The Beginning Of Radicalism In Politics

The Beginning of Radicalism in Politics
It is said that the English Whig politician Charles James Fox first used the term 'radicalism' in 1797
when he declared a "radical reform" of the electoral system. This led people to use the term to show
support for the movement of parliamentary reform. Radicalism was initially confined to the middle
and upper classes in the 18th century but the lower classes advanced radicalism in the early 1800's.
Radicalism began for many reasons. The Scottish people began to see radical change through the
Scottish enlightenment, the American Revolution and the French Revolution.
Ideas of a Scottish enlightenment began in the 1670s, but it really started in the 18th century. The
Scottish enlightenment is the period in the 18th century when Scotland became of the most
important intellectual centres in the western world for their outpouring of intellectual and scientific
accomplishments. By the middle of the 18th century, Scotland was fully established and known as a
major centre of scientific and philosophical thinking. Three of the key contributors to the Scottish
enlightenment were Adam Smith, David Hume and Joseph Black. Voltaire, a French enlightenment
writer, wrote "'We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilisation".
The American Revolution began as a political turmoil which took place between 1775 and 1783. It
occurred when the thirteen American colonies broke from the British Empire to form an independent
nation called the United States of America. This Revolution was caused
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

John Stuart Mills Romanticism And Radicalism
John Stuart Mill was born in 1806 and was the eldest son of James Mill and Harriet Barrow. James
Mill taught John Greek at the age of three and Latin at age eight. By the age of 14, John had read
many Greek and Latin classics. He had studied world history, logic and mathematics and had
mastered the basics of economic theory, all of which was part of his father's plan to make John
Stuart Mill a young advocate of the views of the philosophical radicals. By his late teens, Mill spent
many hours editing Jeremy Bentham's manuscripts, and he threw himself into the work of the
philosophic radicals. John also founded a number of intellectual societies and began to contribute to
periodicals, including the Westminster Review, founded by Bentham and James Mill. In 1823, his
father secured him a junior position in the East India Company, and he, like his father before him,
rose in the ranks, eventually taking his father's position of chief examiner. In his twenties, John
Stuart Mill felt the influence of Historicism and Romanticism. This led him to begin searching for a
new philosophic radicalism that would be more sensitive to the limits on reform imposed by culture
and history and would emphasize the cultivation of our humanity, including the disposition of
feeling and imagination.
John Stuart Mill influenced the shape of nineteenth century greatly through British thought and
political discourse. James Mill, John Stuart Mill's father, and Jeremy Bentham led the "Philosophic

Gordon Wood’s Radicalism of the American Revolution Essay
Gordon Wood's Radicalism of the American Revolution is a book that extensively covers the origin
and ideas preceding the American Revolution. Wood's account of the Revolution goes beyond the
history and timeline of the war and offers a new encompassing look inside the social ideology and
economic forces of the war. Wood explains in his book that America went through a two–stage
progression to break away from the Monarchical rule of the English. He believes the pioneering
revolutionaries were rooted in the belief of an American Republic. However, it was the radical
acceptance of democracy that was the final step toward independence. The transformation between
becoming a Republic, to ultimately becoming a democracy, is where Wood's ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the colonist self–motivated social and economic interests, which leads to the transformation
they had been yearning for.
Wood contributes several different social and economic factors to the transformation.
The first social factor that led to the reformation was the colonist self–interest. The colonist self–
interest seemed to conflict with principles of republicanism. The self–interest of the colonists led to
capitalistic traits, while the republican idea of self–sacrifice was put on the back burner. It was
natural for the colonists to want to advance their social and economic standards to that of the elite.
The problem being republican virtues had to be sacrificed to gain individual prominence.
Social factors played an important role in the transformation from a monarchy to a democracy.
However, there were also economic factors that played an intricate role. One such economic force
was trade interaction among the colonists. People became independent on one another for their
lively hood. Through inner–commerce people began to share the same interests and the same goals.
This was a change from previous republican views on trade. People became inherently dependent on
one another instead of being dependent on the government. At this point in history you can begin to
see the social ties of Americans grow stronger. Wood writes on the changing

The Importance Of Hate Speech
Revolutions have been fought and won thanks to enraged people who have gathered together to
contest injustice. To illustrate, when the debate over Jim Crow laws ruled the south, college students
(black and white) resorted to civil disobedience by sitting in dinners reserved for "whites only" and
held protests on college campuses. Such demonstrations served in solidarity for the cause of civil
rights amount the races. Historically, students have been at the forefront of fighting injustices in the
United States; therefore, the fight against hate speech is not the exception. This duty has been
handed down over generations. Consequently, students will continue to stand in solidarity to
denounce what they think is unjust and hold demonstrations to protest hate.
Although the radical left should denounce injustice, they tend to forget the historical importance of
freedom of speech. It is important to realize that, "abolitionists, labor activists; religious group
minorities, communists and socialists, cultural critics, gays, and lesbians..." all were victims of
limited free speech.(We Must Help College Students Understand the Importance of Free Speech Pg.
2) Perhaps the lack of historical understanding of free speech from the radical left is fathomable.
However, a lack of historical knowledge on such an important right remains unacceptable.
Although, the events that shaped our forefathers' unbreakable respect for our first amendment were
of high importance, such as the civil rights

Black Radicalism
1. Gayraud. S Wimore. (2012). Black Religion and Black Radicalism: An Interpretation of the
Religious History of African Americans
The first book/Journal found for the same aspect has a title of "Black religion and Black Radicalism:
An Interpretation of the Religious History of African American". The book has identified the history
of the African American in the United States, and the underlying problems associated with them.
Apart from identifying the problems, this particular book has also identified different levels of
Freedom deems highly efficient in the religion. The author has identified numerous
recommendations as well that were taken into account by the Government of that time to overcome
on the challenges highlighted at that time. The recommendations might not be effective in that time
period in terms of eradication, but it will help the U.S. to overcome on these problems in the future.
2. W.M. Byrd & L.Clayton (2000). An American Health Dilemma: A Medical History of African
Americans and the Problem of Race Beginnings to 1900 "A Medical History of African American
and the Problems of Race begins in 1990" is the second journal that identified the medical and other
problems pertaining to the African in the end of the 19th century.The book has identified the history
of the African American in the United States, and the underlying ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, the factor of rebellion and reforms has also been discussed in the same aspect. The article
has identified about the factor of reconstruction in the American region, and the effectiveness of
overcoming on the same factor. The Black Americans could be of high importance in the history of
mankind that describes about the disparity factor and racism. All of these things are not efficient in
any society that is why it is always disregarded in high profile

Political Radicalization Examples
Radicalization is defined as the process of becoming more extreme, or regressing away from the
center of a spectrum, in belief and thusly action. This term is now more modernly used to describe
violent religious radicals in the religion of Islam. Radicalization however, can occur in any system
that contains more than one concrete set of thought. From the two party system of U.S, to the split of
sikhs and shia muslim ethnic groups, radicalization to either side, in example, liberal to conservative
and sikh to shia, is vehemently dangerous and ought to be avoided. Moderation, on the other hand,
is the trait of remaining in the center of a spectrum of thought, taking no personal stakes or
dedication to either side. In politics moderates are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moderation is the only manner of compromise and non–violence in a reality which encourages
division and extremist tendencies. The ability to rationalize and interpret the desires of both sides of
an argument is essential in both higher order diplomacy and day to day leadership. Becoming a
radical in any sense blinds one to the perspective of an entire side of a spectrum, and turns them into
a diluted amalgamation of evil – something to be destroyed, not discussed with. The only true
outcome of radicalism is either the complete destruction of one side or the a stalemate, in which no
progress can be made. Both extremism of culture and politics are equally dangerous, for the sake of
both life and economic policy. Moderation is not the opposite site of the spectrum of extremism, it is
the rejection of extremism at all, considering it to be a waste of effort. A push towards the middle,
away from the growing concentration of the extremes in all political and cultural spectrums is the
most pragmatic means of reaching a zenith of peace and

The French Revolution And Its Effect On British Political...
What, if anything, was achieved by extra–parliamentary protest in the years 1790–1819?
Radicalism was alive in Britain from the late eighteenth century, yet Parliament resolutely refused to
reform itself until the late 1830s. It is therefore tempting to dismiss extra–parliamentary protest
during this period as having failed to bring about any substantial reform in the face of Government
repression.
The French Revolution had a dramatic impact on British political life from the onset of its eruption
in 1789.
In November 1790, Edmund Burke published 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'. Burke was
not opposed to reform but he defended Britain's existing constitution on the grounds that it had
grown organically out of Britain's unique history. In his book he maintained that government
derived its authority from custom and tradition, not from the consent of the governed. He celebrated
the rule of the monarchy and aristocracy, feeling that moderate reform would lead to violent
revolution similar to that in France and so the system had to be defended to protect it from
destruction.
On the other hand, many people were excited by the events taking place in France. By far the most
influential response to Burke's book was Thomas Paine's 'The Rights of Man' (first published in
1791) in which he laid out the ideological basis for republican reform. In the first volume he
applauded the changes in France and dismissed Burke's insistence on the need to follow tradition,
instead

The Radicalism of the American Revolution
In The Radicalism of the American Revolution Gordon Wood attempts to disprove the common
thought that the American Revolution was simply a war for independence from a tyrannical mother
country. He explains how America formed such a unique from of government. The form that
American government took was a collaboration of many different forms that emphasized the rights
of individuals. Woods finds it essential to explain colonial life and the factors that dictated people's
lives to understand how radical the revolution was compared to other revolutions. In the 1700's it
was impossible for people to imagine a society operating independently of government, but through
shifts in society and through parallel shifts in government that is what emerge. Up until the
American Revolution society and government were interwoven. Once Woods explains society and
the shifts that were taking place in society and government, he goes on to explain the nature of
republicanism. The ideals of republicanism took a firm hold in the colonies. He claims that
republican "disinterest" was essential to the formation of America. This term is oftenly thought of as
public virtue or the "willingness to sacrifice private interests for the sake of the community
including serving in office without pecuniary reward". When the nation formed citizens, particularly
the elites, were pushed to overlook private interests and developed a disinterested state of mind in
order to further the state of the republic.

Radicalism Is A Mental Issue'
The content of the speech that she has deliver was good,because there was visual aids that back up
her claim in the speech which was about the taking the lunch to the other and she has organized this
speech in unique way. The organization was clear up to go because the delivering she was
comfortable and this made the presenter more focused on the talk. She might have some stress but
the introduction went on attract the audience that made them want to listen to the presenter and she
made on the target which help her to give and persuade the audience in remarkable way.
She starts by introducing the room may seem, by all accounts, to be holding 600 individuals,
however there's very some more, in light of the fact that in every one of us there is a large number of
identities. I have two essential identities that have been in struggle and discussion inside me since I
was a young lady. I call them "the mystic"and "the warrior." I was naturally introduced to a group of
politically dynamic, scholarly agnostics. There was this condition in my family that went something
like this: on the off chance that you are intelligent,you consequently are not otherworldly. I was ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Radicalism Is a Mental Issue," "Surge Limbaugh Is a Gigantic Simpleton," "Pinheads and
Loyalists," "Contending With Dolts." They're as far as anyone knows whimsical, yet they're really
hazardous. Presently here's a title that may sound recognizable, however whose creator may astound
you: "Four–and–a–Half–Years of Battle Against Untruths, Ineptitude and Weakness." Who
composed that? That was Adolf Hitler's first title for "Mein Kampf" – "My Battle" – the book that
propelled the Nazi party. The most noticeably awful times in mankind's history, whether in
Cambodia or Germany or Rwanda, they begin this way, with negative other–izing. And after that
they transform into brutal

Gordon S. Wood The Radicalism Of The American Revolution...
In The Radicalism of the American Revolution, 233, Gordon S. Wood quotes "Within decades
following the Declaration of Independence, the United States became the most egalitarian nation in
the history of the world, and it remains so today, regardless of its great disparities of wealth."
Equality is a political doctrine which professes the absolute equality of all men, in all aspects: civil,
political, economic, social ... and which tries to realize in the facts. The United States has become
the most egalitarian country in the world. However, they encountered many social problems before
reaching first place.
Signed July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia, the Declaration of Independence of the United States upset the
world at the end of the 18th century, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wood states "regardless of its great disparities of wealth" which shows that the equality of money is
dissociated from social equality. (Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution,
710). Gordon demonstrates how liberalization of the market has increased equality. Before the
Revolution, wealth was based on land ownership, and therefore on social status. Wealth has been
liberalized. A kind of new dynamic was created through trade. " Unlike proprietary wealth, this new
kind of dynamic, fluid, and evanes– cent property could not create personal authority or identity."
"Hence it could not be relied on as a source of independence. (...) property qualifications for
participation in public life either as voters or as officeholders lost their relevance and rapidly fell
away. " (Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution, 711). After the Revolution,
a new economic model developed: capitalism, which is characterized by freedom of exchange. This
means that any citizen, peasant or aristocrat, can buy shares, and trade. A real opportunity for every
citizen to get rich. Therefore, The American Declaration of Independence was the passport of
freedom for the entire population. Indeed, all the old models have been re–examined, updated. It
was a declaration for a project to be defined and for emancipation from the British. The Americans
wanted to be independent like the

Factors That Influence Extremism
Politics. Interpretation. Media. These are all aspects that play a role in how people perceive the
world. Because of these ideas and ideologies that are influenced by society, some people may
believe that certain religions such as Islam; may influence extremism. Yet, this is not the truth.
Furthermore, extremism is not created by religion or in this case Islam.
For the argument that Islam does not influence extremism, one must understand and educate one's
self regarding the factors that create, influence, and enhance extremism. Examples of such factors
that may help create and influence extremism are: politics and radical interpretation. Also, extremist
ideology can be enhanced through the use of media and modern technology.
In the case of politics, extremists have three main reasons that may lead to simply becoming
extreme. The first, is injustice against other Muslims. Extremists see wars on terror in Iraq and
Afghanistan for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Media is used to influence extremism through three main points. The first, is by "painting" a violent
image of Islam. This violent image is "painted" through stereotyping and misrepresenting Muslims
and Islam in the media. Research has shown that, "media depict Islam as "fundamentalism",
"extremism" and "radicalism"... in the modern world where the role of media is central, the image of
reality can be manipulated to misrepresent the actual facts. The media have tried to represent
Muslims as "terrorists" posing a threat to the western security." (MEŠIĆ 5) The stereotyping and
misrepresentation leads to Islamophobia (the fear of Islam) and can go back to the politics point of
injustice against Muslims; wherein extremists feel as though they've been unfairly treated and must
act out harshly and violently. The violence that occurs as a result also is fueled by further feelings of
threat enhanced through the media; again another example of a factor having absolutely no relation
to

Radicalism In The 1960's
The 1960's were a decade of radicalism but it also had a conservative side. The students and the
youth had a big role in the 1960's. They had a big influence in the society and political. "Young
people played an important role in the movements for social change during the 1960s."
(lessonsite.com) The students' actions in 1960's were a major changed in the social and fight racism
and poverty, increase student rights. The students also belief in democracy or the idea that
Americans should decide or have a word in the major economic, political, and social questions to
form the country. They belief that working together and be democratic they can do anything and
reach a change for the nation. The students' hoped and looked for a change. They ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These documents help in the 1960's to have or get better living and it continue does because we can
always go back to history and see how we can make it better. The authors of Port Huron Statement
mention "democracy of individual Participation" (Give Me Liberty 2nd edition by Forner, Eric)
(Page 999). They mean that we can create their own destiny. This idea shows today on how the
economic works today. How an individual can buy or sell in the market at Wall Street. You just need
one person to decide like that. Democracy is still today's big part of this nation. The statement also
links in today's political ideas in how the tuition keep increasing for students and how back in the
day they fight for a better living for the students. We still have some problems of money in colleges.
The debt is a big issue in today's life for students. Regardless of the help that we received as
students from the government, like the grants we still have a big issues about money and racism.
Racism is also another big matter in today's

Ono Vs John Lennon
In 1968, The Rolling Stones produced a song titled, Sympathy for the Devil and in 1971, John
Lennon released his single, Imagine. The two songs differ completely in terms of meaning, but the
one thing they both have in common, is their ability to focus on the relevant issues that plagued their
times. By doing so, their songs can be associated with various political theories, such as radicalism,
realism, and liberalism.
Two years before producing his single, Imagine, John Lennon was protesting the Vietnam War in
Britain in 1969. It can be argued that his protests against the Vietnam War, inspired him to later
write and produce, Imagine, with the aid of his wife, Yoko Ono. In the same year, both Lennon and
Ono, artist and peace advocate, had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, freeing the world of religion is not only an atheistic attitude, but also that of a
communist like Joseph Stalin, who pushed for a religious less society in Soviet Union during the
twentieth century. Another example in which radicalism is present in the lyrics are, ". . . no need for
greed or hunger, a brotherhood of man..." (Lennon, 1971) This is clearly radicalism because the
concept of eradicating poverty, a concept created by colonialism and capitalism (Mingst, 2014), is
present. "A brotherhood of man" is also associated with communism, because brotherhood was
believed to be a euphemism for communism (Fabre, 1996). Another line in Lennon's song that is
affiliated to radicalism is "...Imagine no possessions... I wonder if you can." Off the bat, this line can
be explained by Marxism, which focuses on societies need for materialistic products because of the
influence of capitalism. However, Imagine, can also be associated with liberalism, based on John
Lennon's interest in peace. For example, the line "...Imagine all the people..." repeats three times
throughout the song, and the significance of this line is that it unifies people by including "all the
people." Then continues on with lines like "living life in peace" and "I hope someday you'll join us
and the world will live as one."

Ethos And Its Impact On The World Of The Hands Of An Angry...
Ethos plays a great part in "Crisis Number One", unlike in "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God",
there are numerous examples of ethos, and here are some... "Whether the independence of the
continent was declared too soon, or delayed too long, I will not now enter into as an argument; my
own simple opinion is, that had it been eight months earlier, it would have been much better.",
indicating that if the Revolutionary War, and it supports, started earlier, they would've been better
off, in his opinion. The next example is Paine is showing his experience, trustworthiness, reliability
and credibility to the people about his personal knowledge of the war, "As I was with the troops at
Fort Lee, and marched with them to the edge of Pennsylvania, I am well acquainted with several
circumstances, which those who live at a distance know but little or nothing of. Our situation there
was exceedingly cramped, the place being a narrow neck of land between the North River and the
Hackensack. Our force was inconsiderable, being not one–fourth so great as Howe could bring
against us." Another example of ethos also illustrates trustworthiness, reliability, and credibility,
since he lived side by side with the Tories while great amounts people have not, and how they
shouldn't be in America if they are going to support the King 's decision. "I once felt all that kind of
anger, which a man ought to feel, against the mean principles that are held by the Tories..." Thomas
Paine really doesn't like

Radicalism In Charlie Hebdo
Analysis:
Charlie Hebdo is a French satirical weekly magazine founded in 1970. It first started as a companion
to Hara–Kiri, another French satirical magazine whose slogan was "Bête et méchant" (Dumb and
nasty) which are words that Charlie Hebdo has been living by after Hara–Kiri's last published issue
in 1986. Hebdo's characteristic cartoons, reports and jokes could be described as polemic since they
are based on the controversy that religion, politics and culture hold. However, they describe
themselves as secular1, atheists2, left–winged3 and anti–racist4. In French journalism, Charlie
Hebdo is part of a tradition that according to BBC's Hugh Schofield, "combines left–wing
radicalism with a provocative scurrility that often borders on the obscene"1. Schofield notes that in
the 18th Century, the target of this tradition would often be the royal family and any type of
corruption they might ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is usually constituted by punctual aspects such as dress, language, religion and certain rules
regarding morals and values. These characteristics work together in order to build up a
predominating attitude and behavior that distinguishes the group they belong to. According to Ann
Swidler, author of "Cultural Power and Social Movements" culture "shapes individual beliefs and
desires" and "provides a means by which people make sense of the world"3. It makes complete
sense that the way one behaves, most of the time, depends on the type of environment one is
surrounded by because, from a very young age, individuals tend to mimic the actions and reactions
of those who surround them in order to fit into the community. This, of course, is later reflected on
the mindset an individual has adopted since by living amongst shared knowledge and shared
opinions the way one thinks is a copy of the community's cultural core

Disengagement Factors
The primary behavioral and psychological factors associated with disengagement can be seen
through the factors that initiated radicalism initially. Like studied in our class the previous week;
radicalism is generated through the individuals perspective of feeling injustice. First, injustice is
when individuals perceive their actions are restrained and a fair trial is not given. Second, social or
group dynamic behaviors and or media are important factors that could push the individual to the
final level of commitment. First, injustice such as the bombing of alleged innocent Iraqi during the
offensive against Iraq could result in the radicalism of innocent Iraq citizens. The feeling of
vengeance is human nature, therefore terrorist organizations

The Dissension In Daniel J Boorstin's The Decline Of...
Daniel J Boorstin, in this excerpt from The Decline of Radicalism, is set on the idea that dissension
is the cause of conflict, not disagreement. He argues that dissension leads to violence rather than just
debate, and as a result, produces more strife and struggle. Although well–intentioned, his lack of a
developed argument and failure to elaborate emphasizes Boorstin's failure to discern that
disagreements play a larger role in the formation of struggles.
The Civil War, caused by the split of the United States, is considered the bloodiest battle on
American soil. The confrontation however, was spurred by disagreement. The North and the South
saw themselves as great defenders of a just cause. There was no minority, both sides quotation mark
"counted themselves as the majority quotation." both sides refuse to compromise and because of the
disagreement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dissension, not agreement, keeps our own originality from becoming bland and indiscernible.
Motorcycle gangs for example, are created because the motorists feel apart from others and want to
identify with people like themselves. The ability to connect and learn from similar people develops
their own individuality and sense of self. The states of the united States also demonstrate the power
of division. The United States is not like other nations, it's power is regulated by federalism, the
distribution of power to the states. Sectionalism and competition between the separate states, despite
causing citizens to feel apart from others, is not a great problem with America today. Instead the
divisions encourage growth of the separate yet united nation their competition and pride. This
dissension has not become "a great problem with America" today. It has provided solace and relief
to those involved to fall back upon, rather than splintering the

History Essay: Radicalism Of The American Revolution
louis bulnes September 27, 2015 history essay After reading Radicalism of the American Revolution
i disagree that the American revolutionaries' republicanism is alive and well today. It is quite the
opposite if anything, a dying dream if you will. the america that woods and the founding fathers
dreamed of is gone our rights have been slowly taken away from us. the individuals liberty is
endanger of of being striped away from them by the government. if you call yourself an american
but only defend two of the 27 amendments, you are still as much of a loyalist as the ones who
defend none. possibly even more due to the fact that you are polluting the name of liberty. At this
point obviously there is the National Security Agency's gutting ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With regards to my pledge of office to secure and shield our establishing sanction, I won't bolster
unlawful firearm limitation law woods republicanism was basically hostile to industrialist, a last
endeavor to grapple with the new individualistic culture that debilitated to obliterate for the last time
the fellowship and consideration that humanized men had constantly thought to be the perfect of
human conduct (3). These troubles make intriguing Wood's later articulations of consternation over
multiculturalism and postmodernism. His own particular responsibility to seeing political thoughts
as transient results of recorded and social connection abandons him, at last, no grounds of
imperviousness to the scholarly defilement of our time. He double–crosses this here and there with a
disposable expression. In a 1981 audit of Oscar Handlin's Truth ever, Wood writes: "as we wait for
modernism to engulf us, we can only carry on our historian's business as best we can, clinging to
Handlin's belief that 'truth resides in the small pieces that together form the

A History Of Working-Class Radicalism
Sharon Smith is the established author of Subterranean Fire: A History of Working–Class
Radicalism in the United States (Haymarket, 2006) and Women and Socialism: Class, Race, and
Capital (revised and updated, Haymarket, 2015). Within this article, Smith explores the concept of
Intersectionality throughout history. Intersectionality means to be oppressed in various forms. This
is a form of discrimination that African American females encounter, as they are constantly
confronted with judgment for both their race and gender. Furthermore, as a population, there is no
prescribed legal category, which results in injustice when dealing with social mistreatment. Overall,
this double oppression can be equivalently faced from both the oppressed and

Essay On Pitt
To what extent was Pitt's repressive policy the main reason for his success in resisting the radical
challenge to 1801? The growing threat of revolution by English radicals being influenced by Irish
rebels and the French Revolution was the main thing William Pitt the younger was faced with during
his time as Prime Minister. To deal with this, he reinforced a repressive policy of tough legislation
strengthened through propaganda.It was not only these actions taken that managed to quell the
revolutionaries from revolting. Other than the actions taken by Pitt, there was discordance between
the radicals,also the loyalist reaction sparked by the war in France; these are only a few reasons
amongst many. It was the contribution of factors that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This response to the war helped Pitt, as he was trying to prevent revolution from happening in
Britain. There was a loyalist riot in 1794 in Manchester where chants about church and kings were
to be heard, subsequently 'Church and King' clubs formed. The loyalists advertised their cause
through pamphlets that supported the king. Suppport for the king spread, the government were
extremely happy with the outcome, they even allowed and encourages a loyalist militia to form and
by 1800 there were 100,000 members. This show of support for the king that followed the war with
France was a strong opponent against the radicals. Problems within the radicals caused a divide in
their goals and the path they thought was necessary to take to reach them. This could be seen when
looking at some of the radical groups. Disunity in cause could be seen by looking at two figures that
were part of the radical movement; Tom Paine focused solely on men's rights, whilst Mary
Wollstonecraft focused on rights for women. The London Corresponding Society believed in
achieving their goals peacefully, however the Society for Constitutional Information's leader (John
Jebb) believed that 'public agitation' was the most effective way of reaching their goals. This lack of
unity of cause and ways of achieving their aims considerably weakened the radical movement.
Another factor that

Black Marxism By Cedric Robinson : Marxist Perspective On...
In his book Black Marxism, Cedric Robinson examined the Marxist viewpoint regarding capitalism,
socialism and the proletariat. This analysis that outlined the beginnings of racism dating back to the
Roman Empire. This and more make Black Marxism a unique analysis on the world's progression
into the phenomenon of capitalism. Rejecting Wallerstein's view that racism and sexism is
traditional, Robinson often closely associated the birth of capitalism and socialism with a racially
Eurocentric perspective of history and society. Disregarding and subverting the liberal and Marxist
theories of a phenomenal conversion, Robinson showed readers the racial origins of capitalism, and
through his book, developed a Black Radical Tradition. Both ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Because it is rooted in a particularly phenomenal historical experience, Black radicalism develops a
substitute opposition, more in melody to a proven materialist history; the conflict of imperialism and
liberation. The conflict of proletariat and bourgeoisie was removed as lacking by both black radicals
and other third world radicals which lead to the rise of the dialectic of imperialism and liberation,
This conflict suggested a form of radicalism unintelligible within Marxism, for the groundbreaking
topic is not the proletariat, but a racialized nonhuman asserting humanity. Based on the rule of
assertion and creation, the Black radical tradition remains focused onto a vision of freedom un–
inscribable within the historical construction of the proletariat, an idea that goes past the
universalized European way of being.
This analysis on Marxist theory explains a rooted restraint that must be known and operated with in
order to grasp, and obtain true progress. The source of this constraint, which was implicit greatly to
Wallerstein, is established in his practice of improvement to lead the development of opposition to
capitalism. Wallerstein's review comes from a reasonable revision of history from the present to the
past. Nonetheless, for Robinson and for individuals who recognized themselves with the black
radical tradition, the review of capitalism and

The Impact Of Islamic Radicalism On The Middle East
One of the most pressing issues in modern geopolitics is the rise of a radical and violent terrorist
sect in the Middle East. Most prominently associated with Al Qaeda during the early half of the 21st
century and as of 2015 it's even more extreme splinter group The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria.
While many in the West are shocked by the violent motivations and anti–Western philosophy of
these movements the truth is that Islamic Radicalism has roots that stretch far back through the fog
of history to the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of European economic, social, and military
might in the region. With the partitioning of the old Ottoman territories after World War I and
subsequent occupation by Western European colonial powers, the historical strategy of colonization
came into play; place a foreign–backed minority–led government into power to serve as a puppet
regime acting for the benefit of the controlling foreign interest. This socially unsustainable colonial
strategy placed the majority of many countries, including Egypt and Syria, into conflict with the
empowered minority. Other more homogeneous countries, such as Iraq and Iran, discontent to live
under the oppressive de–facto rule of a foreign power, grew embittered towards their colonial
patrons and puppet dictatorships and turned towards the perceived purity and social benefits of
embracing political movements based in Islam and Pan–Arabism.
Prior to the First World War the Ottoman Empire, sitting at

Radical and Reform Movements in American History
Introduction The course began in the year 1789, a significant year of transition for the United States.
A decade or so prior, the United States was embroiled in a conflict over the inability of a foreign
power to govern an overseas territories without proper representation in the foreign power's
government. This conflict, The American Revolution, may be the first significant radical movement
in the history of the United States. However, the American Revolution led to unprecedented reforms
in North American society. The Civil War, another significant example of a radical movement in the
United States, began as a conflict over the issue of states rights. However, it quickly escalated into
an issue of the legality and morality of slavery and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Union sought to overwhelmed and overthrew the Confederate government in order to succeed
in reuniting the Union and abolishing slavery. This war challenged the Southern society's
dependence on slavery and sought to rectify the ills of the system through a violent overthrow of it.
President Lincoln, in speaking on the necessity of the war to Congress and for the abolishment of
slavery vowed, "We assure freedom to the free–honorable alike in what we give and what we
preserve." In fact, the abolishment of slavery can be considered to be the last remnants of radicalism
from the American Revolution. The American Republic was founded upon the discourse of
liberating the American colonists from the monarchial master of Great Britain. However, the
reformers of the Republic (the Founding Fathers) specifically, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams,
knew that not handling the issue of slavery would eventually lead to the dissolution of the Union.
They knew of their hypocrisy in criticizing one lord on oppression and political and economic
enslavement while enslaving the entire existence of Black Americans in the United States.
Reform Movements Reformers often are remembered more favorably in history these radicals. To
reform something means to "change into an improved form or condition or to put an end to (an evil)
by enforcing or introducing a better method or course of action." Professor Walters describes

Essay on Radicalism in California
Radicalism in California
Radicalism was a major problem for California in the 1960s, especially for the bay area. University
of California at Berkley was the homestead of Radicalism. The Radicals included Students and non
students, all very liberal and some were "hippies". The Radicals started out with good intentions,
fighting for free speech and to stop racial discrimination. Unfortunately the radicals lost track of
what was really important, and they got violent. Who knows what they could have accomplished if
they had remained peaceful protesters, and found different, legal, ways to get their points across.
Radicalism started to rise as early as the 1960s when college students got upset because of their
exclusion from a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several students were disciplined for the tactics that were used in the strike. After they had been
arrested, crowds of students occupied the campus administration building. They had a huge sit in at
Sproul hall, the police intervened by order of the governor and arrested 700 people, 578 of them
were found guilty of trespassing and resisting arrest. Earlier it was declared that "sitting in" was just
a form of trespassing and "going limp" when trying to be arrested was just a form resisting arrest,
which is completely true if you think about it.
After all this cleared up, the University did pass resolutions that the University should not regulate
the content of political advocacy, but regulate only the time, place and manner in order to prevent
interference with normal University functions. The University also liberalized its rules governing
student political activity. So the rise of Radicalism worked out good for these students. Since the
protests worked out so well, these students became overconfident, partly because of Mario Savio.
Mario Savio told many of these people that he could protect them from any kind of punishment,
including going to jail. Obviously this was a false statement, he had no authority to carry out what
he promised. The success of the sit ins and the passive resistance with the police

Examples Of Radicalism In The American Revolution
Radicalism of the American Revolution
Name
Course
Institution
Instructor
Date
Introduction
Radicalism is not only considered as a civil history, but also a deep insight into the rationale which
exists behind the men who have created the new society unknowingly. In his book, Wood argues that
the idea of radicalism which was brought to the new United States caused the old system to fade
away which made democracy to be more established in the US. The main reason as to why they had
to push for the change from being the republicans in the old America to be democrats in the new
America was caused by the need to bring equality in the working American age in terms of the
economic and the social grounds. In this paper, we are going to discuss how the radicalism in the
American revolution was affected by the romans and how the romans influenced the early ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was established in the pursuit of changing the way of government from republicanism in order
to create a government which provided equal opportunities to the people while creating job
opportunities to the people with respect to the different talents which they had. This system also
scrapped down the kinship way of leadership which was filled with patronage of the people of the
US. This caused the big shift from republicanism to the new system of democracy. This was also
due to revolutionaries who wanted to end the patronizing monarchical systems through the
formation of the republicanism system which in turn led to the formation of a democratic system.
These series of reforms also made the United States government and the political arena more unique
since it passed through the many reforms, unlike many countries which only have one system of
government since their establishment (Wood,

Analysis Of The Decline Of Radicalism By Daniel J. Boorstin
Blood for Blood The exchange of opinions is not always a pleasant experience. Conventionally,
such exchanges lead to debates and arguments. Although the side with more supporters may seem
morally correct, the minority is the component of change, risking everything to push their ideas
through, even if it results in violence. In an excerpt from The Decline of Radicalism, Daniel J.
Boorstin emphasizes the dichotomy between dissent and disagreement. According to Boorstin,
disagreement expresses a differing opinion that may promote debate, whereas dissenting places the
dissenters into the minority. Boorstin also claims that disagreement is beneficial to democracy, while
dissension is cancerous. Boorstin's assertion is heavily flawed; dissenters

The Presentation Of The Working Class Statement By Thomas...
The document under study is an excerpt from a speech. This speech was delivered in May 1842 by
Thomas Babington Macaulay. In 1842, several events occurred in England. First, England went
through a recession. This recession was due to a decrease on the workers' wages. This decrease was
introduced by the Anti–Corn laws manufacturers. As a consequence, England observed a widespread
on Chartist activity. Chartists belonged to an important working class movement called Chartism.
Chartists wanted to get some recognition for the working class. They presented to parliament a
petition divided into six points. They aimed to pass them. However, they met radical oppositions.
Indeed, this year marked the second presentation of the petition to parliament. ... Show more content
This quotation opposes the rich and the poor. The institution of property refers indeed to the money
people get from their properties, the rich. The institution of property is linked with "the well–being
of society". Consequently, according to Macaulay, the rich are the only ones who are able to lead the
country. This idea is enforced by the fact that he considers workers as children. "I would not give the
draught of water because I know it would be poison" (l.53–54), he placed himself as a protector of
the lower

Gordon S. Wood's The Radicalism Of The American Revolution
Gordon S. Wood, in The Radicalism of the American Revolution, explicitly details the societal,
economic, and governmental institutions of Colonial American society, and considers the era to be
pre–modern because of its strong focus on monarchy, hierarchy, and patriarchy. The colonial world
in America was "traditional in its basic social relationships and in its cultural society." (Wood 11).
Wood even suggests that, "in some respects colonial society was more traditional than that of the
mother country" (12). With the concept of the traditionalism of the colonial world, Wood declares
the era to be "pre–modern." Pre–modernism can be defined as the era before industrialization, which
radically altered the social contract within families and between ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A father's control over his family and household could compare to the reign of a king over his
nation, "the head of the household remained a kind of miniature king ... [to whom] respect and
subjection were due" (49). The father would rule his dependents "by no other law than by his own
free will" (49). ` dependent on the institution of family; family "remained the primary institution for
teaching the young, disciplining the wayward, and caring for the poor and insane" (44). Colonists
thought of society as little more than a collection of family households in which dependents relied
fully on their master (the patriarch) for housing, food, and clothing. Children depended on their
father well into adulthood. For example, fathers would determine the suitors fit to marry their
daughters and would decide how inheritance would be distributed to their descendants. English laws
of inheritance called for primogeniture, meaning the transfer of all land to the eldest son.
Primogeniture was common practice and, alongside other responsibilities of the household patriarch,
helped to assure the continuation of the status quo of the families' wealth and status within

Radicalism Of The American Revolution By Gordon S. Wood
In the book Radicalism of the American Revolution, written by Gordon S. Wood, the author states,
"The Revolution was the most radical and far reaching event in American history." What about the
American Revolution made it so "radical?" Wood believes it to be so radical because it not only
brought change politically from British monarch to American rule which is what we are used to, but
it also brought about changes in the basic structure of American society. Within the revolution there
was more than just a war, there was a total change to the way that Americans lived and presented
themselves. This movement made America the way it is today.
Gordon S. Wood, a graduate of Tufts University and Harvard, wrote many books about American
history, specifically in the beginning of our nation. He also taught history at Harvard, as well as One
Day University. Gordon Wood is seen as an icon when the topic of American history arises. Few
have been praised as highly as he for his work in history, and he will be forever remembered as one
of the greats in his field (Fischer).
In The Radicalism of the American Revolution, Wood splits his main points into three separate
pieces of the book, the first being Monarchy, second being Republicanism, and third being
Democracy. He uses this three distinct "phases" of the New World to trace the changes throughout
time.
He begins with the analysis of the eighteenth century with the societies of America and Britain being
controlled by a system of

Islamic Radicalism and the American Defense Technology Crisis
September 11th, 2001, will be a day always remembered by every American as a reminder of the
tragedy that permanently scarred our nation. From a technology perspective, there are questions to
ask about where we stand more than ten years after the terrorist attacks. America has spent billions
of dollars on technology upgrades to detect and prevent new threats (Johnson 1). What types of
technology are available to further increase our nation's defense? Are the technologies being
deployed effectively? Why weren't these technologies implemented earlier in order to prevent such
an event? The above questions must be answered in order to justify our nations awareness about Al–
Qaida's terrorist's plan to terrorize our great nation (Johnson). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is easy now to say that we should have implemented better technology in Homeland Security
before September 11th, 2001, but saying that doesn't bring back the lives of those that were lost on
that tragic day. With the technological advances that America possesses, an extremely safe nation is
feasible. Biometric devices are one example of how our defense could be strengthened massively.
For example, before anyone arrives on any form of transportation in the United States, they should
be made to check in with a biometric device in order to confirm that they are legitimate citizens. A
biometric device recognizes features that are impossible to disguise such as fingerprints or the retina
located in a person's eye. The use of biometric devices would easily identify a person and allow the
security at airports to absolutely determine who is boarding the aircraft. This would also eliminate
all non–legitimate foreigners boarding vessels and aircraft without question (Sims 32–37). Another
security step that should be implemented in all vessels is the presence of a surveillance camera. This
would be constantly monitored by military officials that would be responsible for seeing that every
trip was to go as planned without any alterations that could lead to high–jacking. Surveillance
cameras could also be increased in airports, and today there is actually an increase in these. These
cameras are also useful in cities and towns across the

President Bush's Response to September 11 and Islamic...
On September 11, 2001, the United States witnessed its worst attack on U.S. soil since the bombings
of Pearl Harbor in 1945. Members of the terrorist group Al Qaeda hijacked four aircraft and
managed to crash two of them in to the Twin Towers in New York City. When the smoke cleared,
there were 2,752 deaths. This day marked the beginning of a new type of war for the United States:
the war on terror. These events left President George Bush with a complex and troublesome series of
decisions to make. Afghanistan is the country harboring the terrorists who orchestrated their attack,
yet Afghanistan did not commit the attacks. President Bush needed to make a decision and fast.
Should the United States attack a country that harbors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before diving into the changes, it is necessary to understand why Osama bin Laden orchestrated
such an elaborate attack on the United States. Osama bin Laden, although once an American ally,
turned enemy against the United States for several reasons. First and foremost, Bin Laden condemns
American support for Israel and the billions it received in aid. Moreover, the United States being a
foreign democratic power has no right to enter the House of Islam as it did during the Persian Gulf
War in 1991 with a military presence in Egypt. Politically and socially, the United States is the
diametric opposite of bin Laden's beliefs and goals. It is bin Laden's goal to remove the United
States out of the Middle East by crippling it domestically. However, President Bush is in no position
to acquiesce his wishes. Terrorism has no role in the modern world and on September 20, 2001,
President Bush made his intentions clear when he stated, "We will starve terrorists of funding, turn
them one against another, drive them from place to place, until there is no refuge or no rest...Either
you are with us or you are against us with the terrorists." President Bush's bases his decision to use
military actions because of the nature of the enemy. Al–Qaeda organizes itself across the world with
a few governments openly harboring terrorism. He knew one cannot fight an enemy that has no
political or geographical boundary; one must go after the sponsoring

ISIS: Radical Religious Groups
Radical religious groups, more specifically cults, have been terrorizing societies across the globe for
many centuries with many more to go. Why do these groups feel the need to despise those who
differ from their beliefs both intellectually and physically? Is it because they view the various texts
of their religions to be comprehended 100% literally? Or is it just that these radicalists use their
religions as an excuse for their prohibited behaviors? Either way these doings are becoming more
and more looked down upon by society as it advances, and why shouldn't they be? The usual victims
of these religious extremist consist of those who are innocent under moral law. Religious radicalism
is by no means something new to society. There ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The conclusion this factor usually consists of all of these advances making radicalisation easier
through allowing easier changes of one's mind set (Francis, 2012). This is well explained in Peter
Berger's "Four Characteristics of Modernization", more specifically the "Decline in traditional
values.", as well as the, "Expansion of Choice" (Macionis, 2008).
Strategical factors tend to be those of a more intellectual response rather than using violent force or
action. The often role in which these factors play in the developing of the mindset of radicalization
within a being is the motivation. These aspects are not always responsible for developing negative
mind sets. For example, after the 9/11 attacks many Americans quickly developed a mentality for
perseverance as a nation (Francis,

Analysis Of The Decline Of Radicalism By Daniel J. Boorstin
Parallel Meanings In the excerpt, The Decline of Radicalism, Daniel J. Boorstin abides by his
conclusion that there is a clear difference between dissent and disagreement in that one is a problem,
whereas the other is the reason for a thriving society. Although Boorstin believes that there is
distinction between dissent and disagreement, there is no actual truth in his words, for dissent is
simply just an alternative word for disagreement. Dissent and disagreement both have similar
meanings; however, one has stronger meaning over the other. To begin, Boorstin states that society
is being killed by dissension. The legalization of gay marriage shows otherwise. At one point in
time, those who were not heterosexual were not recognized, but were

Analysis Of David Brooks 'Article' What's Wrong With...
In the article, "What's Wrong with Radicalism" written by David Brooks, the journalist conveys a
theme that the age of radicalism today is looking for the wrong meaning and purpose that will
destroy our political world. The line, "Most of our actual social and economic problems are the bad
byproducts of fundamentally good trends," shows us that while the radicals have created some good
trends for America, they have also displaced quite a few people. Much technological innovations
and immigration have strengthened the industrial society of America today for the top 1 percent, yet
has weakened the working class from profiting. The conservatives often attack the problem being
addressed without having some concrete evidence to support their argument. ... Show more content
These radicals address the issues in America today, but they let the problems expand even more over
a certain period. This leads to the inequality suffered between rich, working class, and the poor.
They do not exactly have a detailed plan to help unify the entire nation of America where everyone
prospers. Our discontent with progression overall in America today is relevant; however, there is not
a detailed political agenda to strive towards reaching the goals we set to become a superpower as we
once were during WWII. The radicals even consider a simple idea by the people to be a far left or
far right–wing idea. The dislike towards each other's belief politically are tearing us apart. We are in
a state in which bipartisanship has increased vastly compared to previously. Our political sphere has
a purpose for gaining respect, dignity, and identity for our contribution, yet we need to show love
and compassion for who the person is, not judge them by their beliefs. Through this, the trust in
human nature can be revived once again and exponentially grow our economy in

The Decline Of Radicalism By Daniel Boorstin
How does one distinguish between dissent and disagreement? Many people look to the
consequences of these two modes of response to find an answer. Daniel Boorstin, in his book The
Decline of Radicalism, identifies dissent as a malevolent form of disagreement that serves as a
detriment to society. Although some people view dissent as problematic disagreement, historical
attempts at gender equality and racial justice indicate that both responses share a reciprocal
relationship. Historically, movements of social reform elucidate the reciprocal relationship between
dissent and disagreement. Most notably, the women's suffrage movement in the United States
following the mid–1850s sparked complex controversy. Aware of their disenfranchisement and ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fighting for African–American civil rights in the racist mid–1900s, activists from around the United
States saliently disagreed with those who supported racial injustice. Subsequently, activists
attempted to manipulate debates and peaceful communication to make their points. For instance,
Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King genuinely attempted nonviolent disagreement through speech
for the first part of the movement. When their opposition turned to violent means of obstruction,
such as hosing, the activists persevered with their cause due to feelings of dissent. With shared
views on racial injustice and similar experiences, activists in the African– American Civil Rights
movement felt separated from their opposition. Thus, when the "debates" of disagreement should
have ended, the activists found a sense of unity and purpose that propelled them to success
regardless of the obstacles. In regular disagreement, such harsh action usually dissuades the victim
debater. However, the presence of dissent, as in this case, goes a long way in strengthening the
motives of the activists and enabling truth to

Radicalism in Mary Wollstonecraft’s Writing
Radicalism in Mary Wollstonecraft's Writing
(Which author is more radical for her day?) In the years of the late 1700's and early 1800's women's
rights were unheard of. Women didn't get a higher education like the men did. They would mostly
learn about etiquette and how to cook and clean. The father of the daughter would choose who she
would marry, it would always be based on money, and family tithes. Women were treated as
property and she was owned by her father and mother tells she was wedded, and then her husband
would own her. But in theses years is when women started to more or less rebel and come out with
new and radical ideas. In the article by Jone Lewis she states, "Mary Wollstonecraft has been called
the "first feminist" or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the article titled, "Family Structure in Colonial times," the author states, "Now, all along, there
was the occasional crack in the system, granting that a woman could take care of children "in the
tender years" – three or seven years old." This meant that children were really never raised in a great
way and they were soon sent to work in factories, leaving the mother heartbroken.
The last reason Wollstonecraft's writing is more radical is the fact that she wants everyone to give
women a chance; if it doesn't work she won't mind taking the blame. In her essay she states, "Let me
become more chaste and modest, and if women do not grow wiser in the same ratio it will be clear
that they have weaker understandings." She wasn't positive that women would succeed with more
rights, but she still was fighting for a chance for them. It was a huge step to put herself on the line
because if women had begun to get rights, but it was in fact true that they weren't as smart, the
blame would be put on her. In the article "Colonial Times," the author states, "During the 18th
century, the women's role and work was extremely difficult, exhausting, and society was
unappreciative." This proves that women worked hard from the start and if they could just get some
more education they could be as successful as men.
Overall, Mary Wollstonecraft put a huge impact on women's rights in the early 1800's,

Stoic Radicalism
Halfway There: Stoic Radicalism and Inaction Stoicism's primary differentiating feature from other
varieties of Greco–Roman philosophy is its assertion that the individual has absolute control over
some aspects of their life and absolute powerlessness to affect others. The thinking that follows is
that the only concern for humans should be that which we individually can control – the rest can be
regarded as up to chance and therefore irrelevant to ideal human behavior. Stoicism therefore
dismisses, even rejects, the ideas of natural superiority and inferiority, constructs that defined much
of the Roman social–political system. However, despite this egalitarian premise, the Stoic emphasis
on individual agency irrespective of individual circumstance ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As something not "up to us", social position does not reflect any true qualities of the supposed
superiors and inferiors. Seneca's writing on slavery makes this feeling explicit. His condemnation of
cruelty toward slaves relies on a denial of the Aristotelian premise of natural slavery. In Seneca's
view, slaves are slaves by "accident" (Seneca 194), not fault. Accordingly, they should be treated as
"comrades" or "humble friends" (Seneca 191), as is moral. He reiterates this belief toward the end of
the essay noting that a slave may be "a free man in spirit", and therefore should be treated no worse
than a free man (Seneca 194). Similarly, Epictetus instructs "Do not be joyful about any superiority
that is not your own" (Epictetus 6), which recalls his earlier statement that "our possessions, our
reputations, or our public offices" fall into this category. In application of this view, he draws a
distinction between the statements: "I am richer than you; therefore, I am superior to you" and "I am
richer than you; therefore, my property is superior to yours" (Epictetus 44), the former being invalid
and the latter being evidently true. Contained within this view Is necessarily that property or wealth
do not, and cannot make one person better than another, and, as Epictetus asks earlier in his
handbook, "What does [wealth and luxury] amount to?" (Epictetus 24), indicating a similar rejection
of material hierarchy. Moreover, he places wealth at odds with "preserving your trustworthiness and
self–respect" giving these internal traits preference over external wealth. This evidences Stoic belief
in the capacitive equivalency of all people. The implication of the statement is that the truly valuable
traits are just as accessible to the poor as to the rich, and potentially more so because the

The Causes Of Radicalism In The Early 20th Century Europe
Radicalism is defined as "the beliefs or actions of people who advocate thorough or complete
political or social reform." Radicalism is most often a response to something that is seen as broken.
In today's world, people are weary to admit the governments of the world are broken as it is a
relatively good time. There have been few wars, the world's economy has been booming. However,
radicalism can still be seen in parts of the world where people are still heavily oppressed and in
places where governments do not function well, such as places in the Middle East and Africa.
However, if radicalism is given an opportunity, it seizes it. This was the case in early 20th century
Europe. For centuries the people of Europe were taken advantage of with the feudal system, the
Industrial Revolution, and constant wars. As a result of these oppressive situations, the people of
Europe became disenfranchised and many immigrated to the United States to relieve themselves of
the old rigid systems of Europe. However, all people have a breaking point. The poor harvests of
1788 lead to an already angry French population to revolt against the monarchy. Men such as Karl
Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Giovanni Gentile all sought ways to fix the problems of society in the
late 19th century. Engels is quoted as saying:
"Darwin did not know what a bitter satire he wrote on mankind ... when he showed that free
competition, the struggle for existence, which the economists celebrate as the highest historical

Radicalism And Radical Environmentalism
Environmental writers have always written radically about the environment because that is what is
necessary. The difference between the radical ecologists of today is radical theory becoming radical
action. Henry David Thoreau wrote plenty of radical ideas, though his most often radical thought
comes from "On the Duty of Civil Disobedience". Civil Disobedience provides modern day activists
and ecologists with the foundation of why it is important think critically about government actions,
as well as showing readers direct action against the government. Thoreau contributes partially to the
eventual formation of the radical ecology movement in this sense. The other half of the ideology of
radical environmentalists was popularized by Aldo Leopold in Sand County Almanac. Leopold's
idea of a land ethic and biocentrism is the main ideology that drives radical environmentalists. Only
when Leopold and Thoreau are put together does a full picture begin to form of what it takes to
understand radical ecologists. Thoreau and Leopold lay the groundwork for creating the perfect
radical environmental movement; where Thoreau gives instruction on action against the government
and the majority, Leopold gives the radical movement the idea to act on, biocentrism. To understand
the conversation of radicalism as informed by Thoreau and Leopold, there are some ideas that need
to be defined. What does it mean for an environmentalist to be radical? Is radicalism the same as
terrorism? Radicalism is an umbrella term, often used in a myriad of ways. Analyzing the
environmental movement, radical ideology is the concept that the world is unsustainable, and the
ideas put forth to make the world sustainable require a massive shift in collective societal thought as
well as a massive shift in the way most communities, cities, states, etc. live (Sessions, 1995). The
shift in collective thought would be away from anthropomorphism, the idea that humans are the
most important thing in the world, towards biocentrism, the idea that all things in nature matter
equally. An idea, or action, can be radical without being violent towards living things. This is the
important distinction between radicalism and terrorism. For an action to be terrorism, it

The Beginning Of Radicalism In Politics

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Lisa Olive

More from Lisa Olive (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Beginning Of Radicalism In Politics