Bar, Sails
Noosa and the list goes

Essay On Aboriginal Occupation In Australia
Aboriginal Australians have lived in Australia for over 40,000 years, however the arrival of
Europeans in 1788 significantly changed the way Aboriginal people lived, their customs and their
ways of life. Aboriginal Australians have been formally and informally discriminated against since.
The significance of these next few events have pathed the way the Aboriginal Australians have been
"accepted" these events have all been significant in the way the nation has shaped the "rights and
freedoms" of not only Aboriginal Australians, but all Australian citizens.
These were all very important as they helped shape the rights and freedoms for aboriginal
Australians. The dates are still very recent, which for the Aboriginal Australians, is very unfair, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Aboriginal Tent Embassy was founded on Australia Day in 1972 to protest the denial of the
McMahon Liberal government to reject a proposal for Aboriginal land rights. Land rights were
considered the key to generate resources and employment. The country was shocked when the
Northern Territories Government denied access and ownership to their land. From this, many protest
groups sprang into action, including a group from Redfern in Sydney. (What lead to the creation of
the Tent Embassy?, 2018) "After the McMahon Government's announcement – Michael Anderson,
Billy Craigie, Bertie Williams and Tony Coorey – a protest group drove to Canberra from Sydney
and set up a beach umbrella on the lawns opposite (what is now known as Old) Parliament House"
(Defining moments: Australias history, 2018).
They planted a beach umbrella on the lawns of parliament house and held placards that read "Land
rights now or else", "Legally this land is our land. We shall take it if need be" and "Land now not
lease tomorrow" on the morning of Invasion Day 1972. The activists were protesting against the
McMahon Liberal Government's statement.
What was the impact on the Indigenous Australians everyday

First Contact Scene 3 Essay
In First contact scene 3 Marcus, Sandy, Jasmine, trent, Bo–dene and Alice, have just been put into
their new homes for the night, it allows the six individuals to ask questions and further intensify
their understanding of who they will be staying with and put their stereotypes to the test. As Trent is
a police officer the only contact he has with aboriginals is through the crimes they has committed, so
his thought on aboriginals is that they waste their money and are dangerous to society, however
Victor has a different opinion he says although people commit crimes, and sometimes they happened
to be aboriginals they don't represent their entire culture of aboriginals, as their race does not define
them. In the other household Jasmine is also

Social Polarization In Australia
The academic field of cultural studies has, ever since its establishment in Australia, placed great
emphasis on the representation of what was broadly defined as "national character," and popular
culture artefacts were not exempt from such restrictions. Various cultural representations of
Australian "national character" have been based on the working class ethos and anti–
authoritarianism, prejudiced in favour of certain social groups (usually celebrating the white male
privilege), and spatially contextualized either in the Australian bush and the outback, or in the
coastal cities. Within such a clear spatial polarization, the suburbs were largely neglected and
referred to as the Australian ugliness. This paper attempts to disclose the subversive

Dispossession In Australia
(done) Argument 1: dispossession and trauma for indigenous people
Both indigenous and non–indigenous Australian's feel that they cannot celebrate Australia Day,
because the date marks the commencement of a long history of dispossession and trauma for
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
Imagine how you would feel if you and your family welcomed strangers into your home but they
never left. In fact, even after being kind and gentle towards them, they took control of your home
and made you move far away? What if they abused you physically, sexually and financially, and
spread epidemic disease throughout your community, all things that you had never once
experienced? Can you imagine how this would affect your children and grandchildren's view of ...
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It has been estimated that between 1788 and 1900, the Indigenous population of Australia was
reduced by 90%. The three overarching reasons for this dramatic population decline included, the
introduction of new diseases, settler acquisition of Indigenous lands and direct and violent conflict
with the British colonisers. The most immediate and critical consequence of the invasion was the
wave of epidemic diseases which spread ahead of the settlement frontier and annihilated many
Indigenous communities. These infectious diseases included smallpox, measles and influenza, all
diseases that the indigenous people had never suffered from in epidemic proportions. Within only
fourteen months of the arrival of the First Fleet, Governor Phillip reported that smallpox had killed
half of the Indigenous people in the Sydney region. Another contributing factor to the mass deaths
of indigenous people was the sexual abuse and exploitation of Indigenous girls and women, which
also introduced sexually transmitted disease to Indigenous people in epidemic

Acknowledgement To Country And Indigenous Teaching...

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