Examples Of Conceptual Metaphors

Examples Of Conceptual Metaphors
Introduction
The early theoretical conceptualisation saw metaphors as tool for figurative language; a poetic device which enhances the beauty of an art work. They
were considered as carriers of abstract meanings which could camouflage ordinary thoughts and present them as extra ordinary. The analysis of
metaphors in literature took a foreground as they were taken to be an inevitable part of interpretation and critical analysis discourse, as metaphors and
symbols were considered to be the key to hidden ideas and intuitions. Thus the concept of metaphor was exclusive to literature and excluded from the
quotidian since they were believed to be a theoretical instrument which could condense information. The conceptual metaphor theory of George Lakoff
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Conceptual metaphor theory initially focused on the study of semantics of language. The paper on the other hand focuses on the semiotic approach of
conceptual metaphors in political cartoons. The paper addresses two major concerns: (a) to analyse the play of conceptual metaphors in Indian
political cartoons (b) to study the psychological impact of conceptual metaphors on audience in order to see how the political iconographic memory is
build. E.H. Gombrich and Erwin Panofsky initiated the study of iconography. Iconography is derived from two words eikon (image) and graphien
(writing); it is the study of image writing or image describing. This study involves the stages of "exact enumeration, theme and deeper meaning" (). The
political cartoons have been taken as a text to apply the iconographic study. Political cartoons are emblematic representations of the political situations
and events. They are very brief and crisp in conveying information. On one hand they communicate certain amount of factual knowledge, at the same
time, the style of political cartooning follows exaggeration adding a fantastic element to the truth represented. Political cartoons are a part of mass
medium and they directly communicate with the citizens through newspapers and weeklies. They have a major role in shaping
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Metaphors In Figurative Language
Figurative language uses figures of speech to make a language more persuasive, attractive, effective, creative and impactful. It uses words or phrases
which have meanings far from their literal interpretations. It means saying something other than what is really meant by using figurative devices like
metaphors, similes, allusions, personification, onomatopoeia, idioms, oxymoron, alliterations, puns, irony, and many more. Therefore, metaphors are
regarded as representations of something else. They are comparisons between two different things that have something in common. They are not just an
unnecessary touch to the prose and poetry, but they are the ways of thinking and shaping our thoughts. Figurative comparisons are the heart of the
language... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 'target' domain is abstract and tend to have relationship between the attributes which are found in the source domain. Lakoff and Johnson suggest
the possibility of hiding and highlighting certain aspects, hiding especially the negative aspect like death. Hence, using the death metaphor in both
English and in Urdu as mentioned above which leads to the conceptual metaphor "DEATH IS A JOURNEY OF DEPARTURE". These metaphors
suggest that an idea is a concrete and real object which can be metaphorically understood, this aspect helps with understanding new ideas and
underlying meanings which are interpreted individuals differently. It is possible due to the cognitive ability of humans. For instance, "LOVE IS A
JOURNEY" and "LOVE IS WAR" (Lakoff and Johnson) due to the concrete experiences of 'journey' and 'war' we can interpret the abstract concept of
'love'. We understand things in terms of the other and our background knowledge about the subject, which can differ from person to person. We use
metaphors to make comparison in different ways, they are embedded in our language more than we realize. They enhance and beautify our everyday
language and help in understanding a concept. Lakoff and Johnson explained that metaphors shape our lives, with the use of the conceptual metaphor
"ARGUMENT IS WAR" (Lakoff and Johnson). For

Examples Of Metaphor In Counselling
"Ordinary words convey only what we know already ; it is from metaphor that we can best get hold of something fresh" (Rhetoric Aristotle, ch111
page 10 ed wd ross. 2010 ny cosimo inc). The Oxford English Dictionary defines metaphor as "the figure of speech in which a name or descriptive
term is transferred to some object to which it is not properly applicable". Kopp (1995) described metaphor as "derived from the Greek, meta,
meaning 'above' or 'over,' and pherein, which means 'to carry or bear'" (p. 92). In this context a metaphor is something that is carried over or beyond.
Similarly, Lackoff & Johnson (1980) state that metaphors can be defined as one thing becoming a symbol for another. An example would be referring
to a quiet person as a mouse. The usefulness of a metaphor relies on the user being able to connect with, and personally relate to the metaphor. When
using metaphors, it is assumed that if aspects of the metaphor agree with aspects of reality, then... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980, p.233), "In therapy, much of self–understanding involves consciously recognising previously unconscious
metaphors and how we live by them". Types of metaphors The aim of metaphor usage in therapy is for clients to gather information about their own
subjective experience, not necessarily for the therapist to understand it. This allows the client new perspectives and allows them to increase their
awareness of their own process (Penny Tompkins and James Lawley 1997). Metaphors serve three important purposes in psychotherapy (Levitt et al.,
2000): 1) Assist in the development of the relationship between therapist and client. 2) Add depth to the meaning of specific problems in the client's
life. 3) Can serve as a possible marker of psychotherapeutic

Symbolism In My Sister's Keeper
Fire – a metaphor of life
The book I have read is called "My sister's keeper," and is written by Jodi Picoult. It is about a family of five, with two daughters and a son. Their
oldest daughter, Kate, got leukemia when she was two years old, and her parents decided to have another child to save her. The newborn baby,
Anna, was used to donate blood to Kate. Eventually, when Anna is older she decides to sue her parents for the rights of her own body, when she
is told to donate a kidney to her sister. Through the book we also meet the sister's older brother, Jesse, as well as their parents, Brian and Sarah,
Anna's lawyer, Campbell, and her guardian ad litem, Julia. Fire is a central theme in the book, and is used as a metaphor in many different ways.
First we can read different quotes about fire as we go trough the book. Secondly we hear their father's description of fire on page 141, and lastly how
we interpret fire ourselves.
There are at least ten quotes about fire in the book. The quote on page 71 is my favorite quote in the book, because I feel that it describes the family's
situation, as well as making you read between the lines after a deeper meaning.
"I will read ashes for you, if you ask me.
I will look in the fire and tell you from the gray lashes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fire starts out small, like when we are born. When the fire grows we grow as well. At that time the fire is so small that our parents can control us.
Suddenly we are teenagers and the fire is no longer under the same control. We try different stuff and we meet different people. We get hurt, and the
fire only grows more. As we reach adulthood, some stabilize the fire more or less, but there will be times in life where you no longer can control it.
Getting old, the fire burns out, and when the fire dies, so do we. The ashes that remains are our story from our lives we had down at earth, some are
remembered more than

Metaphors We Live By By George Lakoff And Mark Johnson
Book Review of 'Metaphors We Live By' by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson
In the book 'Metaphors We Live By', authors George Lakoff and Mark Johnson delve into the significance metaphors have in our lives. The book
presents their argument of conceptual metaphors affecting our daily lives through shaping fundamental thinking processes. Lakoff is a cognitive
linguist who has applied the thesis of conceptual metaphor to various other fields, such as politics, philosophy, literature, and even mathematics. His
alma maters include Indiana University and MIT, where he studied mathematics, English literature, and linguistics. He currently teachesCognitive
Science and Linguistics at University of California, Berkeley, where has he taught since ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Validity is given to each statement because it is based on human understanding, which can vary depending on the individual. Much like cultural
relativism– the argument that different cultures have different morals–, the theory can sound appealing at first. However, this perspective towards truth
can be abused, with people justifying whatever they do. Nonetheless, diversity and understanding of different truths are encouraged by the authors'
theory. Lakoff and Johnson present the readers with a captivating argument of how conceptual metaphors affect our lives. The very words and
expressions which are used everyday are the result of the conceptual metaphor structuring thought, and thus action. The metaphors inevitably differ
depending on culture, or any subculture an individual is in. Often, the values or perception of a particular culture or group can be seen in the
metaphors. Furthermore, they do an excellent job in describing the human perception of truth. As mentioned before, Lakoff and Johnson's theory of
truth entails that truth is based on human understanding, so no objective truth exists. To go into detail, the authors shed light on how even the truest
sounding statements can just be a result of human projection of entities and orientation.

Metaphor In The Metaphor
This literature review will outline the range of previous research on the use of metaphor in non–literary texts, specifically in political speeches.
Commentary on the use of metaphor has a long history dating back to Ancient Greece, with Aristotle in his work Poetics (350 BC). It is considered the
metaphor as indicative of genius and an instrument of charm and ornamentation. However, he considered this instrument of ornamentation as being
suitable for poetry and prose, but being too obscure to be used for argumentation. (Poetics, 1954).
More recently, the volume of research into metaphor has been done considerably, with conferences on this specific topic. Besides, such research also
expands a wide range of disciplines beyond Linguistics. Such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They underlie our conceptual system and therefore have a great influence on thought. Since most conceptual metaphors are unconsciously perceived,
their power is all the more important. (Deignan 2005: 15). For example, one does not likely remark the metaphor in "I'm feeling down" because it is
so deep–seated in daily language. It is because of this entrenchment of the most actively used expressions that their power to influence our minds is
significant (Deignan 2005: 15). "In conceptual metaphors the more abstract, cognitively unavailable target domain is explained by means of a concrete
and cognitively available one, via source domain via the process of mapping". (Lesz 2011: 13). Examples of conceptual metaphors are metaphors of
construction, creation, destruction, etc. For example, the conceptual metaphor of

Figurative Speech In Romance Prairie Songs In The Book Of...
The relevant problem found in prairie songs (novel) is the repetition of the expression like or as mainly in the first chapter that author used in many
times the metaphor simile. This is descriptive comparison, comparing the life in Nebraska and New York that have created our interesting to analyze
this kind of language in this novel. Research question based on the background of problems above are:
1– What types of English figurative speech were found in prairie songs?
2– What is the meaning of those figurative speeches? Figurative speech started to attract the attention of growing number of linguists interested in the
study of these figures of speech within the realm of everyday language and, much more importantly of our ordinary conceptual system. Conceptual
metaphor theory has since developed and elaborated although not always in complete agreement. (Dia–Vera, 2005, p.5) Our paper deals with aspects of
Analysis of figurative speech, whose topic is "The analysis of figurative speech in Romance Prairie Songs in the Book of Pam Conrad"
Our aims in this study are to classify the types of figurative speech (metaphors) and analyzing the meaning of those figurative speeches that the author
focused in her novel.
1.1. Theoretical Framework This Research was mainly based on theory of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) proposed by George Lakoff and Mark
Johnson in 1980, which states" metaphor as not merely thinking about something in terms of something else, but

Acquainted With The Night Poem
A poem can paint a thousand images in one's mind. The poem, Acquainted with the Night, presents a graphic picture of a lonely, depressed man, who
is possibly an insomniac, walking the streets on a sad, rainy night .This poem shows the different emotions that the author goes through in order to cope
with heartbreak. The poem is aimed at the world in general, and the themes of depression, loneliness, and sadness prevails across the entire poem. The
poem follows the format with 3–line stanzas and a scheme of rhyming aba bcb cdc dad aa. This poem proves that the author is going through turmoil
within himself and is struggling as the love of his life has moved on with no trace like a thief in the night. The author starts the Poem off as follows; ...
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Frost uses a multitude of poetic devices, including metaphors, irony, symbolism, hyperbole, and personification "Proclaimed the time was neither
wrong nor right. to vividly reinforce the desolation in the mind and the surroundings of the speaker. The uncertainty of the time in the end is a
reflection of the uncertainty in the duration of isolation that the speaker would have to continue to endure. In conclusion, this poem displays the
transition into night figuratively as the author experiences a broken heart. I have been one acquainted with the night." (V,2 ). This is a beautiful and
dark poem that describes the somber emotions that an individual endures after a separation. This poem can be relatable to anyone as we all have
experienced some type of sorrow. Hopefully after experiencing something of this nature we can see the bright lights after being acquainted with the

Metaphor As A Metaphor
Phrases like 'in a hurry', 'a close relationship', 'Juliet is the sun' and many others are commonly used and easily understood although they are not literal.
Such phrases are metaphoric in feature. What is metaphor then? Metaphor is defined in terms of substituting one word for another with an apparently
different meaning (Ritchie, 2013). Although metaphor was once considered as a stylistic issue, a rhetoric device, a poetic reference or decorative
speech, now it has been extended to linguistics and cognitive psychology, and has been an issue in language, thought, cognition and communication.
Burke (1945) regards metaphor as a device for seeing something in terms of something else. This simple definition of metaphor says that metaphor has
two distinct ideas which lie in the core of metaphor. In order to understand one better, the other idea is used. Littlemore and Low (2006a) state that
"metaphor involves one entity in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For them metaphor is a matter of thought rather than language. Lakoff and Johnson (1980) extended the definition of metaphor further and introduced
Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). They claim that concepts are metaphorically structured, so metaphors play a significant role in organizing and
functioning ideas in human conceptual system. They define metaphor not only as thinking about something in terms of something else, but also
experiencing something as something else. Since human activities and experiences are metaphorical, we talk about things in the way that we perceive
them. Human conceptual system is structured by metaphors, in other words, it is metaphoric in nature. This is grounded in experience and culture.
Some metaphors are so deeply rooted in human thought that they are metaphors we live by or they are conceptual in nature (Lakoff and

Rhetorical Analysis Of Backpacks By Laura Carol
In "Backpacks vs. briefcases: Steps towards Rhetorical Analysis", Laura Bolin Carrol explains the importance of the rhetorical analysis to understand
the purpose and intent of every situation. She points first how people always focus their first glance to the others physical appearance even though
there is a saying that "don't judge a book by its cover." Through our past experiences or moments, we can conclude quickly that person or thing we are
observing or analyzing. Most of the time this is done even without noticing that we are doing it, without understanding there is something behind it,
and Carol explains that is the rhetorical analysis. She also explains how understanding it, and becoming proficient in it, will help to "become better

What Are Metaphors?
Metaphor as a term as well as a phenomenon can be defined from many perspectives depending on the context. At the very beginning let us focus on
the definitions provided by dictionaries.
According to Harvey (1967): "Metaphor is the transfer of a name or descriptive term to an object different form, but analogous to, that to which it is
properly applicable". (p. 539). Generally, metaphor is very often confused with other figures of speech especially with simile. The definition from
another academic source makes that difference clearer and easier to distinguish.
According to Ousby (1988) "Where simile asserts the likeness of one thing to another, metaphor asserts their identity. Usually, though not always
something relatively abstract is identified with something relatively concrete, making it more vivid or accessible." (p. 658–659). The distinction of
metaphor from other figures of speech is a crucial factor in further process of scrutinizing them. These definitions provided by two different dictionaries
Even more precise close–up may not be successful in finding any concealed meaning of metaphors. That way of understanding language in examples
mentioned above is so schematic and common that people automatically assume it's actuality. However, more specific examination paying special
attention to the main assumptions of conduit metaphors can prove that actually there are some hidden aspects of communicative process. The
approach from conduit metaphor point of view to the theses stating that (THE LINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS ARE CONTAINERS and THE
MEANINGS ARE OBJECTS) mentioned before show their common value. Each phrase shows that every single word as well as every sentence has
its own meaning regardless of the context. However, it has to be marked that not in all circumstances contrast of the context is unnecessary to convey
the meaning. (Lakoff & Johnson,

Rhetorical Analysis
Water metaphors are often used in public policy discourse as a way to help audiences understand immigration. It is important that the diction used in
immigration discourse be studied because word choice is responsible for the context and understanding of various subjects. If audiences don't dive
deeper into metaphorical analysis, they may accept ideas as they are presented, rather than forming their own opinions of controversial topics. In this
paper, I will argue that the use of the "flood" metaphor is not appropriate in immigration discourse because it equates immigration to a natural disaster
and implies that the United States government has no control over immigration policy. To accomplish this task, I will be analyzing three articles written
In January of 2018, the Trump administration announced that they would be ending Temporary Protected Status, or TPS, for 200,000 Salvadoran
migrants. According to the Associated Press, the "flood of returning TPS recipients" could cause a lot of economic and political instability in their
home countries (). It may seem like this an appropriate time to use the "flood" metaphor, because the return of TPS migrants could create a potential
disaster, it's inappropriate to pretend its out of the control of the people making these decisions. A flood is a natural disaster that cannot be prevented.
They can be hard to predict and can cause damage that takes years to repair. But in truth, the flood of migrants that the article talks about is due to the
United States governments decisions. While these people were only meant to be in the United States under a temporary status, our government is
suddenly sending them back to their home countries, without offering the countries time to prepare for this sudden influx of citizens. Its inappropriate
to pretend that we, as a country, have no control over this flood, when in reality it is one of the only disasters we could

The Analytical Theory: The Effects Of Horrendous Evil
The analogical theory says that a word can have a variance of meanings. So according to this theory when I say I love food (object), I don't mean it
the same way I would when I say, I love my family (human). Here the word (love) has different meanings relating to the objects. Even though we may
in fact love both the food and our family, and the types of love are similar, I would hope that we have a different type of love for food (objects) than
we do for our family (humans) as there is a definite gap between them. There is also a much bigger gap between humans and God. This would then
translate over to when we say God loves us all that it could have a slightly different meaning. This takes us to the divine attributes that we associate with
These are the evils that ruin the positive significance of ones' life. They are also the evils that can change peoples sense of identity, purpose, and
can permanently change ones' positive attitude. The effects of horrendous evil apply to both the victims and the perpetrators that participate in
these evils. She then says that the cases of horrendous evils are not rare that they are actually very common. She concludes, that if you are
optimistic and idealistic about life with these evils in it, then you must believe in some sort of higher power to make good on all of these horrors.
She thin compares he argument to Kant's argument for living a moral life. That the moral life is only worth living if a God exists and there is
immortality. So, she is saying that if you think that there is something to be optimistic about in the world of evil then you must believe is some sort
of higher power that is going to make it up to you for going through the evil of this world. She also says that the same horrendous evils that we have
now haven't really changed since the days of the bible. These evils such as genocide, homicide, our self–governing systems, and other problems that
have been around for thousands of years have barley changed. So, to be optimistic that they would suddenly get better would be naГЇve. She believes
that the optimistic life is the better path, than the pessimistic life, as it is more constructed and may lead to a happier

Conceptual Metaphors In The Butterfly's Burden
When explaining even more thoroughly the systematicity feature, Lakoff and Johnson referred to Michael Reddy's "conduit metaphor": it is when an
part of our experience is hidden by a metaphorical concept; He believes that our language about language is organized or even designed as the
following metaphor:
'Ideas (or meanings) are perceived as objects', 'Linguistic expressions are perceived as containers' and 'communication is perceived as sending'. This
means that when someone wants to say an expression (the object), he puts concepts into words (which are the container) and sends them along a
conduit to the person who is hearing him and who takes the concept out of the words which means out of the containers. Examples of the 'conduit
metaphor' are: "I gave you that idea", "it is difficult to put my ideas into words", "Her words carry little meaning".
A.Types of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
General overview of the themes in the book:
According to Marilyn Hacker, "In the brilliant, bilingual poet Fady Joudah, Darwish has found a translator capable of rendering in English his
unflinching, questing, and above all loving poems". The incident of Israel taking over Palestine left such a big mark on Darwish that it lead him to
writing several poems about Love, exile and many other themes. But all of these themes are in a way connected because they reflect his attachment
towards his country.
1.Love/Desire
When Mahmoud Darwish returned to Palestine in 1996, he wrote the first volume of this book: "The Stranger's Bed" (1998), which is a book of love
on the level of different aspects.
a.With the voice of Darwish
This volume includes the most intimate poems and truly show the desire of Darwish for Palestine that is at the same time achieved and unsatisfied.
For example, in "Sonnet V" Darwish wrote: "I touch you as a lonely violin touches the suburbs of the faraway place", "in your closed up gardens".
b.With the voice of a

The Importance Of Metaphors In Daily Life
Common sense seems to dictate that metaphors are common tools used in everyday life to enhance our reading, writing and language. In addition
to metaphors enhancing our reading, writing and language, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson imply in their book, Metaphors We Live By, that
metaphors do more than those three things, that they also make up our conceptual system. In Lakoff and Johnson's view, "Our ordinary conceptual
system...is fundamentally metaphorical in nature...[and] is not something we are normally aware of" (3). In other words, the way we act and
think is metaphorical and we don't know even know it. Furthermore, Lakoff and Johnson go into detail on why metaphors are important by
suggesting, "Our concepts structure what we perceive, how one gets around in the world, and how one can relate to other people" (3). Their point
is that if our concepts, structure our everyday life and our conceptual system is metaphorical than what we do each day is, "... a matter of
metaphor" (3). With this better understanding of how metaphors are used daily without us realizing it, we can see more clearly where metaphors
can be used, therefore one can also analyze how they relate to our everyday lives. The metaphors I chose to analyze and contrast that we've done in
our lives are academic reading is learning how to tie your shoes and fun reading is a rollercoaster. First, I will start with how academic reading is
learning how to tie your shoes. Academic reading is typically something

Metaphors In Shakespeare's Works
Shakespeare's work is among the hardest to read because of its supposed complexity and sophistication. The language used in the Early Modern Era is
different than that of the Post Modern Era. Audiences that saw the performances were aural learners and were able to pinpoint certain tones and facial
expressions that readers may not detect through words. Watching the plays performed provided better feedback than readings do (Palfrey 10–11).
Metaphors, implicit or explicit, are figures of speech that help compare two unlike things and are not designed for literal intake. Yet, with Shakespeare's
work, metaphors should be taken literally. According to George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, however, this technique of comparison allows metaphors to
simultaneously highlight and hide certain attributes and/or qualities about the thing(s) being compared to (12–13). The highlighting and hiding of
metaphors gives readers more insight into what Shakespeare may have meant at the time or even more so in what context did the people of the
Elizabethan Age use language (Palfrey 11). Two important components of metaphors that do the highlighting and hiding are the vehicle and the tenor;
each can be implicit or explicit as well. The metaphor in question emphasizes both the importance and unimportance of Lavinia's character.
Shakespeare's work is littered with metaphors; some which require careful reading to pick up on, while others are easily detectable. Simon Palfrey
states that "Shakespeare's

Examples Of Figurative Language
Doing a Music Video for the vocab projects successfully helped me achieve my WALT 7.5 because I demonstrated my understanding of figurative
language by using the correct parts of speech, the synonyms and antonyms of the words, and context clues for the connotations of words. During
the presentation, I said "You say a retentive memory plays back by its own though" here I used an expression to explain what the word retentive
means since retentive means to have the ability to recall a memory using the phrase "plays back by its own though" saying you can play back any
memory. Another example of this is when I said "All of this fire will purge all of the pure wetness" this also is an example of using figurativelanguage
using personification to show what the word meant when I used that line in my song it meant I was doing a "good job" of rapping and using words
for the project insinuating that "I'm spitting fire and it will eliminate the water because it will be evaporated". ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
"Abashed what I hope I won't be otherwise this will be embarrassing" using that line gives me an understanding of the use the word abashed
because of word mentioned later in that phrase embarrassed because it is one of the synonyms so the word abashed itself in addition to showing
Priyangshu getting crossed up by Neel in the background to show an embarrassing moment. As well as the phrase I used in my part was "I'm genial
you and I know dude be humble." In that phrase, I used irony to represent the word genial, so during the song, it was quite obvious that I was just
talking about how great I am which is very similar to the same Kendrick Lamar song too. Since genial means to be welcoming to others and pleasant, I
used the opposite meaning of the word for the

Main Concepts Of Metaphors
The linguists have been trying to define metaphor and what it represents since the times of Aristotle. He is considered to be the first to discuss and
describe the metaphor in his "Poetics". Aristotle's work made the foundation for the classical views of metaphor. However, it is obvious that, in spite of
different approaches, all the definitions are concerned with the key elements of comparison and similarity. Firstly, it is important to discuss how
different authors and dictionaries define the concept of the metaphor. Also, it would be interesting to introduce a few definitions of the metaphor by
famous authors.
Metaphor is interesting not only for linguists, but also it receives a lot of attention from other various science specialists. Usually ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A. Richards introduced his conception of metaphor. The scholar criticized the Greek philosopher's "ornamental theory" and claimed that "metaphor
relies on a complex interaction of thoughts, rather than a process of linguistic substitutions". Max Black in his вЂћModels and Metaphors" examines
metaphor at the level of the statement as a whole in order to account for a change in meaning that is centred in the word. For Black, a term functions
as a metaphor only a statement because a statement is the fundamental semantic unit. Also, Black suggests that every view which is based on
understanding that metaphor implies the demonstration of resemblance can be ascribed to the comparison theory. He explains that this point of view
treats metaphor as an elliptic or compressed comparison. He also points out that according to the comparison theory the metaphoric utterance can be
replaced by an equivalent comparison. (Black ct. in Ortony, 1979). Metaphor was considered a figure of style and rhetorical decoration for a long
time, here metaphor does not convey any information and appears merely as a stylistic ornament, but from the middle of the 20th century metaphor
was started to treat as the principle of thinking, knowledge of the world and the way of perception (Gibbs, 2008,

Metaphors And Figurative Language
Literature Review
Nowadays, metaphor is considered as influential in our everyday life and its traces are not only evident in the language but also in thought and action.
The function of metaphor in language, culture, and thought has been viewed by various disciplines (Tendahl and Gibbs, 2008). In the discipline of
linguistics, in particular, metaphor and figurative language have long been the subject of studies from many different perspectives. From a cognitive
linguistic perspective, metaphor is a "mental mapping" (p. 1825) in the cognitive processes of thinking and reasoning of people in their everyday life
(Tendahl and Gibbs, 2008). As noted by Tendahl and Gibbs (2008), the last century ended up with its revolutionary studies on metaphor, most
significantly in the realm of cognitive science. They discuss a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We can find several theories in the discipline of Linguistics including relevance theory. Relevance theory, originally proposed by Sperber and Wilson
(1986–1987), is discussed in detail by Tendahl and Gibbs (2008). According to Tendahl and Gibbs, relevance theory complements cognitive linguistics
in defining metaphor and its functioning. As they point out, in a cognitive linguistic perspective, people use metaphors in their language because they
think metaphorically and different language configurations are viewed as conceptual "processing mechanisms" (p. 1825) where an operation of
mapping the concepts in the mind of speakers occurs (Tendahl and Gibbs, 2008). In their view, relevance theory, both by its encoding and decoding
pattern of thought communication and by its view at the intended meaning in a certain context of communication, also has a cognitive look at language
and mind, or more specifically at communication and thought. We can clearly see such cognitive perspective in relevance theory as suggested by
Sperber and Wilson

Rhetorical Reading Strategies And The Construction Of...
In Christina Haas and Linda Flower's article "Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction of Meaning", they present three different strategies
readers use when reading a paper or an article, and the importance of each. An experiment was constructed to show those strategies in action, and what
each type of reader does while using the strategies.
Beginner readers used content strategies, where they tried to grasp the basics of the article, or were "concerned with content or topic information"
(Hass and Flower 175). This strategy was the easiest and least in–depth. The next strategy was function/feature, here readers dug a little deeper and
tried to interpret the text more, or "frequently named text parts, pointing to specific words, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lakoff and Johnson state, "[w]e have found, on the contrary, that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and
action" (3). They are saying that metaphors are used all the time and not just when people talk, but when they think and in what they do. This is
exactly true because after learning about metaphors, and getting a better understanding of them, I have realized how much I, and others, apply them to
everyday life without even realizing it, or trying to. Using a metaphor to describe Haas and Flower's reading concepts will therefore make for a better
grasp of what the concepts mean. Lakoff and Johnson's analytical tools consist of linguistic evidence and highlighting and hiding. When using
linguistic evidence, the writer is providing the reader with words associated with their metaphor that is used in both parts. For example, Lakoff and
Johnson use the metaphor "argument is war" (4), and they give the readers linguistic evidence like "I demolished his argument" (4) and "I've never won
an argument with him" (4) to present the readers with evidence on why this metaphor works. When a writer uses the highlighting tool, they are
pointing out the obvious areas that thought of with the metaphors. When a writer uses hiding, they are doing the exact opposite. Here they point out
the areas that are not thought of with the presented metaphor. The first way a reader reads, and the most basic way, is

Metaphor And The Expressions Of Emotion
Metaphor and the Expressions of Emotion
Introduction:
In May 2015, Walt Disney Pictures released the film Inside Out. The film emphasizes the neuropsychological finding that human emotions affect
interpersonal relationships. It shows how emotions work inside a person's brain and at the same time how these emotions shape a person's outer life
(Keltner & Ekman, 2015). In this film, each character is represented by a colour With is conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff and Johnson 1980) can be
applied. As this representation works with the theory of conceptual metaphors. 'Conceptual metaphors are metaphors that we have in our mind that
allow us to produce and understand abstract concepts' (Littlemore, 2008). The five main human emotions that are represented as characters inside an
11–year–old girl brain are: Joy represented as a glowing yellow; Anger as red; Disgust as green; and Fear as purple. The film was released all over the
world, gaining positive reviews from many different cultures. With these positive reviews, the question is asked are colours–emotion metaphors
universal? The purpose of this study is to test whether the cultural experiences of individuals result in different mental representations of
colour–emotion metaphors. The colours black, white, red, yellow, and blue were looked at because they are primary colours and have more
colour–emotion metaphors associated with them.
Literature review:
Lakoff and Johnson claim that conceptual metaphor theory is when

Example Of Conduit Metaphor
2.Highlighting and Hiding
When explaining even more thoroughly the systematicity feature, Lakoff and Johnson referred to Michael Reddy's (1979) "conduit metaphor": it is
when a part of our experience is hidden by a metaphorical concept; He believes that our language about language is organized or even designed as the
following metaphor:
'Ideas (or meanings) are perceived as objects', 'Linguistic expressions are perceived as containers' and 'communication is perceived as sending'. This
means that when someone wants to say an expression (the object), he puts concepts into words (which are the container) and sends them along a
conduit to the person who is hearing him and who takes the concept out of the words which means out of the containers. Examples of the 'conduit
metaphor' are: "I gave you that idea", "it is difficult to put my ideas into words" and "Her words carry little meaning". George Lakoff talked about
Reddy and he said that his theory and Reddy's are similar because they both imply that metaphors are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Types of Conceptual Metaphors according to Lakoff & Johnson
Lakoff & Johnson define conceptual metaphors as understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another and argue that the way human
beings think and talk is largely metaphorical. Lakoff and Johnson prove that humans often speak in metaphors when they talk about any concept
without noticing it. Conceptual metaphors play a very important role in our lives and combines both linguistic and cognitive domains. They identified
three categories of conceptual metaphors:
1.Orientational metaphors:
Oriental metaphors are metaphors in which concepts are given spatial orientation: up–down, front–back, on–off, central–peripheral. For example,
'HAPPY IS UP' and 'SAD IS DOWN'; the fact that the concept happy is oriented up and the concept sad is oriented down leads to English expressions
like 'I'm feeling up today', 'That boosted my spirits' and 'I'm feeling down', 'I fell into a

Metaphor In Talk Essay
When people talk to each other, they make widespread use of metaphor. In talk, metaphor is a shifting, dynamic phenomenon that spreads, connects,
and disconnects with other thoughts and other speakers, starts and restarts, flows through talk developing, extending, and changing. Metaphor in talk
both shapes the ongoing talk and is shaped by it. The creativity of metaphor in talk appears less in the novelty of connected domains and more in the
use of metaphor to shape a discourse event and the adaptation of metaphor in the flow of talk. People use metaphor to think with, to explain themselves
to others, to organize their talk, and their choice of metaphor often reveals– not only their conceptualizations– but also, and perhaps... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Time is money, Time is A resource, and Time is A valuable commodity (Save time, spend time) are grounded in our experience of a wage
– based
economy. Other primary metaphors based on culture– specific experiences include gardening (spread like weeds,' plant the seeds of a new idea) or
mechanics ( ' social breakdown; the wheels are turning; repair the relationship). The internet has yielded a raft of culturally based metaphors,
although given the worldwide adoption of computer technology these are likely to be quite widespread. (Cameron, 2003, p.78) (Maalej, 2004)
provides several examples from Tunisian Arabic to show that "embodiment" of conceptual metaphors is itself often influenced by cultural beliefs and
practices. He begins with the standard account that ANGER is Heat originates with feeling physically hot as a result of blood rushing to the surface of
the skin (Lakoff and Kovecses, 1987, p.80). He then discusses several Tunisian Arabic expressions for Anger that are based on culture
–specific beliefs
about physiology .These include" He caused my brain to brain", my heart is sloshing with anger; He made my nerves swell, other metaphor that apply
culture–specific culinary practices (butchering and preparing meat) to anger. These include 'He broke my bones into small bits and 'He caused my
stomach to burst." As Maalaj notes it is important to include cultural practices in any

Metaphors We Live Language Analysis
"High school is hell" is a dominant metaphor in Josh Whedon's cult television show, Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Many people only view metaphor as
the rich language of rhetorical discourse, plus elaborate classical prose and poetry. However, metaphor is more often found in everyday language
when further investigated. It is imperative to understand the spirit of metaphor. When one kind of thing, idea, or concept is known or experienced in
another way, this is metaphor. Authors George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their book Metaphors We Live By exploring how metaphor is used in
everyday language. The authors define and explain the conduit metaphor and how it relates to context. In addition, Lakoff and Johnson describe total
metaphorical structuring and argue why they cannot be that way.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This conceptual system is metaphorical in nature. Consider the concept of argument. In everyday language, there is a conceptual metaphor argument is
a war. Many ways we relate to the argument are in terms of war. We can win or lose an argument, or shoot down an opponent's ideas. Lakoff and
Johnson point to these metaphors as a reflection of the culture. A different culture may structure their metaphors for argument in entirely different
ways. What would it mean if a culture based their argument metaphors on food? He chewed him up and spit him out, or that point put the icing on the
cake or his stance on the issue was hard to swallow. Perhaps to an agrarian culture this may best relate to how they perceive the concept of an
argument. However, more importantly, this point to how pervasive metaphor is in the everyday

Example Of Conceptual Metaphors
KГ¶vecses classifies conceptual metaphors based on their conventionality, function, nature and the level of metaphor generality. When it comes to
conventionality from the linguistic point of view, it implies arbitrary use of some expressions that will stand for some phenomenon. Examples of these
may be "love is a journey", ''argument is a war", ''theories are buildings". These examples of conventional conceptual metaphors are ''deeply entrenched
ways of thinking about or understanding an abstract domain, while conventional metaphorical linguistic expressions are well worn, clichГ©d ways of
talking about abstract domains.'' (KГ¶vecses, 2010:34) Conceptual metaphors can be classified according to the cognitive function they have into three
general kinds: structural, ontological and orientational. Structural metaphors are metaphors where the source domain provides a rich knowledge
structure for the target domain or in other words the source B structure is used to understand the target A by means of conceptual mappings between
elements of A and elements of B. The example is ''time is motion." (ibid.: 37) Ontological metaphors enable... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(ibid., 2010) There are such metaphors among orientational metaphors. An interesting point about this kind of metaphor is that they map relatively
little from a source to a target. Source domains have skeletal image schemas. These basic image–schemas derive from our experience or interactions
with the world. This physical experience enables emergence of the image–schemas that structure many of our abstract concepts metaphorically. The
image–schemas can be foundation of other concepts. The target domains of many structural metaphors are image schematically structured by their
source. (KГ¶vecses,

Rhetorical Reading Strategies And The Construction Of...
Reading Deeper than the Words
In Christina Haas and Linda Flower's article "Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction of Meaning", they point out, and break down, the
three reading strategies that are used by students when reading a passage, or paper. An experiment was constructed to show what each of these
strategies are like while being used and what the reader may ask, or get out of, a certain excerpt.
Even though Haas and Flower do not mention George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, or even metaphors, in their article, I will be using metaphors to get a
better understanding of what these reading strategies are like. Lakoff and Johnson's analytical tools and ideas about metaphors (, seen in Metaphors We
Live By, help me, and others, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That is a lot like how a content reader reads. They get the idea of what the article, or story, is about, and that is it. They would be able to summarize
the reading to someone, but that is as far as their interpretation goes. They do not, and may not completely understand how to, go much deeper into
the reading to get a strong, and full, understanding of why that specific reading was written and what everything in the reading means. Words that
would work with both content reading and a child at a museum would be words along the lines of review. A reader reading for content sees their job
as understanding enough of the text to summarize it and get a general idea of what it is about. Lakoff and Johnson's analytical tool highlighting and
hiding presents readers with what is seen and unseen in a metaphor (10). In this case, this metaphor really highlights getting the general idea of what
is going on. In both situations, the person is getting a basic understanding of what they are looking at, or reading. This metaphor hides the fact that in
a museum getting the principal idea of what something is, is ok because there is another exhibit to look at, whereas while reading, it is ok to get the
general idea, but that chosen reading is all the reader is going to focus on, so getting a deeper, and fuller, understanding than just the basics would be
helpful, so they know what's going on and why. Although they only get the

The Connection Between Language And Culture
Language is necessary and crucial in many different aspects. Many may argue that language is just a form of communication; a collection of letters
and sounds trying to get a message across, whereas others may argue that language is beyond such simple explanation. In this paper I will argue that
there is a strong connection between language and culture by taking a deeper look into what insight language provides and its connection to culture, as
well as experience.
The article Metaphors We live By gives proof of how language has a strong connection to culture and experience. The article talks about metaphors
and what metaphors could reveal about a person's everyday activity or culture. Lakoff and Johnson provided the metaphor " time is money" as a
way to understand the deeper meaning of language. If we take a look at this metaphor we can conclude that "time is money" translates to becoming
or doing something more rapidly. Lakoff and Johnson questioned why we assume the metaphor "time is money" as something more rapid. They came
to the conclusion that the reason why we assume this meaning is because "time is money" actually translates to our society placing such importance
or value on time. I decided to test this theory by asking my friend how important time was for her or at her workplace. She stated "In my facility, time
is basically everything. Time truly is money there. Productivity is based on time. They break it down to productive and unproductive time. Productive
time is the time you spend with patients doing therapy and that's what insurance companies are paying for. While unproductive time such as filling out
paperwork not in the presence of the patient, these things don't get paid for and it is looked at as inefficient. You have to maintain the productivity
level your facility expects. If it drops, the companies question it. Sometimes insurance companies only give a certain amount of time for each patient to
be seen everyday, which may not even be enough to get anything substantial done." Based on her answer it seems like "time is money" reflects the
theory of the importance placed on time in our society.
Does the theory prove to be true in other parts of the world? I took a very famous Spanish

The Sapir Whorf 's Hypothesis
The Sapir–Whorf "Hypothesis"
By Manuel Oppel del Rio
The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis is a proposition that has been debated for hundreds or even thousands of years (Ahearn 1962: 65). Often attributed to
Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf, this theory postulates that the language one speaks influences or even determines your thoughts,
actions, and perception of the world (Ahearn 1962: 65–66). I will attempt to demonstrate that this is at least partially–although not entirely–true, based
on my own anecdotal experiences of being a bilingual speaker, and the linguistic evidence provided by Professors George Lakoff and Mark Johnson,
combined with the studies of Luisa Maffi and Harold C. Conklin.
Although the concept of the Sapir–Whorf ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whorf then simply asserts that these linguistic differences allow their speakers to perform cognitive tasks unavailable to other cultures, but offers no
experimentation or scientific evidence to support his claims.
Because of this, it is difficult to reach any definite conclusion regarding the validity of linguistic relativity, and I am left with my own subjective
experiences and a handful of other texts with which to judge the legitimacy of Whorf's arguments. Based solely on these resources, I find it is necessary
and important to make a distinction between language determining thought and simply influencing it. The latter carries some weight to its
arguments–which I shall discuss later–but the former is almost entirely unconvincing.
Whorf touches on this rather extreme view when he explains how the small Indian tribe Coeur d'Alene have three distinct causal processes against
English's one: "Instead of our simple concept of "cause," founded on our simple "makes it (him) do so," the Coeur d'Alene grammar requires its
speakers to discriminate (which of course they do automatically) among three causal processes, denoted by three causal verb–forms: (1) growth, or
maturation of an inherent cause, (2) addition or accretion from without, (3) secondary addition, i.e., of something affected by process 2." (Whorf 1942:
340).

Conceptual Metaphors: The Concept Of Conceptual Metaphor
I.INTRODUCTION
For many people, conceptual metaphor seems to be a strange concept that only associated itself with the "poetic imagination and rhetorical flourish"(
Metaphor we live by – 1998), a dedicated language form for limited purposes. This is why it is considered as a redundant that simply can be forgotten.
However, conceptual metaphor is a very common phenomenon in every existing language of the world whose impact can be seen in the daily
conversation of people and the involving thought process. It is mainly concerning the formation of thought and language based on the conceptualization
of the brain perception. It was first thoroughly discussed in the book Metaphor we live by(1980) by Lakoff and Johnson. Since then, many researchers
VEHICLE
Obviously, the use of a form of transportation method is always deemed necessary in every journey. It is the means for the travellers to begin their own
journey.
It is a representation of the relationship between the couple. This relationship will have to gone through various stages just like how people get to
experience a diversity of joys, happiness, sorrows, etc... in the journey that they join in.
3.JOURNEY
The main focus of every journey usually lies in the journey itself. It is more than simply the chance to observe the ever–changing world surrounding us
but also the opportunity to gain new valuable experience and knowledge. One may come to term with their characters and make great strides in term of
personal development. The self – realization formed from within oneself are crucial to the progress toward the better life of every individual.
In relation to love it is the events that bound to happen to the couple as they go through the hardships of life, the struggle to keep up with criticisms of
families and peers, the abusing nature of their boyfriend/girlfriend, etc... The story may end up as a happy ending with a wedding celebration or a tragic

Conceptual Metaphor Theory ( Cmt )
Specific Aims
Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) (Lakoff, & Johnson, 1980) proposes that people use concrete experiences to represent abstract concepts through
metaphorical mappings. Santiago and his colleagues (2012) reviewed the literatures on CMT, and summarized task effect called "conceptual
congruency". Conceptual congruency effect (CCE) indicates the task effect that while people do judgment on an abstract conceptual dimension, their
performance can be influenced by the manipulation on a concrete conceptual dimension. In daily life language, color–emotion is a kind of commonly
used conceptual metaphor. For example, English speakers use the metaphor "seeing red" to express angry emotion; as well as use the metaphor
"feeling blue" to express sad emotion. We hypothesize that people have color–emotion metaphorical representation in their mind. Further, conceptual
congruency effect will occur while people process the stimuli what have conflict information with the color–emotion metaphorical representation in
their mind. A couple of hypothesis–driven experiments will be conducted to achieve the following two specific aims.
Specific Aim1: Investigate neural correlates of conceptual congruency effect in color–emotion metaphorical representation of English speakers.
The brain mechanism of conceptual congruency effect remains unclear. In this project, we will use fMRI technique to investigate which brain regions
involve the conceptual congruency effect of mental metaphorical

Zoosemy In George Orwell's Animal Farm
The principal aim of the article is to discuss the phenomenom of zoosemy in George Orwell's Animal Farm. The theoretical part of the paper briefly
presents the basic mechanism of animal metaphor as a linguistic process, followed by an attempt of analysing zoosemic extensions within the
conceptual domain of ANIMALS. The emphasis has been laid on certain negative human traits with which animals are endowed, with a special
attention devoted to pigs. The analysis carried out in the second part of the article aims at demonstrating how the apparatus of cognitive linguistcs may
be applied to literary studies. Certain correspondences between the characters from the novel and their historical prototypes are analysed in the light of
animal metaphor – zoosemy has been used as a tool for interpretation and analysis.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It emphasizes certain similarities between the animal kingdom and the world of people. Basically, the major aim of zoosemy is, as formulated by
KieЕ‚tyka (2008: 62) to 'emphasise a given feature/trait of a human being in both intensive and evaluative way'. Although the trait in question can be
either positive or negative, the most widespread instances of zoosemy are pejoratively loaded: they aim to highlight negative, mocking and
contemptuous traits. Briefly speking, zoosemy can be understood on the basis of Theory of Great Chain of Being (henceforth GCB). Having been
known since the ancient times, GCB has been applied to the study of language. Krzeszowski (1997: 68) develops the theory even further, proposing
the extended version of GCB in axiological semantics: being mode of existencethe highest property GODbeing in itself

The A Defense Of Abortion
In this paper, I will argue that Thomson is right to claim that, even if a fetus is a person, abortion is still permissible, regardless of the fetus' right to
life. I will focus on Thomson's 3 main analogies – the violinist, the people seeds, and the chocolate – and the arguments against them. In Thomson's "A
Defense of Abortion," she uses several analogies to demonstrate that abortion, regardless of the circumstances surrounding the conception, is
universally morally permissible. At the beginning of the essay, Thomson states clearly that she is arguing under the assumption that the fetus is
considered a person. The first analogy that Thomson employs is the violinist. The basis of the thought experiment is that the Society of Music Lovers
kidnaps you and hooks you up to a famous and deeply talented violinist who needs to use your kidneys for the next 9 months in order to live. She
revisits this analogy several times throughout the essay to demonstrate various scenarios in which one can see the comparability to abortion clearly. In
the first instance, she is arguing that a person's right to life does not justify deciding what happens to your body without your consent. Later on, she
reuses the thought experiment with a slight change in that if you continue to let the violinist use your kidneys, you will die within a month; however
they cannot release you as it would definitely kill the violinist and that would be considered murder. With this change, Thomson is showing the

A State Of Siege, By Mahmoud Darwish
Mahmoud Darwish wrote A State of Siege in 2002 as a reaction to the second Intifada. Or in other words, as a testimony to the political and
humanitarian tragedies that his people have suffered.
Darwish considers that it is both a philosophical and political fact that it is necessary to refuse the status quo and fixity; he even considers it to be the
engine for his survival. He refuses to accept the circumstances given after the second Intifada, and this political act is clear in the complete
book–length poem entitled "A State of Siege":
"Because reality is an ongoing text, lovely white, without malady".
Here are three tables that include examples of conceptual metaphors found in Darwish's poems (Arabic source text and English target text) ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, it is when people use this image to show their approach and attitudes towards life in their community and in the world. Or as Lakoff
and Johnson said concerning this subject: "a culture may be thought of as providing, among other things, a pool of available metaphors for making
sense of reality". The cultural approach of metaphors led Mandelblit to analyze the translation of metaphors from a cognitive perspective, which
focuses on the cultural beliefs and values of the source language and of the target language, especially when it is the case between two very different
languages. Arabic and English are languages that are very distinct and on several levels; on the linguistic and cultural level. However, even if both
languages are different, the differences in economic, political and environmental factors among numerous societies may be completely important,
human societies are connected by a similar biological history. The reality in which humans live is certainly not the same, but it is on the whole and
large alike, as Chitoran

Conceptual Metaphors
somatisms represent one of the most ancient set of expressions which have acquired positive or negative connotations in the course of time. (Stoyanova
7)
A cognitive perspective of body idioms
According to the classical view, idioms are frozen elements and have arbitrary meanings while the cognitive perspective assumes that idioms are
motivated rather than arbitrary since they tend to assimilate one or more patterns already present in the conceptual system of speakers (Dobrovolskij
and Piiranien 2005: 8). In other words, idiom are not arbitrary, they depend on how the people will conceptualise the domains to which those idioms
refer (Gibbs and Nayak 1991:94). Moreover, idioms belong to a conceptual system that is fixed in the metaphors of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Metaphors for sadness were inspired from Barcelona (1986), while lust metaphors were analyzed first by Lakoff (1987) and Kovecses.
The major metaphorical source domains for shame were collected from Holland and Kipnis (1995) and Pape (1995).
According to Kovecses, the container image gives an overall perspective for the human body. This is the conventional way of conceptualizing the body
in relation to our emotions and it occurs in the majority of languages in the world. Therefore, emotions are conceptualized in many cultures throughout
the world and they are seen as вЂћoccurrences inside the body". (37)
Different cultures use certain body parts by means of metaphors and probably the following embodied metaphor is recognised as universal: THE
BODY IS A CONTAINER FOR THE EMOTIONS. However, cultures employ different body parts in order to express a certain feeling, such as anger.
Kovecses states that the universal conceptual metaphor for anger is : ANGER IS A CONTAINER and each culture determines which bodily container is
chosen. In Romanian the emotion of anger is located mainly in the LIVER (a–l ustura la ficati – having a stinging sensation in the livers). Also, when
someone gets upset, one says вЂћil roade la ficati" – his livers hurt or when someone is scared, his livers freeze : вЂћa–i ingheta

Metaphors In Paper Towns
The Strings, the Grass, and the Vessel Life is very complex and often hard to define. However, this challenge does not stop people from trying to sum
up the meaning of life in one word. In Paper Towns by John Green, the three metaphors the strings, the grass, and the vessel are used throughout the
book to chronicle the protagonist's, Quentin, experiences. The novel revolves around Quentin Jacobsen, a high school senior. When his former best
friend and long time crush, Margo Roth Spiegelman, comes back into his life and then suddenly disappears, Q attempts to piece together the clues he
believes Margo left behind for him. Each of these three metaphors represent what Q is feeling and allow him to view life from different perspectives. As
We never fully heal from these events and they affect our lives from that point on. However, I think the strings metaphor makes life sound more
fragile than it actually is. Failures, hardships, obstacles are not fatal. Though they do affect us, they also provide a choice: to either allow these
events to lead to instability or work to strengthen the strings we have left. Yes, eventually, all of our strings are cut; the battle is over. We spend
our entire lives in combat and the end is inevitable. Life is just a constant battle to continue to exist. Though we may repair and grow as people, our
days are numbered. Strings make life sound like a countdown to death; "Four strings to go, now three, two, one..." In the book, Q reflects on the dual
implications of this metaphor, "I like strings. I always have. Because that's how it feels. But the strings make pain seem more fatal than it is... we are
not as frail as the strings would make us believe."(302) Though there is some truth in this metaphor, I believe that it focuses too much on the futility of
our existence; that no matter how valiantly we fight, we will someday cease to exist. "If you choose grass, you're saying we are all infinitely
interconnected, that we can use these root systems not only to understand one another but to become one another."(301) This metaphor states that we
all share a common root system and are infinitely connected. Though this it ia good thing as it allows us to

Metaphors In The Novel 'The White Tiger'
In the novel The White Tiger, the metaphor "white tiger" is used to term the protagonists Balram. In means of figurative language, a metaphor is a
scheme or figure of speech (Meyer 31). It "presupposes a ground of similarity between the tenor [...] and the image or vehicle" (Meyer 32). The
metaphor actually "does more because it asks us to see x as y, [thus] to regard something in a new light (Meyer 32, Bode 94). Metaphors, therefore,
try to clarify and illustrate a comparison between x and y, and discover similarities (Meyer 37) whereas both should have at least one thing in
common, otherwise they cannot be compared and it would be very vague to refer someone to something if not one aspect is equal. Metaphors are a
cultural phenomenon (NГјnning

Art as an Embodied Imagination
ied ImJournal of Consumer Research, Inc. Speaking of Art as Embodied Imagination: A Multisensory Approach to Understanding Aesthetic Experience
Author(s): Annamma Joy and John F. Sherry, Jr. Reviewed work(s): Source: Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 30, No. 2 (September 2003), pp.
259–282 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/376802 . Accessed: 22/10/2012 06:18 Your
use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies
/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not–for–profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a
trusted digital... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
New research on consumer experiences also emphasizes the importance of embodiment. Pham et al. (2001), for instance, state that consumer
assessments are often based on both feelings and reason and that one or the other becomes more prominent depending on the context. They argue that
feelings play a central role in consumer decision making and merit serious investigation, which, for this study, means that intertwining mind and body is
crucial for creating an unforgettable consumer experience. The effort afoot to restore embodied realism to social scientiп¬Ѓc inquiry (Johnson 1999;
Lakoff and Johnson 1999) has generated some of the most exciting research into consumer behavior. In this article, we address the links between
embodiment and consumer experiences in order to elucidate the contours of the aesthetic experience–not just the process of thinking bodily but how
the body affects the logic of our thinking about art. With this goal in mind, we revisit Kant's question in order to explore art museum experiences–the
simultaneity with which people see, hear, feel, taste, and smell art. We believe, along with Lakoff and Johnson (1999), that our 259

Metaphors In Fairclough And Wodak
Fairclough and Wodak summarized eight main principles (cited in Rogers, 2004: 2) 1)CDA addresses social problems; 2) power relations are
discursive; 3)discourse constitutes society and culture; 4)discourse does ideology works; 5) discourse is historical; 7) sociocognitive approach is
needed to understand how relations between text and society are mediated; 8)discourse analysis is interpretative and explanatory and uses systematic
methodology; 9)CDA is socially committed scientific paradigm.
2.3 Conceptual Metaphor Analysis
There is a wide number of definitions of metaphor, from the one Aristotle used in Poetics: "giving the thing a name that belongs to something else", to
more difficult ones, like the one Charteris–Black uses "a linguistic representations that results from the shift in the use of a word or phrase form the
context or domain in which it is expected to occur to another context or domain where it is not expected to occur"
Metaphor is one of the most frequently analysed linguistic realizations in discourse analysis. In Charteris–Black's view, (2004: 28) , metaphor is ...
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Differently from the classical approach, the cognitive viewpoint regards metaphor as a method of structuring abstract thinking and means of
constructing human experiences (KГ¶vecses, 2010,;Lakoff and Johnson, 2003; Lakoff and Turner, 1989; Croft and Cruse 2004 ). The theory of
metaphor of thought, known as the conceptual metaphor theory was introduced by Lakoff and Johnson in their book Metaphors We Live By and
triggered a revolution in the study of metaphor. The main idea underlying this theory is that metaphorical thinking is rooted in the mind, and that "our
conceptual thinking ... is fundamentally metaphorical in nature" (2003: 4). In other words, the idea of metaphoprised thinking raises an implication
that metaphor influences the way people think, make judgments and

Examples Of Conceptual Metaphors

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