Structural Diversity's Impact on College Students

Structural Diversity In College Students
Structural diversity is the accumulation of diverse groups of individuals from different backgrounds
openness and probability to become more openly interactive with people of different groups. Open
interaction becomes limited when people begin to segregate themselves based upon factors such as
ethnic groups and socioeconomic status. The acceptance of diversity is very complex with how the
physical and nonverbal interactions allow people to prejudge, yet we have some individual who hold
that open mindset to make that step to convert what they consider an "outsider" to someone possible
to maintain a relationship with. The life of a high class Ivy League student may differ from the life
of a middle class community college student. The perfect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The research is direct to only the political but legal policies that interfere with the use of race–
conscious college admission policies. Within a large longitudinal data set, structural diversity is
positively related to having close interracial friendships and a different–race romantic partner for
White students, and no main effects of structural diversity are apparent for Black and Hispanic
students. Moreover, structural diversity has increasingly positive effects at higher levels of campus
diversity. (Brown, 2012) These findings suggest that a college's structural diversity may notably
shape post college behaviors, attitudes, and values, which supports the rationale for considering
race/ethnicity in admissions processes. (Brown,
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Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of Longitudinal Studies,...
Longitudinal study Longitudinal studies play a key position in epidemiology, medical research, and
healing evaluation. Longitudinal studies are used to represent ordinary growth and aging, to evaluate
the impact of risk factors on human health, and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments, OR is an
observational studies technique wherein information is accrued for the same subjects again and
again over a time frame? Longitudinal studies projects can make bigger over years or even many
years. In a longitudinal cohort examine, the identical people are found over the take a look at period.
Definition Refers to a research wherein participant outcomes and possible remedies or exposures are
accumulated at a couple of complying with–up instances. OR repeated measurements of the
identical individuals over a time span long enough to encompass a detectable change of their ...
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Incident events are recorded. 2. Prospective ascertainment of exposure. 3. Measurement of
individual change in outcomes. 4. Separation of time effects: Cohort, Period, Age. 5. Control for
cohort effects. 6– They are generally observational in nature, with quantitative and/or qualitative
data being collected on any combination of exposures and outcomes. Disadvantages of longitudinal
studies 1– It is expensive to collect longitudinal data, in terms of money, time and energy 2– it needs
more complex and unfamiliar statistical procedures to analyze the collected data; and, so few
computer software are available to do the job properly 3– the problem of access to longitudinal
information because of questions of privacy and confidentiality. 4– Problem of Attrition 5– They
require a large sample size. 6– Measurement Error Important limitation that can complicate the
analysis of longitudinal 1– Socio–psycho–dynamism. 2– Causal Relationships. 3– Measurement
Error. 4– Changes in Conducting Surveys. 5– Problem of Attrition (Participant follow–up ). 6–
Panel

The Effects Of Religiosity And Culture On Adolescent Std...
Abstract According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, "65 percent of teens have
had sex by the time they were seniors in high school". Under–aged sex is a prevalent activity in
today's society; henceforth, starting this act from a younger age results in an increase in sexual
partners over one's lifespan, which, because of the nature of the activity, gives a greater risk of
sexually transmitted diseases. As a result, it is important to understand: adolescent STD rates, the
factors that may contribute to them and the possible preventable variables that could aid in
alleviating the rate of sexually transmitted diseases transmitted amongst adolescents. To further
understand the effects of religiosity and culture, this review of literature will discover the negative
and positive correlations, and the associations certain variables obtained to influence the adolescent
STD rates. The possible major factors that contribute to high adolescent STD rates are: adolescent
relationships, sexual violence, lack of sexual knowledge, and lack of parental guidance. However,
religiosity and culture plays both a positive and a negative preventive strategy in slowing down
adolescent STD rates. To further reduce rates of adolescent sexually transmitted diseases, more
research is needed to measure the effectiveness of the different types of religions and cultures.
Introduction In 2012, The Centers of Diseases and Controls released surveillance data which stated
that young

Incident Analysis Framework
The basic research question is that there is a relationship between intoxication, chronic alcohol use,
and violent behavior. Another research question that is stated in the article is if this relationship is a
causal relationship or if it is actually spurious. Other hypotheses made on adolescents were stated
later on in the article. The first one is that the relationship between drinking (prevalence and
frequency) and engaging in violence while sober is weaker than the relationship between drinking
and violence. The second hypothesis is that the relationship between quantity of drinking and
engaging in violence while sober is weaker than the relationship between quantity of drinking and
violence and the relationship between quantity of drinking and violence while drinking. The third
hypothesis is that adolescents who have a history of prior violence are more ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The incident analysis did make some statements that are open to ecological fallacy. Ecological
fallacy is logical fallacy in the interpretation of statistical data where inferences about the nature of
individuals are deduced from inference for the group to which those individuals belong. The
incident analysis mainly focused on those who drink. The article stated that those adolescents who
have a history with violence may be prone to alcohol abuse. The other unit of analysis is the
individual analysis in which it was divided among three panels in order to be studied easier. The
panels were violent while sober, violent while drinking, and violent. The study used both cross–
sectional and longitudinal designs. It used both designs since it gathered the data from the same
objects and it although it had several variables, it didn't quite find the cause and effect relationship in
the purpose of the article. Causal assertions were made. One of the causal assertions that were made
was that the relationship is mostly spurious and not exactly

A Comparative Study of Parkinson’s Disease with Dementia...
This research article was published in the journal of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinsonism on
August 26th 2013, volume 3, issue 2. Dr.Perea et al. conducted the study at department of
neurology, Alzheimer's Research Disease Center, department of Psychology, Bioengineering
program–department of engineering, at University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS,
USA. The big question of this study is to investigate white matter differences to give better
understanding of neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. It
asks specifically whether individuals with Parkinson's disease dementia will show significant white
matter deterioration when compared to healthy non–demented control individuals. The hypothesis of
this study states that cognitive decline and impaired motor control in Parkinson's disease dementia
(PDD) will greatly show deterioration in white matter as compared to groups of healthy individuals
control group (CON), Alzheimer's disease group, and Parkinson's disease group (Perea et al. 2013).
It was known before through many scientific studies that white matter differences are actually
associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Researches few decades ago studied white matter
differences using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); which measures the orientation and direction of
water molecules in neural tissue and the integrity of white matter fibers (Perea et al. 2013). One
example was mentioned in the article, reported a

Relationship Between The Child And The Parent
Literature Review
McDonald, Bowker, Rubin, Laursen, and Duchene (2010) stated that according to attachment theory
(Bowlby, 1969), the relationship between the child and the parent originates from a behavioral
system that is noticeable by the infant's need for safety, security, and support from their caregiver.
Parents function as both a secure place for their child to discover their surrounding world and safe
place in which they can return to the comfort and safety when they experience fear or discomfort
(Ainsworth et al., 1978). If parents are thoughtful and respond to their child's needs, the child is
more prone to develop feelings of security, social ability to explore their environment, need and
want love and support, and develop social relationships that are positive (McDonald et al., 2010).
Many researchers have learned that positive, warm, and supportive parental relationships develop
positive, healthy, social and emotional growth for their children during childhood and adolescence
(McDonald et al., 2010). More importantly, anxiety and depression during childhood and
adolescence is correlated with the view that the relationship with parents has not been supportive
and thoughtful (Nolan et al., 2003). It has been suggested that when parents demonstrate behaviors
that are cold, aggressive and unsupportive, the child and adolescent feelings of security and self–
image may suffer increasing weakness (McDonald et al., 2010).
There is significant evidence that proposes

Social Support, Stress, And Adaptation Of Immigrants
Running Head: SOCIAL SUPPORT, STRESS AND ADAPTATION IN IMMIGRANTS 1 SOCIAL
SUPPORT, STRESS AND ADAPTATION IN IMMIGRANTS YOUTH 6 Social Support, Stress,
and Adaptation in Immigrant Youths Name Institutional Affiliation Abstract This proposed research
is designed to handle the primary deficits in knowledge concerning the adaptation of immigrant 's
students to the U.S. Such problem has been caused by lack of information regarding the impact of
immigration on the students who are of different age brackets as well as a lack of the longitudinal
information regarding the post –migration adjustments. The primary aim for this study is on the
behavioral, emotional as well as the academic adaptation of the ... Show more content on
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Latin American migrants, for instance, have not demonstrated a similar accomplishment advantage
as different groups and will probably drop out of school (Xu, & Chi, 2013). Additionally, the
Scholastic execution has a tendency to decay the more the immigrants continues to dwell in the U.S.
(Motti–Stefanidi, & Masten, 2017).), as poor minority students correctly may absorb to an urban
underclass of associates contradictory to the instructive Social support, stress, and adjustment four
foundation (Mood, Jonsson, & Låftman 2016).Some of the challenges experienced by them include
family and companion values, dialect problems, financial status, family and school pressure. Other
problems are racial and ethnic partiality, the youngster 's age and personality, and loss of social
connections, states of relocation, ethnic ID, cultural assimilation, biculturalism and challenges to
adopt with new cultural values. By and large, in any case, researchers concur that the present
information is lacking and uncertain. The concentration of the proposed study is on the passionate,
behavioral, and scholastic change of worker youngsters and teenagers, in connection with their
introduction to family stretch and their accessibility of social bolster taking after relocation. The
speculation is that larger amounts of family stress and lower levels of social support will be related
to poorer change. Wellsprings of

Pressure Ulcers Essays
Pressure Ulcers Donna Long Grand Canyon University NRS 433V Introduction to Nursing
Research February 11, 2012 Shahin E. S. M., Dassen T., & Halfens R. J. G. (2009). Incidence,
prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers in intensive care patients: A longitudinal study.
International Journal of Nursing Studies 46: 413–421 Introduction Pressure ulcers refer to damage
that occurs to the skin of a patient. Pressure, shear and friction are among the known causes (Shahin,
Dassen & Halfens, 2009). Pressure ulcers mostly affect the lower part of the body, the elderly and
patients with spinal injuries (Shahin et al, 2009). They are expensive to treat, require long periods of
time and numerous treatments to heal. As a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A total of 224 patients were approached for the study but only 121 patients consented (Shahin et al,
2009). Some patients refused to participate in the study, while others agreed to participate but failed
to sign the consent form. All the patients admitted to the intensive care unit during the month of
April to October 2006 were eligible to participate in the study and a questionnaire was used as the
tool to collect data. The privacy of the patient was maintained at all times while the nurses collected
the data. Patients provided information of their own will. Patients were tested on admission and on
discharge. The researchers conducting the study held a high level of confidence in each of the
hospitals involved. The incomplete information was discarded and was not used in the analysis.
Finally, the collected data was analyzed using the Statistical Package of social Science (SPSS) to
give the following data. Results of study The number of patients who complied with the study was
121. 56.2% are males and 43.8% are female (Shahin et al, 2009). Out of the 121 patients, 23 were
admitted in a coma. The average length of stay for the 121 patients was one week. Sixteen patients
were found to have pressure ulcers on admission. The final results showed a decrease in the number
of pressure ulcers. Six people obtained pressure ulcers during their stay in the intensive

Supervisors face the formidable challenge of providing...
Supervisors face the formidable challenge of providing fair evaluation of intern performance while
maintaining high professional and legal standards (Hahn & Molnar, 1991). A balanced evaluation of
strengths and weaknesses provides the intern with feedback about areas of expertise as well as areas
that require continuing education and supervision. Ongoing evaluations may help interns incorporate
the role of evaluator with those of teacher, facilitator, and mentor (Hahn & Molnar, 1991).
LIMITATIONS
Several of studies conducted had small sample sizes of students evaluated and raters (Eriksen &
McAuliffe, 2003; Swank, et. al, 2012). The SCS and the CSS do not score professionalism while the
CCS does. How are those professionals using the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the guidelines provided by CACREP are useful the development of standards concerning
students during practicum/internship are largely left to counselor education programs (Bradley &
Fiorini, ––1999). It would be of value to develop research that questioned both counselors and
clients about the core skills they deem essential in a therapeutic relationship. The value that could be
obtained from clients would allow professionals to understand what the client sees as most
beneficial. Although as a profession we use certain skills, are these skills what the client needs or
wants and do they equate them as beneficial. A larger scale research study needs to be conducted to
get a clear focus of how counselor educators operationalize core competencies and how students
need to demonstrate these skills at an acceptable basic level to be considered competent to practice.
Also longitudinal studies of counselors 1–5 years after graduation could garner information on what
skills they have found essential. Although Schaefle, et. al (2005) conducted a longitudinal study on
skill retention, the students were still enrolled in school during that time completing the graduate
counseling program. There is research that says counselor when faced with real world issues forget
there theoretical approaches and revert to using instincts (Argyris & Schon, 1974). The
identification of specific criteria for the

Gender Differences And Pornography Addiction
Introduction As pornography becomes more prevalent in society, it is important to understand what
impact pornography has on individuals and relationships. We are specifically interested in
pornography addiction and how an addiction affects marital satisfaction. Pornography addiction is
often thought of as a male's problem, so we also want to look at gender differences and pornography
addiction. We would like to see if pornography addiction affects the relationship differently
depending on what gender the user is. Various researchers have conducted studies on pornography
and marriage, but many were cross sectional. For the purposes of this study, we are going to use a
longitudinal design. With a longitudinal design we are able to observe how marital satisfaction
changes over time.
Introduction and Research Questions Numerous studies have been conducted on the topic of
pornography. These studies have provided us with many answers, but there are still unanswered
questions. The purpose of this current study is to add to current research on pornography and
marriage. We are interested in pornography addiction and how marital satisfaction is affected
depending on the gender of the user. We also want to know how partners reaction to pornography
use affects self–esteem depending on gender of user.
Literature Review With an increase in availability and consumption of pornography, it is important
to understand the potential consequences pornography addiction can have for married

Social And Economical Factors On Youth Essay
I have chosen to research into the social and economical factors that may influence a youth's
likelihood to engage in delinquency as I believe that understanding the factors underpinning youth
offending may help to reduce youth crime levels, as preventive measures can be aimed at the distinct
root causes recognised. I have chosen to particularly look at the link between the social factor of
education in terms of low school attainment and the wider effect on the economy through looking at
youth unemployment and offending. I believe these social and economical factors are inextricably
linked therefore I hypothesise that low school attainment leads to increases in youth crime levels
due to youths not acquiring the necessary skills to allow a successful entrance to the labour market.
Methodology:
In carrying out this literature review I have engaged in secondary research in order to provide me
with significant qualitative and quantitative data on this given topic. I collected a range of sources
through library searches where I aimed to research previous studies through the use of the internet to
access online resources, books and journals. Upon doing so I found a few books that encompassed
the social and economical factors I specifically chose to review although I found many websites that
had information on the social & economical factors that may affect delinquency.
Findings:
Education & Low school attainment:
All sources reviewed agreed that there is a correlation

Research : Experimental Research Design
1. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN 'Experiments are quite unusual, but are employed in
related areas of analysis and is used as a yardstick against which non–experimental research is
assessed. Experimental research is frequently held up as standard because it prompts considerable
confidence in the strength and trustworthiness of causal findings. True experiments tend to be very
strong in terms of internal authority' (Bryman, 2012, p.50). In order to conduct a true experiment, it
is necessary to manipulate/influence or control the independent variable in order to determine
whether it does in fact have an influence on the dependent variable. Experimental subjects are likely
to be allocated to one of two or more experimental groups, each of which represents different types
or levels of the independent variable. It is then possible to establish how far differences between the
groups are responsible for variations in the level of the dependent variable. Manipulation, then,
entails intervening in a situation to determine the impact of the manipulation on subjects. However,
the vast majority of independent variables with which social researchers are concerned cannot be
manipulated e.g. gender. There are two types of experiments. 1. Laboratory experiment which takes
place in a laboratory or in an artificial or fixed setting 2. Field experiment which occurs in real–life
settings. a) Classical experimental design The classical experimental design is also often referred to
as the

The Neural Correlates Of Religious And Spiritual Development
It is well established that adolescence marks a significant period for developmental changes
physiologically (Erikson, 1968; Hall, 1904) and spiritually (Good & Willoughby, 2008).
Researchers have begun exploring the neural correlates of religious and spiritual development,
establishing that there is surge in brain connections and maturation during adolescence resulting in
development of abstract thinking skills. At and around the transition to puberty, adolescents are able
to perceive and consider multiple perspectives of their beliefs, especially in the light of reasoning,
evidence, and rational thinking (Byrnes, 2003). Since this abstract thinking is targeted towards non–
concrete ideas and deductive reasoning, concepts of religion and spirituality are subjected to reason
as well. Adolescents are better able to test hypothesis related to beliefs such as spirituality, therefore
engaging in more spiritual exploration than their younger counterparts (Chapell & Overton, 1998).
Despite the unique developmental changes associated with puberty, available empirical evidence of
spiritual conversion and commitment is still lacking in longitudinal evidence (Donelson, 1999).
Self–Worth
Self–worth, the regard a person feels for themselves (Harter 2012), is related to well–being and
positive mental health (Kling et al, 1999). Self–worth is particularly important to study
developmentally, especially since adolescents are going through identity development and thus rely
on their family,

Who Is Most Popular?
other child in the classroom and it also decreases the chance that a child will not be chosen due to
the class roster. This measure has been reported to be fairly stable (Wu, Hart, Draper, & Olsen,
2001) It is also important to look at the ratings from each subject child individually to get a sense of
how he evaluates his own peer relationships in both quality and in number, and the ratings will be
compared between children to make sure that the perceived relationships of the subject child are not
just one sided. Peer nominations Peer popularity will also be measured. We will use peer
nominations to the questions "Who is most popular in your class?" and "Who is least popular in
your class?" (Cillessen, Schwartz, & Mayeux, 2011.) Each child may write down as many names as
they want in a ranking system but they may not write their own name. These peer nominations will
be examined and each child's overall nominations will be used to determine their popularity. Student
Teacher Relationship Scale Teacher–Child relationships will be assessed using the STRS measure
(Pianta, 2001.) This measure has three main areas, Closeness, Conflict, and dependency, all with
five response choices. All of these facets of a teacher–child relationship can be measured by
questionnaire, with the following statements rated upon a 5 point rating scale as examples: "I share
an affectionate, warm relationship with this child," as a measure of closeness, "This child and I
always seem to be struggling with

Longitudinal Studies Vs Cross Sectional Studies
You can talk about age related differences, but you cannot show age related changes with a cross
sectional studies. The old cross sectional studies tended to show that age related differences began
early in adulthood and continued to be apparent later. But, we have a more contemporary view and it
is a lot more positive. The notion is that while there are some age differences and decline, it is less
extreme than initially reported. There is a difference between cross–sectional studies and
longitudinal studies because: 1. Cohort effects – Years of Education Good health Cognitive
complexities of life 2. Practice effects – If they know they are going to be tested, and if they keep
coming back, participants may be better, more calmer. 3. Selective

The Correlation Between The Number Of Positive Social Essay
Abstract
This proposal aims to explore the correlation between the number of positive social supports that
adolescents between 15 and 18 years old have and their success in achieving sobriety when
attending Narcotics Anonymous meetings. Participants will be recruited through an availability
sampling method and asked to participatent in this longitudinal research study. As a result, this study
will expand on the minimal literature concerning how to best help adolescents that are seeking
treatment from drug addiction. Great
Effectiveness of Narcotics Anonymous for Adolescents
Drug addiction can be a powerful and complex situation for some individuals to gain control of.
Research and health professionals have historically shown that 12–step programs provide the tools
and healthy social networks that are immensely beneficial to achieving sobriety. However, prior
studies have largely focused on these programs' effectiveness for adults, whereas younger
populations are also seeking treatment for drug addiction. This longitudinal study will have only
adolescent participants to enhance the minimal research that has been done on this population. It is
relevant to social work because the results of this study will help social workers to better understand
that Narcotics Anonymous may be more effective for some adolescents, namely those with many
positive social supports as compared to those with few positive social supports.
Literature Review
Little research can be found on

Longitudinal Design Disadvantages
Longitudinal design:
Definition: In longitudinal design, participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they
get older (Berk 35). It is one of the observational and correlational study which repeatedly study the
same variables over long time, usually for many years. In this study method, researcher do not make
any change in environment.
Types of Longitudinal Study;
1– Panel Study; collecting samples from the sample subjects.
2– Cohort Study; Selecting a group of individuals based on a specific variable, for example, specific
geographical location, birth year or historical experiences.
3– Retrospective Study: Finding out about a specific variable from a record such as medical record.
Advantages:
1– With this type ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With this observational study design we can compare the variables from difference group of
population at a specific time.
Advantages:
1– In this type we can compare several variable between different groups of population at a given
time.
2– Cross–sectional research does not provide evidence about development at the level at which it
actually occurs, (Berk 37).
3– Such studies, especially those that cover a wide age span, have another problem. Like
longitudinal research, they can be threatened by cohort effects. (Berk 37)
Sequential designs,
Definition: in which they conduct several similar cross‐sectional or longitudinal studies (called
sequences). The sequences might study participants over the same ages but in different years, or
they might study participants over different ages but during the same years. (Berk 38) a combination
of longitudinal and cross–sectional designs, by following several differently aged cohorts over time.
With longitudinal, we look at one group over a long time. With cross–sectional, we look at a whole
bunch of groups right now. With sequential, we look at a whole bunch of groups over

Lauren Touchet. Cjus301. 17 February 2017. Research Paper/Lit
Lauren Touchet
CJUS301
17 February 2017
Research Paper/Lit Review Part I
Since mandatory sentencing began in the mid–1980s, the United States prison system has seen a
dramatic upswing in incarceration rates (Glaze & Maruschak, 2008, p. 1). "The United States'
increasingly punitive sentencing philosophy has resulted in an overreliance on incarceration,
resulting in an incarcerated population that has soared from approximately 340,000 in the early
1970s to nearly 2.3 million today" (Raeder, 2012). "Parents held in the nation's prisons–52% of state
inmates and 63% of federal inmates–reported having an estimated 1,706,600 minor children,
accounting for 2.3% of the U.S. resident population under age 18" (Glaze & Maruschak, 2008, p. 1).
In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Prisoners earn little while incarcerated and even after release, men with a history of incarceration
face structural and social barriers to employment. Many are unable to find stable and well–paying
work even long after their release" (Geller et all., 2009). Low–earning parents tend to live in poorer
neighborhoods. These neighborhoods often have poorer schools within them which directly affect a
child's academic success. However, researchers agree that adding an incarcerated parent to this
equation intensifies the negative effect their children experience with academics. National
Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) is a "school–based longitudinal
study of a nationally–representative sample of adolescents in grades 7–12 in the United States in
1994–95. Data have been collected from adolescents, their fellow students, school administrators,
parents, siblings, friends, and romantic partners through multiple data collection components,
including four respondent in–home interviews" (Add Health, 2017).
The study design included a sample of 80 high schools and 52 middle schools with an unequal
probability of selection, ensuring representativeness with regard to region of country, urban city,
school size, school type, and ethnicity. The sample has been followed through adolescence and early
adulthood (with ongoing data collection). More than 20,000 students participated in the first wave of
data between years 1994 and 1995.1 Approximately 15,700

Chapter Four : Research Methodology Essay
CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In Chapter 4 will be described the
methodology which was used. In this chapter, we will explain the reasons for choosing this
methodology and give more details about this study. We will explain and present the methods that
help us in this project. An overview of the method that was used to collect the data will be given.
Afterwards, the statistical concepts will be explained thoroughly. 4.1 Data Collection This was a
multicentre, prospective longitudinal cohort study. All eligible people with Dukes A–C colorectal
cancer were approached before primary surgery from 30 NHS cancer treatment centres across the
UK between November 2010 and March 2012. Questionnaires were given whenever possible before
the primary surgery which was the baseline and then after 3, 9, 15 and 24 months. Baseline
questionnaires were handed to the participants by the recruiting clinician or the research nurse and
all the other questionnaires were mailed out to participants. [3] 4.2 Statistical Methods Firstly, we
would like to describe the anxiety and depression data at baseline and at 3, 9, 15, 24 months after
surgery for colorectal cancer. Anxiety was measured with STAI–state scale, depression with CES–D
scale and the relevant question on the EQ–5D™ assessed anxiety and depression together. More
analytically, we will present in a table (Table 2) mean STAI–state scores and mean CES–D scores,
the numbers and the

Downsizing Research Papers
1. Executive summary Downsizing, the planned elimination of positions or jobs, is a phenomenon
that has affected hundreds of companies and millions of workers since the late 1980s. In the next
lines i will try critiquing the literature related to my practical management problem which was the
negative impact of bad downsizing conduct with the aim of refining my research question and we
will also attempts to synthesize what is known in terms of the economic and organizational
consequences of downsizing. We argue that in many firms anticipated economic benefits fail to
materialize, for example, lower expense ratios, higher profits, increased return–on–investment, and
boosted stock prices. Likewise, many anticipated organizational benefits do ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
(2007). Counterfactuals and causal inference. New York: Cambridge University Press. Østhus, S., &
Mastekaasa, A. (2010). The impact of downsizing on remaining workers' sickness absence. Social
Science & Medicine, 71, 1455e1462. Paul, I., & Moser, K. (2009). Unemployment impairs mental
health: meta–analyses. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 264e282. Pfeffer, J. (1983).
Organizational demography. Research in Organizational Behavior, 5, 299e357. Quinlan, M.,
Mayhew, C., & Bohle, P. (2001). The global expansion of precarious employment, work
disorganization, and consequences for occupational health: a review of recent research. International
Journal of Health Services, 31, 335e414. 952 S. Østhus / Social Science & Medicine 75 (2012)
946e953 Schnall, P., Landsbergis, P., Pieper, C., Schwartz, J., Dietz, D., Gerin, W., et al. (1992). The
impact of anticipation of job loss on psychological distress and worksite blood pressure. American
Journal of Industrial Medicine, 21, 417e432. Staw, B., Sandelands, L., & Dutton, J. (1981). Threat
rigidity effects in organizational behavior: a multilevel analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly,
26, 501e524. Strand, B., Dalgard, O., Tambs, K., & Rognerud, M. (2003). Measuring the

Quantitative Research Article Review Essay
Quantitative Research Article Review The quantitative research article that I chose to review was a
study completed by Dougherty and Thompson (2009), found in Research in Nursing & Health. Very
few researchers have focused their study on the impact of cardiac arrest and ICD implantation on a
patient's intimate partner. What little is known about caregiving responsibilities and caregiver
burden after a cardiac illness or event has previously been focused on the spousal experiences
following an acute myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (Dougherty &
Thompson, 2009). The researchers in this article chose to study the physical and mental health
effects of the intimate partners of persons after sudden cardiac ... Show more content on
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Since little is known about the stated subject, this study was performed to better understand the
experience and impact of ICD implantation after cardiac arrest on a patient's intimate partner. I
believe that this study falls into the basic research category. According to Knapp (1998), "research
that is designed primarily to extend the knowledge base in a discipline by contributing to theory
generation or theory testing is called basic research" (p. 6). The study's purpose is to extend
knowledge and to better understand human experiences regarding the physical, psychological,
emotional, and psychosocial impact of cardiac arrest and ICD implantation on a patient's intimate
partner. At the end of the study, researchers did declare that further research is needed on the topic
and that intimate partners may benefit from an intervention that would assist them with the
following: their psychological adjustment, learning how to manage the impact of ICD's on their
relationship, and learning how to effectively deal with the caregiver strain that is associated with
caring for loved ones after a cardiac event.
Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Design The study that was reviewed did not explicitly state
any research questions or hypotheses; rather, a study purpose was noted. In the research study
completed by Dougherty and Thompson (2009), the purpose was "to describe the intimate partner's
physical functioning (general

Immigration Crime
Introduction Immigration has consistently been linked to crime as more and more immigrants move
to the United States. As of 2013, 13% of the United States population was compromised of
immigrants and by 2050, the immigrant population is expected to grow to 19% (Bersani, 2014). The
influx of immigrants has been one of the most controversial topics throughout the nation and there is
strong public and political belief that immigrants are inherently crime prone and are dangerous to
public safety. However, research has consistently shown that foreign–born individuals are less
involved in crime than native–born Americans are (Bersani, 2014; Bui & Thongniramol, 2005;
Harker, 2001; Warner, Fishbein, & Krebs, 2010; Dipietro & McGloin, 2012). Assimilation ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is consistent across research studies that first generation immigrants are considered foreign–born
with two foreign–born parents, second–generation immigrants are American–born individuals with
at least one foreign–born parent, and third generation immigrants are American–born individuals
with two American–born parents, and they are sometimes referred to as the native–born population
in Bersani, 2014; Bui & Thongniramol, 2005; Harker, 2001; Warner et al., 2010; Dipietro &
McGloin, 2012). Assimilation, particularly segmented assimilation, has been thought to have a
negative and also differential influence on delinquency because it challenges the parent–child
relationship or creates enormous stress on youths. Second generation immigrations tend to struggle
with balancing the values that their foreign–born parents emphasize and with the values of
mainstream America, while first generation immigrants tend to maintain their cultural values when
they move to the United States. When youths cannot successfully balance the conflicting worlds,
they may be prone towards delinquency (Bersani, 2014; Bui & Thongniramol, 2005; Harker, 2001).
Acculturation, which is a component of assimilation, also influences an immigrant youth's
adjustment into American culture. Research assessing acculturation suggests that immigrants are not
crime–prone because of the culture they retain from their home country but rather it is the American
society that is causing immigrant youths, particularly in the second and third generations, to become
like their native–born peers in regards to their involvement in delinquency and crime (Warner et al.,
2010; Harker,

Does Self Esteem Influence Subjective Well Being?
Does Self–Esteem Influence Subjective Well–being?
The question of whether individuals can create their own happiness without the aid of external
influences has been raised and researched. Although, the answer to the question is unclear, there is
evidence that suggests an individual's subjective well–being is under their personal control,
independent of any external influences or validation. Self–esteem is a feeling of confidence in one's
own worth. It is hypothesized that self–esteem can influence subjective well– being. Determining if
high self–esteem can possibly increase subjective well–bring is important because it suggest the
possibility of personal control of subjective well–being, while also furthering the possibility of an
internal control life outcomes. In turn, this could render reliance on external validation, external
influence, support, as well as therapy obsolete. Freeing individuals from the reliance on external
influence will save time and money. Personal control of subjective well–being decreases the need
for more costly services such as therapy and hospitalization. Consequently, researchers have
uncovered evidence that supports the hypothesis that self–esteem is a factor in regulating individual
subjective well–being.
Literature Review
Steiger, Allemand, Robins, and Fend (2014) hypothesized that not only the level, but also the change
in self–esteem affect depression. They used data acquired from over a 23 year span to investigate the
adolescent

What Measures Does Steinberg Use To Assess The Effects Of...
Examining the Reading:
1. What measures does Steinberg use to assess the effects of employment on students' academic
performance?
Throughout the article, Steinberg uses several measures to assess the effects of employment on
students' academic performance. For example, he compared two students; student 1 did not work
outside of school, and student 2 did work outside of school. From there, Steinberg compared the
similarities and differences in academic performance, through evaluation their success in school.
2. Does Steinberg's study conclude that working long hours is a cause of students' disinterest in
school, an effect of their disinterest, or both?
Throughout the article, Steinberg concludes both, as working long hours outside of school has the
capability of negatively affecting your success in school. As a result of working long hours in
addition to school, students often show a lack of interest in the classroom environment, putting them
at risk for academic failure. Often times, working long hours is a cause of students' disinterest in
school, and is an effect of their disinterest as well.
3. According to Steinberg's study, what happens when students stop working twenty or more hours
per week?
According to the study, students often begin to become more engaged in the classroom environment,
therefore setting their self up for academic success. Throughout the study, Steinberg studied the
effect of working long hours outside of school and concluded that working less

The Effects Of Stress From Socioeconomic Status And...
the effects of stress from socioeconomic status and postsecondary educational attainment. SAWAT
PHANTHAVADY
A Child cannot choose the life their born into. For some this means a life of poverty and uncertainty.
This group is classified as having a low Socioeconomic Status (SES). Children are the once affected
the most in this in this category. They are faced with negative caregivers, malnutrition, toxic
environment and stress causing their brain structure to change. Such endeavor during early
childhood can affect once emotional and cognitive functions. Early intervention can reverse such
effect due to the child brain plasticity. This hardship can extend into their young adulthood affecting
their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fetus is sensitive to hormonal changes caused by different stressful aspects of the mother's life,
such as emotional trauma or malnutrition, the child can develop health and mental problems going
into adulthood.(4) Caregivers need to provide sufficient amount of nurturing during early childhood
development for the biological systems to function accordingly. Children living in low (SES)
conditions experience family stress which alters their ability to regulate different emotions and adapt
to changing situations. Some stress can be good. Mild and predictable forms of stress that are
manageable and short term can help acquire coping skills.(21) To make stress manageable, the
presence of a supporting caregiver is vital. Being able to cope with stress also depends on the
individual characteristic and genetic vulnerability.(24) With the emerging research in epigenetic–
turning on and off genetic activity. Environmental conditions such as a mother being in an abusive
relationship while pregnant can trigger the glucocorticoid receptor gene in the unborn child.(26)
Which diminish the child ability to cope with stress. Over time this leads to a condition known as
chronic stress, where high cortisol is released over a long period, causing problems such as heart
disease, damage muscle tissues and impairs the immune system.(33)
The developing brain is not yet hard–wired due to its plasticity. This also makes it susceptible to
different forms of stress. Therefore, intervention

Phonological Skills Characterize Dyslexia
There is a widespread consensus that the developmental deficits in phonological skills characterize
dyslexia. Phonological skills as the broad umbrella term include phonological awareness (PA),
which refers to the ability to reflect upon and manipulate the sound structure of spoken words
(Goswami & Bryant, 1990; Mattingly, 1972); and phonological processing, which involves access to
phonological codes without necessarily explicit awareness of the sound structure of spoken words
(Melby–Lervåg, Lyster, Hulme, 2012). A large body of evidence found that dyslexic children are
worse than both chronological age–matched children and younger reading–age–matched children in
PA tasks, such as phoneme deletion and rhyme identification (Swan and Goswami, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, based on theories of causation (Little and Rubin, 2000; Rothman and Greenland,
1998), the causal influence of phonological deficit on dyslexia can be supported by the strongest
evidence from training studies that manipulate a variable by randomly assigning participants to
trained or untrained group. Hatcher, Hulme, and Ellis (1994) provided forty 30–min individual
sessions over 20 weeks to 7–year–old poor readers, and compared phonological training alone (P)
with other two training conditions, namely reading alone (R) and reading with phonological training
(R+P), and control condition. Group P showed most improvement on phonological tasks, but neither
Group P nor Group R differed from the control group on any reading or spelling measures. Instead,
Group R+P showed significantly more improvement than the controls, and the improvement
maintained 9 months after the intervention had finished, demonstrating that a joint approach will be
more effective when phonological training provided in the context of explicit links between
phonological and orthographical representations. Consistent with intervention of individual sessions,
children at risk also gained improvement in reading by receiving the combined training of reading
and additional phoneme–level

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Adhd, Depression, And Anxiety
Discussion
This study examined whether SCT symptoms are significantly associated with poor study skills and
EF deficits in college students over and above demographics and symptoms of ADHD, depression,
and anxiety. This study also examined whether deficits in EF mediate the association between
symptoms of SCT and poor study skills over and above demographics and symptoms of ADHD,
depression, and anxiety. The current study adds to extant research regarding SCT in a number of
ways. This is the first study to examine SCT in relation to the component aspects of academic
functioning, such as learning and study skills, in a college student sample. Furthermore, two recent
studies have found SCT to be significantly related to college students' ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Specifically, and as hypothesized, SCT symptoms were significantly associated with poorer study
skills, and the associations between SCT and the affective learning strategy and goal strategy
components of study skills remained significant even after controlling for symptoms of ADHD,
depression, and anxiety. Of note, the association between ADHD inattention and study skills was
either greatly reduced (affective strategies) or reduced to nonsignificance (goal strategies) when
SCT was added to the regression models. SCT is characterized by daydreaming, mental confusion,
low motivation, and slowed thinking which may possibly explain the association between SCT and
poor affective learning (which includes attitudes towards school success, time management, and
concentration) and goal strategies (which includes academic anxiety, use of homework and test–
taking strategies, and being able to distill the most critical or important information when learning).
Interestingly, SCT was much less strongly correlated with comprehension monitoring strategies (r =
–.22) than with either affective learning or goal strategies (rs = –.65 and –.63, respectively), and
SCT was no longer significantly associated with comprehension monitoring strategies in the initial
regression analysis that controlled for demographics and other psychopathology symptoms. The
comprehension monitoring strategies domain of the

Effects Of Economic Growth On Society
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND The harmful effects and environmental problems
resulting from impact of economic growth have increased concerns of environmentalists,
shareholders, governmental bodies and society about environmental issues. Pressures from a variety
of sources have come to bear on the companies to accept responsibility for impacts on society from
business activities (Hackston and Milne, 1996). Companies are being urged to become accountable
to a wider audience than shareholder and creditor groups (Hackston and Milne, 1996). Financial
objectives are no longer the only important variables to firms; in addition to the owners' economic
aims, the interests of employees, customers and the public at large have increasingly been
recognized over the years (Kolk, 1999). As indicated by Kolk (1999), the notion of "stakeholders"
has emerged to complement the concept of "shareholders". Due to these developments, companies
have been attempting to seriously take into account their environmental and social impacts and to
provide information about their environmental performance (Unerman et al., 2014; Dixon et al.,
2005; Monteiro & Guzmán, 2010). Many companies have developed environmental management
systems and increasingly adopted environmental reporting within the annual report (Deegan and
Gordon, 1996; Gray et al., 1995a; Guthrie and Parker, 1990). Dixon et al. (2005) argue that the main
reasons for the development of environmental disclosure are the increase of

Technical And Business Of Entrepreneurship
Technical and Business Undergraduates‟ Self–Efficacy in Entrepreneurship
This paper investigated how particular and business student see their ability to adjust, perform and
be viable in big business. Past investigation revelations suggest that entrepreneurial objectives and
exercises are impacted by individuals ' self–respect or self–efficacy identifying with the confidence
and saw competency in business issues. Seen wellness much of the time implies data, capacities and
conduct, which are considered as the priority of confidence. In that limit, business understudies may
be acknowledged to have higher self–respect in business endeavors than non–business students.
Nineteen (31%) of the business student and 15 (29%) of the particular student had either a relative
or a relative who was a specialist. Fifty–two (84%) of the business students whilst 40 (78%) of the
particular student have had the mean to get required in business with most of them wanted to do all
things considered inside 5 years after Bachelor's degree. The stark qualification between both social
events of individuals was around 17 (27%) of the business understudies diverged from only 4 (8%)
of the specific student had the mean to meander into business practices rapidly after graduation.
Preliminary examinations were performed to ensure no encroachment of assumptions of normality,
linearity, and homoscedasticity.
Self–efficacy, self–esteem, and entrepreneurship among the unemployed
This study focuses on

Differences Between Socioeconomic Classes And The...
Benjamin Leung
Research and Composition – R3
Magistra Glaser
January 17, 2017
Research Question: In what ways and to what extent do the differences in income between
socioeconomic classes influence the achievement gap between students in America?
Describe the achievement gap between students in America
Background information of the achievement gap.
The Glossary of Education Reform defines the achievement gap as "any significant and persistent
disparity in academic performance or educational attainment between different groups of students"
("Achievement Gap Definition").
Although there are many indicators of the achievement gap, The Glossary of Education Reform says
that the large differences in standardized test scores is often ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A longitudinal study conducted by Ronald Ferguson, an economist who focuses on the achievement
gap, is included in a video lecture. In this study, he discovered that people who do not have
fundamental math and reading skills or do not have a college education have received "25 percent"
less income since the 1970's ("The Achievement Gap: Dr. Ronald F. Ferguson").
Ferguson continues describing the results of his study by saying that there are not many jobs
available to people who do not have basic skills. Instead, the jobs that are available to them are
either taken by machines, low paying, or overseas ("The Achievement Gap: Dr. Ronald F.
Ferguson").
Demonstrate how differences in income between socioeconomic classes influence the achievement
gap between students in America
Statistical information concerning the achievement of students in families above and below the
poverty line.
In 1997, Smith, Brooks–Gunn, and Klebanov conducted a study using data from the Children of the
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Infant Health and Development Program. They
found that the poorest children scored "6–13" points lower on various tests (Blazer and Romanik).
In 2002, Lee and Burkam conducted a study using 1600 5 and 6 year olds. The results showed that
math scores were "60 percent" lower than richer classes and that english scores were lower by "56
percent" (Blazer and Romanik).

Literature review describing the lack of enrichment program opportunities due

Childhood Memory And Attention As Predictors Of Academic...
Early Childhood Memory and Attention as Predictors of Academic Growth Trajectories
Memory plays a very important role in our academic growth and improving our skills. The purpose
of this paper is to review a study by Stipek & Valentino (2015), which examines associations
between attention and memory and academic skill development. Stipek & Valentino (2015) used
longitudinal data from the children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to measure how
well attention and short–term and working memory in early childhood predict growth trajectories in
both math and reading comprehension through adolescence and education attainment in young
adulthood (Stipek & Valentino, 2015). The study indicated that the relationship between working
memory and attention in academic outcomes was observed to be strong and positive in early
childhood but not significant during the later years (Stipek & Valentino, 2015). The results of the
study suggest that core cognitive capacities predict learning in the early elementary grades, but the
relationship weakens by late elementary school. These findings suggest that while efforts to develop
attention and memory may improve academic achievement in the early grades, during the later
grades interventions that focus directly on learning the subject matter are more likely to improve
academic achievement (Stipek & Valentino, 2015).
Implications of the Article
The implications of this study are very important as achievement in school requires a

Secondary Data Analysis Paper
Data
For the general method of my data, I will be performing secondary data, using longitudinal design
and quantitative data. For the secondary data analysis, I will be using the National Longitudinal
Survey of Youth 1979. They have collected data from families who have children between 1980's
until 2012. The assessment of the Survey is called HOME (Home Observation Measurement of the
Environment) which is the primary measure of the quality of a child's home environment that is
included in the NLSY79 child survey ("The HOME"). It has been used as an input to help explain
other child characteristics or behaviors as "an outcome in its own right for researchers whose
objective is to explain associations between the quality of a child's home environment ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The variables that I found in the HOME codebook are: ID Code of the child, ID Code of mother of
child, race of child (including mother's racial/ethnic background), sex of child, date of birth of the
child (year), and spanking (Mother hitting her child as a form of discipline). The other variables that
were added to the education section are schooling enrollment status in cooperative education, the
principal grading policy on student effort, class participation, and class attendance. So far I have
included eleven variables as part of my measures and these are the main variables that are included
in the codebook to determine the child's family background, how often was the child being spanked
and the child's education records. According to the data, by reviewing the variable of spanking, it
gave out statistics and graphs on spanking in children in 1994. The codebook on spanking gave a
questionnaire link on the area of "Mother Supplement 1994" (Mother Supplement). In the section of
the questionnaire there was a question to parents especially to mothers that said "Sometimes kids
mind pretty well and sometimes they don't. About how many times, if any, have you had to spank
your child in the past week?" and then the questionnaire would ask the number of times a parent has
spanked their child or if they did not spank their

Bilingualism And Bilingualism
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a pervasive problem in the United States, and is likely to become even
more problematic as the population of older Americans grows in the coming years. In addition to the
many genetic factors that contribute to AD, it has been suggested that cognitive reserve (CR) plays a
role. CR is thought to mediate the relationship between language experience (LE) and later onset of
AD in bilinguals compared to monolinguals. However, the literature on the proposed protective
qualities of bilingualism is not conclusive. To help address questions about the relationship between
bilingualism and later onset and/or lower incidence of AD, I proposed a large, prospective,
longitudinal study of Americans. The collection of data on predictive variables, LE, and AD (if and
when onset occurs) will be facilitated through collaboration among many US research institutions.
These data will lend themselves to multiple–regression analyses. The results of this study will have
important implications for Americans' quality of life, as well as for the economy.
Is Bilingualism Associated with Lower Incidence and/or Later Onset of Alzheimer's Disease?
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a
leading cause of death among older American adults, and the population of adults ages 65 or older
with AD is projected to increase to over 13 million by 2050 (Alzheimer's Disease, 2017). The
prevalence of AD constitutes a major public

The Importance Of Effective Education
In Panerai et al. (2009) study researchers compared three educational approaches to treating ASD
over the course of three years – TEACCH implement in a residential program (R–TEACCH),
TEACCH implemented in a natural setting (NS–TEACCH), and a nonspecific approach in
mainstream schools with inclusive education. While previous research has shown TEACCH to be an
effective treatment, Panerai et al. aimed to also evaluate the effectiveness of TEACCH in various
settings. They hypothesized that treatment through TEACCH will prove more effective, regardless
of the setting, than an inclusive program not specifically designed for children with ASD.
Participants were 34 males with ASD and severe mental retardation (sMR). These participants all
came ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The researchers hypothesize that these results are due to TEACCH's emphasis on "appropriate
environmental organization and the use of clear visual cues to circumvent communication
difficulties," (Panerai et al., 2009).
Panerai et al.'s study was one of the first pieces of research to compare the three approaches with a
longitudinal approach. The use of a longitudinal design helps to validate the data and increase the
internal validity. The study also utilized blind evaluations during pre and post–tests to control for
any experimenter bias. The consistency between both NS–TEACCH and R–TEACCH designs
allows for comparisons to easily be made between the two settings without having to worry about
confounding variables. However, it would have been nice if the study had included more
quantitative data, such as how many hours of treatment each participant received. The study also did
not include any females; this brings into question the external validity of generalizing the results
across the population. As with the previous studies mentioned, the participants were not grouped by
random assignment, yet, analysis show that there were no differences among the groups. Another
potential weakness can be found with the collaboration by parents. There is no way of knowing if
parents are over reporting the number of hours spent on treatment at home. Although, the groups
requiring parent participation still show significant results so their involvement time may not have
been a

Birth Weight Variability
CRE # 4: Birth Weight and Language Development The study "Birth Weight Variability and
Language Development: Risk, Resilience, and Responsive Parenting" by Sheri Madigan, Mark
Wade, Andre Plamondon, Dillon Browne, and Jennifer Jenkins, published in the Journal of Pediatric
Psychology, discussed birth weight and language development and language abilities. The study
briefly summarized the objective of the research, previous research, then went into the current
research study discussing the methods, results, and discussion/limitations. The current research
aimed to examine whether normal ranges of birth weight variation were associated with the
development of language ability at 36 months of age and whether the protective factor of responsive
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More specifically, the study gave a great overview of how birth weight is positively associated with
differences of language ability in children at 36 months. From a critical assessment standpoint, this
study did a great job of assessing the relationship between birth weight and developmental delay
regarding language development and ability. Clearly, the information and research were accurate but
it was presented in an engaging way through research methods and the discussion section. My only
criticism of the study was the longitudinal design, which caused attrition and also measured different
things at different time points. By this, I mean that I personally think that it would have been more
beneficial to have consistent measures across all time points to more adequately and accurately
compare all facets being studied (i.e., maternal behavior and children's receptive language using the
PPVT). However, this limitation was noted by the researchers and suggested to future longitudinal
studies examining the impacts of low birth weight on language abilities. The study sparked my
interest in how parents can help to facilitate language development, as the article mentioned that
postnatal factors, such as responsive parenting, can help buffer risks for children who were born
with low birth weight. This involves a matter of resiliency and

Essay about A Diagnosis of Cancer is Life Changing Experience
A diagnosis of cancer is life changing and affects the whole family. It has been documented in some
studies that family members experience equal if not higher levels of anxiety or depression than the
cancer patient themselves (Hacialioglu et al, 2010). Hasson et al (2010) found that spouses of
patients who had been diagnosed with advanced breast cancer reported more psychological distress
than patients and were above the clinical cutoff. These results are comparable with a study carried
out by Hodges and Humphris (2009) in which caregivers' of patients who had been diagnosed with
cancer had higher psychological distress and fear of recurrence than the patient. These results could
potentially be associated with caregivers' emotional strain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Longer–term survivors and caregivers were found to be more distress and anxious (>3 years). Other
studies confirmed this findings and reported partners had significantly higher levels of burden one
year after treatment. This could be associated with caregivers' expectation that the patient would
quickly revert back to the role of partner (Schmid–Buchi et al, 2011; Moreira et al, 2013). Providing
care for more than twenty hours a week was significantly associated with depression among
caregivers. Greater impact on caregivers schedule also predicted to increase guilt (Jaafar et al, 2014;
Spillers et al, 2008). However, Tang et al (2013) found providing end of life care for a relative, guilt
was derived from lacking time to provide care. Therefore caregivers who spent 17–24 hours a day
may have felt less deprived than those who provided 8 hours as the patient death approached.
Carers' distress increases as patients' cancer progresses to more advanced and terminal stages, where
the patient experiences more physical symptoms like pain. Given et al (2004) found a linear
relationship existed between higher numbers of patients' symptoms (pain, nausea, distress,
deterioration) and caregivers' level of depressive symptoms. Caregivers of patients receiving
palliative care have high prevalence of psychological distress during bereavement. Six

Divorce And Negative Affectivity
Over the past few decades, divorce has risen dramatically and has impacted many individuals,
including adolescents. Adolescence is a time of change and the addition of divorce in the family
complicates this development, especially in terms of mental health. (N. Civitci, A. Civitci & N.C.
Fiyakali, 2009) Following parental divorce, adolescents tend to suffer because of the poor coping
strategies they implement, influencing increased negative affectivity. (Consoli et al., 2013) Negative
affectivity may be defined as emotional distress or a tendency to experience negative emotions. The
purpose of this paper is to examine research surrounding the effects of divorce on adolescents'
negative affectivity. Inquiries illustrate a positive correlation between divorce and negative
affectivity, however this association is dependent on familial relationships. (Yárnoz–Yaben &
Garmendia, 2016) Unfortunately, though, the research is limited in in terms of the methods used to
gather data and establish the connection. Civitci, N., Civitci, A., & Fiyakali, N.C. (2009). Loneliness
and Life Satisfaction in Adolescents with Divorced and Non–Divorced Parents. Educational
Sciences: Theory and Practice, 9(2), 513–525.
In this study, researchers hypothesized that parental divorce is associated with loneliness and low
life satisfaction in adolescents, components of negative affectivity. This prediction was tested by
obtaining a sample of approximately 800 students from 19 different high schools in

Nt1310 Unit 2 Research Methods
Research Methods
Data
For this section of the research, it will be performed by using secondary data analysis with
longitudinal design and quantitative data. For the secondary data analysis, it will be using the
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 from the U.S Bureau of Labor statistics. Since this
study focuses on secondary data, the sampling procedures provided by the original data collectors
was that in the NLSY79 they have collected data from families who had their children between the
1980's from the year 2012. The assessment of the Survey is called HOME (Home Observation
Measurement of the Environment) which is the primary measure of the quality of a child's home
environment that is included in the NLSY79 child survey (The Bureau ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Children who were spanked by their mothers, were accepted to college by a percentage of 27.5%.
Additionally, children who were not spanked by their mothers received a higher percentage of
children who were not spanked by 72.5%, which makes a difference between both variables (Table
6). The significance among being accepted to college and being spanked as a child is that there is a
significance between both relationships. In addition by having a Pearson chi–square value of .528a,
with two degrees of freedom, and an asymptotic significance of .768. According to the Cramer's V, it
had a value of .048, which gives a weak relationship of both

Methodology And Format Of Any Scientific Work Essay
Research design
This refers to the plan, structure and format of any scientific or statistical work. It serves the purpose
of guiding the researcher in his study and will set out the framework to be used. Research design
will basically cover the data collection process, tools of collecting such data, how the tools will be
used to collect data and how to analyze the collected data into a useful form (Gosling, 2014). A
problem will be raised by researcher in which he will carry out his course study to draw an answer
throughcollecting data (Meyer, et al, 2012).
The research process is as follows: Statement of problem is identified( Research problem); Making a
plan how to start the actual research is determined; Determining research type to use and Stating
methods to use. The research problem will be identified as follows:
1. Obtaining a problem you are already aware of. You may choose from social environment and any
other facts that researcher knows.
2. Asking from experts and teachers. This is also another avenue of obtaining a research problem.
Practitioners can be interviewed who will provide a much deeper insight to a problem. This is one of
the best methods since practitioners have myriad of experience in research field and
3. Reviewing from books
The following are the types of research design:
Action form of Research Design
This type of research design follows a process where an exploratory approach is adopted, a detailed
interpretation of research problem and action

Structural Diversity's Impact on College Students

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