Behavioural Change In Nursing

Behavioural Change In Nursing
The change project is about increasing safety to promote positive physical work environments while
improving efficiency as a result of increased education and safe work practices of the nursing staff
at QCHED. Success of this change will be achieved through reforming current work practice,
structural location of sharps equipment and workplace behaviours (Anderson in Kelly & Crawford,
2013). Social learning theory described by Bastable (2014) as learning through exposure to
influential environments, and role models to alter personal behaviours. Increasing accessibility of
sharps containers to nurses will effect behavioural change to promote compliance of new
behaviours. These new behaviours will include: proper disposal, empowerment to promote ... Show
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The overall goal (See Appendix A) allowed for components to be developed in order to implement
activities (See Appendix A), objectives (See Appendix A) and indicators to be used for process and
outcome evaluation (See Appendix A). The PLM was utilized to plan and implement an
organizational change through: assessing subjective and objective data including resisting forces and
driving forces; creating clear goals to meet the needs of the stakeholders; and using interprofessional
relationships to develop sustainability (Kelly & Crawford, 2013). An initial Gannt chart (See
appendix B) was used as a guideline timeframe when planning the process of the change project.
However as the process proceeded a final Gannt chart (See Appendix C) was created to depict a
more accurate timeline. The implementation of the change process was unsuccessful as a result a
new sharps container producer being introduced across Ottawa Hospital Campuses. The new
products were implemented mid change process and were mounted on the more accessible side of
the room. However, the new containers are much more difficult to insert sharps into and prove to
decrease accessibility. This was an unsuspected event which caused new approached to the change
process to focus on increasing awareness, education and safety rather than moving sharps containers
to an accessible area in the
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Behavioural Difficulties : Behavioral Difficulties
Six weeks ago, I was asked 'What Behavioural Difficulties in education means to me'. I explained
that the term 'behavioural difficulties' instantly made me think of medically defined disabilities,
purely because a student's disability can affect their behaviour in many ways (Gates, Newell &
Wray, 2001). My views to date have changed slightly, as I have developed the opinion that
'behavioural difficulties' are the net result of a situation or problem, the student's behaviour simply
being catalysed by the environment or situation. This behaviour is usually difficult or problematic
(Gates, Newell & Wray, 2001) for the teacher, or others, which is often when that student is
categorised as troublesome, or labelled with 'behavioural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
I still believe that teachers do not look deeply enough into student's behavioural issues, as stated in
part one. Situations that catalyse behavioural issues are not usually recognised, brought to anyone's
attention, or questioned; all that's seen is the problematic behaviour of the child (Langley, 2009).
The current solution, dealing with the 'behaviour as if it is the problem' and labelling the child with
'behavioural difficulties' is problematic. Langley explains "'...challenging' behaviour as a name for
unacceptable performances is not a diagnosis, nor is it a special education condition." (Langley,
2009, p.9) He goes on to explain that "One of the key factors in behaviour management is in
understanding why challenging behaviour occurs" (Langley, 2009, p.1).
After research, I have discovered there are two main things that need to occur for a teacher and
school to entirely understand a situation and act accordingly. Whakawhanaungatanga, teacher,
student, family, school and community relationships, need to be present, (Langley, 2009) and
teachers need to be prepared to modify their pedagogy to suit their students (Gardner, 1993). A
teacher or school cannot expect to know a student's personal life, nor have a child's respect and
cooperation, if there is no base relationship between that student and teacher. Nor are teachers or

Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy
As the social worker becomes more mindful about the clients multiple and overlapping problems,
they will be provided with a greater awareness about the best way to intervene across the micro,
macro, and meso levels (Cournoyer, 2014). The way in which people view the world around them is
based on their previous beliefs and experiences and can be either realistic and accurate or distorted
(Walsh, 2013). Peoples distorted view of the world results in emotional and behavioural problems
related to their inability to adapt to their environment (Walsh, 2013). Cognitive–Behavioural
Therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that emerged in social work practice during the 1960s
(Walsh, 2013). Research has shown that CBT is effective when working with clients who display
symptoms of depression and anger (Dowd, Clen and Arnold, 2010). ... Show more content on
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The goal of CBT is to assist the client to make a connection between their perception of their
environment and their thoughts which are influencing their behaviours (Gladstone, 2017).
Another key concept that should be considered in CBT is the term schemas which Walsh (2013)
defines as "the way we organize our thought process, store information, process new information,
and integrate the products of those operations (knowledge)" (p. 175). In the case study, Naana
described her perception of herself to the social worker by stating "what is wrong with me." This
belief is a dysfunctional automatic thought that she assumes to be an accurate reflection of herself
(Walsh, 2013). Furthermore, this core belief has resulted in her experiencing a continuance of dark
periods in her life that have brought about feelings of depression and episodes of anger. The social
worker needs to assess her motivation towards making positive changes within her life and assist
her in identifying dysfunctional patterns of thinking (Walsh, 2013). Naana would need to learn how
to identify her negative thoughts such as feeling she

Technology And Social Effects Of Technology On Children
Social Effect of Technology on Children Alarm clock goes off – checks phone, sitting on the bus –
plays games, eating dinner with the family – texting friends, trying to go to bed – scrolls through
social media... this has become the everlasting cycle that drives the typical teenage kid into social
destruction and retrains them from witnessing first–hand experiences of the real world. As the new
generation becomes teenagers, we can see the social development and can research how our
technological age has affected them. The easy and typical solution can be shown to cause
everlasting consequences and needs to be redirected towards a moderate perspective for educational
purposes. We will draw ideas from American Psychological Association, International Journal of
Technology, behavioral scientists, and parents to compare the facts and logic behind the effect of
technology on children and the solution to the problem. First, we need to view the nation's children
as a whole to lay the foundation to the problem that arises. About 75% of children from ages eight to
ten have their own smartphone as of 2016 and the percentage has exponentially increased since
(Kids Wireless). The effects of smartphones on these children have become prevalent to the
everyday person. While walking around the mall or going to a restaurant with your family, it has
become impossible to ignore the fact that kids have their faces stuck in front of the screen. In class,
teachers are constantly berating

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
"Currently, several international guidelines recommend that psychological treatments, especially
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy, are still considered the first–line
treatments for depression in children and adolescents" (Yang, 2016, p.10). As a counselor, you have
to be aware of your personal strengths and weaknesses and understand what you struggle with. I
think that the reason I strongly agree with cognitive behavioral therapy is because my therapist used
it with me. Shortly after my 21st birthday, I was diagnosed with Grave's disease. This caused my
whole life to change. I was no longer in control of my weight and metabolism, my hormones, and
my emotions. The list of my symptoms can go on for two or more pages.

Behavioural Change
Theory of Behaviour Change Theories of behavioural change are used during program planning
because they help explain and predict how individuals go through change. Understanding how and
why people change is useful in the selection of program activities and outcomes (Hodges & Videto,
2011). Theory Guiding Program Plan The Social Cognitive Theory will be used to guide the
program plan. This theory describes change at the interpersonal level. This means that the beliefs
and actions of friends, family, peers and co–workers can influence why one changes (Hodges &
Videto, 2011). What is the Social Cognitive Theory? Social cognitive theory believes a behaviour
comes from the interaction of personal factors, behavioural ability and environmental ... Show more
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They were looking to examine the outcome expectancies and self efficacy aspects of the social
cognitive theory. The participants underwent a six week cognitive behavioural therapy with the goal
of participant abstinence by the study's conclusion. The study found that participants with lower
confidence in their ability to refuse cannabis were less likely to be abstinent. However, participants
who thought the outcome of cannabis use would be negative had a greater chance of abstinence
(Gullo). This study addresses cannabis use and multiple aspects of Social Cognitive Theory;
however it is quite different from the program we have planned. This study does describe the
participants, and further, the goal of our program will not be abstinence. Rather, there will be more
focus on the social and environmental aspects of Social Cognitive Theory in our program. Although
there are differences between this study and our program plan it is important to see that other people
have used aspects of Social Cognitive Theory in a program/intervention that dealt with cannabis.
This encourages the use of aspects of the theory that are relevant to guide us in our own program

The Captivity Of Wild Animals
The captivity of wild animals has been a highly debated topic for many years. Zoos and aquariums
are huge attractions and can be found all over the world. Movies such as Black Fish and Unlocking
the Cage showcase some of the troubling behaviors animals in captivity portray. Advocates for
animal rights can use these movies to push their agenda and people who oppose these films say they
are forms of propaganda. The fact of the matter is that it does not matter what side of the argument
that you are on it cannot be denied that these moves spark mass discussion. The question can be
asked are animals places on this earth for our amusement and entertainment or they here that we
may cohabit with all aspects of life. Science has proven that some animals have shown signs of
distress while being in captivity.
Animals have been known to control and also are able to modify their environment. An important
part in doing that, animals exhibit normal behavior. Animals that are being held in captive
environments may see changes in their normal behavior that can be a result from extreme amounts
of stress. When animals start to exhibit behaviors that are considered abnormal it can be thought that
the animals are unable to adjust their behavior. So what affects could captive animals have on
experiments; validity, reliability, and replicability. Validity can be affected when researchers
introduce abnormal animals into the experiment. When introducing these abnormal individuals the
variation of

Role of Training and Development in an Organization
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As defined by Richard Beckhard, "Organization development" (OD) is a planned, top–down,
organization–wide effort to increase the organization's effectiveness and health. OD is achieved
through interventions in the organization's "processes," using behavioural science knowledge.[1]
According to Warren Bennis, OD is a complex strategy intended to ... Show more content on
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He is a behavioral scientist who knows how to get people in an organization involved in solving
their own problems. His main strength is a comprehensive knowledge of human behavior, supported
by a number of intervention techniques (to be discussed later). The change agent can be either
external or internal to the organization. An internal change agent is usually a staff person who has
expertise in the behavioral sciences and in the intervention technology of OD. Beckhard reports
several cases in which line people have been trained in OD and have returned to their organizations
to engage in successful change assignments. [3] In the natural evolution of change mechanisms in
organizations, this would seem to approach the ideal arrangement. Qualified change agents can be
found on some university faculties, or they may be private consultants associated with such
organizations as the National Training Laboratories Institute for Applied Behavioral Science
(Washington, D.C.) or University Associates (San Diego, California), and similar organizations.
The change agent may be a staff or line member of the organization who is schooled in OD theory
and technique. In such a case, the "contractual relationship" is an in–house agreement that should
probably be explicit with respect to all of the conditions involved except the fee.
Sponsoring Organization. The initiative for OD

Behavioural Perspective
Behavioral, Humanistic, and Cognitive are a few of the many perspective approaches in psychology.
These perspectives produce different strategies to help Jake with his diagnosis of anxiety. One
focuses on the surrounding environment, the other on self–actualization, and lastly the way an
individual thinks.
Behavioral perspective is based on learning through rewards, punishments, and observations. This
was based on earlier work of Watson and eventually late B.F Skinner (Ciccarelli & White, 2015).
An example of behavioral was given in the book and stated that when a child cries and is rewarded
by getting attention the baby will eventually cry in the future (Ciccarelli & White, 2015). The baby
will learn that performing that mechanism will get itself to earn a reward. In Jakes case I might
assume that he is overwhelmed by his classes maybe due to the fact that he feels unprepared for
them. A psychologist may give him advice to prepare for the classes ahead of time to help him build
up his confidence in knowing the material. By doing so he will be able to feel less stressed out in
class and will likely get good grades if he learns the material thoroughly. So, preparing ahead of
time will allow him to get rewarded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Behavioral psychologists would recommend that Jake change his environment and surround himself
with people that are also looking to be successful in the class he is in. For example, getting together
with fellow classmates to create a study group or inquiring about tutors. Humanistic psychologists
would try to use empathy to help Jake realize that if he sets his mind to something he is able to
accomplish it as long as he believes in himself. Last but not least, a cognitive psychologist would try
to evaluate Jakes thoughts that make an impact on his emotions and help him think positively. In the
end all of these approaches will be successful in helping Jake with his

Business Behavioural Skills
1. Introduction Faboil Ltd is a successful organisation in the biotechnology field. The paternal
approach is the most important factor for the success of credit for the company. At present, the
monopoly position of Faboil Ltd has slowly eroded away and faces two competitors. The major
causes are that the new products have failed to live up to market expectations and its modus
operandi technology is at a backward stage. There are some conflictions in the coordination between
departments. When Dr Brownlow believed that selecting Brenda Frame and Judith Smythe is a
smart move, Richard and Fred were both negative about the course and suggested that no long–
lasting benefits would be achieved. Purchasing team and sales and marketing team ... Show more
She also should study to broke record. She can use this when refusing unreasonable request and not
please everyone by doing excessive working. 4. Conflict of Carole and the Resolution Conflict is
process which begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is
about to negatively affect, something the first party cares about. There is a conflict between Carole
and Joanne. It belongs to the interpersonal conflict. Carole asked Joanne to take over the network
analysis because she thought it is Joanne's specialism and is from a moral point of view, but Joanne
refused to take on the additional workload because she thought that she is carrying out what Richard
asked of her. The sources of conflict in working place include different goals, different time frames,
different relationship, unequal power distribution, unclear roles & responsibilities and limited
resources. The cause for the conflict of Carole is the different goals. The incorrect authority of
Richard leads to the vague of working role, and in a great degree leads to the conflict. The
consequence is that reducing personal and organizational performance, damaging to physical and
emotional well–being, increasing the high stress levels and poor attitudes to work and harming the
personal and working relationship between each other. Dealing with conflict can

Cognitive Behavioural Approach
Cognitive Behavioral approach perceives obsessive compulsive disorder as an intrusive condition
characterized by unwanted repetitive and anxiety–producing thoughts accompanied by the
compulsive act of rituals that the individual believes will shield them from the imagined catastrophe
(Hansell & Damour, 2008). Obsessions are thoughts or impulses over which the individual has no
control and only briefly subside after the victim has been compelled to and completes a certain ritual
over and over until the anxiety lessens (Hansell & Damour, 2008).
OCD has a well–established biological component similar to other anxiety disorders. According to
the National Institute of Health (2010) anxiety produces affective physical reactions in people,
suggesting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, a client may be asked to allow themselves to think about the disturbing thoughts
without engaging in the usual ritualistic behavior. According to Hansell and Damour (2008), the
goal of cognitive–behavioral therapy would be to interrupt the ritualistic behavior to allow the client
to experience the dissipation of the anxiety even without the application of the ritual. When the
process of obsessive thoughts followed by ritualistic behavior is interrupted, the behavior ceases to
negatively reinforce the anxiety, so the pattern is broken.
Cognitive therapists teach strategies and perspectives for responding to the challenges that life has
to offer so that individuals can gain a greater sense of self–efficacy (i.e. developing faith in their
abilities to achieve specified goals). Equally as important as knowledge, training, experience, and
credentials on the part of the cognitive therapist are warmth, understanding, and compassion
(Phillipson, n.d., para.

Behavioural Issues in Budgeting
To : The Chief Executive
From : Management Accountant
Date : 19th January, 2012
To : The Chief Executive
From : Management Accountant
Date : 19th January, 2012 | Behavioural issues which may limit the usefulness of budgeting: | |
Management Accounting |
| Behavioural issues which may limit the usefulness of budgeting: | | Management Accounting |
The university of northampton
By
Matthew Matemba
10347139
The university of northampton
By
Matthew Matemba
10347139
Table of Contents 1 Part A: 2 1.1 Executive Summary: 2 1.2 Background: 2 1.3 Definition: 2 2
Purposes of Budget: 2 3 Budgetary Biasing Framework 3 3.1 Budget Slack (Bias) 4 3.2 Seat of
Power: 4 3.3 Budget ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Performance measurement therefore, should establish to encourage the aim of the company and not
individual or departmental goal. (Hannagan, 2008, p. 569)
Budget Gaming:
Moreover, another limitation of useful budgeting is budget gaming which is an attempt by managers
to practice bias in advance. A study shows managers also tend to game the budget after it has been
implemented by making accounting entries to portray their operation in a light that are driven by
desire to report better result. Hopwood in his study showed that such behaviour is more likely if
managers are evaluated Hopwood (1972) See Appendix C. For example, cost centre managers
attempted to charge items of cost to other cost centres and tended to time the expenditure in light of
their effects on the short–term variance but such manipulation was available to relatively few
people.
Gatekeepers:
These are employees in high position who delay in passing on vital information's to heads of

departments. Such personnel have authority to regulate the flow of information also in a position to
determine various levels of management decisions.
Beating the System:
Individuals or groups may be able to beat the system and they are even proud of behaving in such a
manner. For example, a company set a budget of £15,000 for capital equipment. Above this limit
additional authority is required before any extra costs are incurred. However, the managers beating
the system simply

Habitual Behavioural Change
additional time to personnel decisions. Further, internal and external motivators can influence the
"decisional balance" that individuals engage in to determine if the positive outcomes of change
outweigh the negative outcomes. Once an individual makes a commitment to behavioural change,
deliberate practice is required to effect a new habitual behavioural change (Carnes et al., 2012).
Based on the work of Prochaska and DiClemente in the 1980s, Carnes et al. (2012) describe a trans–
theoretical model of change that includes five stages which individuals and/or organizations go
through (not necessarily in a linear fashion) as they move from negative to positive behaviours.
These five stages include pre–contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance –
stages that also coincide, in part, with models of adult learning. For example, as Carnes et al.
describe, Howell's 1982 adult learning model notes that when acquiring a new skill, learners move
from being unconsciously incompetent (analogous to pre–contemplation) to consciously
incompetent (realizing they need to learn something new), to consciously competent (deliberately
practicing) until they reach the ultimate goal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
describe, the resulting Bias Literacy Workshop acknowledged workshop participants as experts,
engaged them in self–reflection and problem solving, and provided opportunities for practice with
immediate feedback. The workshop also elicited a written "Commitment to Change" from each
participant as a way to encourage retention of information and application of strategies provided
during the workshop. Further, to increase awareness of implicit bias and help motivate participants,
prior to the workshop, participants were invited to take the Implicit Association Test (IAT)
(Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998; see also Dasgupta & Asgari, 2004). This test assessed the
strength of association between male or female gendered names and words categorized as leader or

Notes On Twins And Nature Vs Nurture
Darian Rader
Kelly Fielding
August 21, 2014
Psychology 101
Twins and Nature versus Nurture What makes identical or fraternal twins different from each other?
A few people might say it depends on how their parents raised them, others might say that other
forces such as what traits personality wise, they inherited from their family could have an effect on
their way they are. This in so many words in called Nature versus Nurture. This is an interesting
concept, especially involving twins and their behaviors, because they have the same DNA and
studies might show better results rather than using regular siblings, with different genes versus twins
who have the same exact DNA.
From my personal experience as an identical twin, my sister Alexandra and I were raised together
our entire lives and we would do anything to be different from each other. If she cut her hair I would
grow mine out, etcetera. Our personalities are very different as well, we had the same group of
friends, but we had hardly any classes together in idle school and high school. I was into sports such
as cross country, tennis and track, Alex was into her art classes and liked to make people laugh.
There was another set of twins in our high school so similar to each other that their names were
even Brittani and Brandi. They had the same style of clothing, hairstyles and didn't do a lot of
extracurricular activities. This is out of the norm for twin studies because their parents both raised
them together. So what

Antz I/O Psychology
Industrial–organizational (I/O) psychology is the application of psychological principles and the
scientific method to solve work–related problems (Spector, 2008). I/O psychologists help solve
different problems of the workplace by studying worker attitudes and behavior. The film, Antz
(Darnell, Johnson, Alcott, Weitz, & Weitz, 1998) is set in an ant colony that represents a workplace
and gives examples of various topics correlated to I/O psychology. The goal of this paper is to
highlight the topics of I/O psychology portrayed in the film. I will discuss five different I/O topics
shown in the film, which include job satisfaction, organizational commitment, employee selection,
leadership, and motivation.
Movie Synopsis
Antz is an animated

Nature Vs. Nurture : Addiction
Nature vs. Nurture: Addiction Introduction Psychology is a developing science which studies the
mental functions, processes, and behaviors of an individual. In the science of psychology, many
debates arise; nature vs. nurture is one of the most popular ones. These psychological debates are
followed by research, backing up either nature or nurture or both. Nature suggest heredity impacts
human psychological development; nurture suggests the environment impacts our psychological
development. Addiction plays a large role in nature vs. nurture. Addiction is defined as a person
being attached to a certain activity or item; an addict is one who has a dependency on particular
substances or activity. There are many debates on whether addiction is caused by genes or the
environment. Many researchers believe if they had the answer of addiction being a genetic condition
or an environmental factor, they would be able to resolve the problem of addicts, or so they believe.
Nature Aspect on Addiction Addiction has been proven to be in the genes of humans. "Addiction is
a notorious treatment–resistant psychiatric disorder characterized by the impairment of self–
monitoring, loss of interest in other targets of pleasure, and uncorrectable impulsive/compulsive
drug–seeking behaviors"(Todo, 2012,para.1).
Susan Ferguson stated that the basal ganglia system and the striatum are thought to create positive
and negative

Behavioural Perspective Model
This article briefly explains the Three–term contingency and the Behavioural Perspective Model
(BPM). It further draws upon the BPM to examine the extent to which all of the elements of the
BPM could be combined to produce a more effective social marketing initiative to influence
students not to smoke in the university cafeteria.
What is Behaviour Perspective Model?
It is an extension of the Three–Term contingency.
The Three–term contingency was devised by Skinner to influence the behaviour of organisms. He
defined two types of intervention to shape behaviour. One is by associating the consequences to the
behaviour, the other is by using the stimuli which encourage or discourage certain types of
behaviour.
The Three–term ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(4. Sarah Bowen and Alan Marlatt, Psychology of Addictive Behaviours 2009, Vol. 23, No. 4, 666–
671) In Bowen and Marlatt's study, they showed that 'mindfulness techniques' are more effective
than the 'controlled techniques'.
The 'mindfulness techniques' make use of stimuli identified in the learning history to help control
behaviour. A health awareness campaign can be introduced to help encourage and guide students to
identify the smoking urge, and to draw upon his learning history of the conditions, environment and
other stimuli at a time when he had managed to control the urge. This then becomes the
discriminative stimuli the individual could use to control himself from smoking in the Cafeteria.
Informational punishment: The Informational punishment uses indirect punishment to discourage
the performance of the unwanted behaviour. The following are examples:
– Using posters to remind of negative health consequences of smoking
– Playing videos of negative health consequences in the cafeteria
– Distributing literature explaining the health consequences of smoking
In conjunction to the incentive–based programme and the 'mindfulness techniques' health campaign,
the following four categories of stimuli of BPM can be used to further influence the smokers'
behaviour. Physical stimuli:
– 'No Smoking' signs and relaxing music played in the cafeteria are both examples

Behavioural Change Barriers
The barriers to health behavioural change are addictions, mental health, lifestyle, existing behaviour,
ie not willing to change, peer pressure and a lack of support from peers make changing behaviour all
the more difficult. Effective ways of working towards overcoming these barriers are empowerment,
effective communication, support and to educate and inform people of ways to change behaviour
and initiate the whole process. The next step is to think about changing the behaviour ie preparing to
start a change and planning on how it's going to be done. The next step is to actually make the
changes to behaviour, whilst continuously assessing how the person is coping. The next step, which
is perhaps the most difficult, is to maintain the changes,

Pharmacognitive Behavioural Therapy
In each year in the European Union alone, 38.2% which is 164.7 million people suffer at least one
mental disorder . They are various mental disorders but the disorder at hand are panic disorders.
Panic disorder is an effect from anxiety disorder which involves triggering fear and worry . In 2005,
a result recorded that anxiety disorders have the highest prevalence rate, it recorded that at least 1 in
3 people suffer from the disorder . A person with panic disorder experiences recurring panic attacks
which results to the increase in heart rate, increase in respiration value and a higher skin
conductance . It could be treated through cognitive behavioural therapy or pharmacological means
which could simply be classified under therapy and medication. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Barlow DH and others, 'Cognitive–behavioral therapy, Imipramine, or their combination for panic
disorder' (2000) 283(19) JAMA 2529.
2. Bouchard S and others, 'Cognitive behavior therapy for panic disorder with Agoraphobia in
Videoconference: Preliminary results' (2000) 3(6) CyberPsychology & Behavior 999–1007.
3. Ciuca AM and others, 'Internet–based treatment for Romanian adults with panic disorder:
Protocol of a randomized controlled trial comparing a Skype–guided with an unguided self–help
intervention (the PAXPD study)' (2016) 16(1) BMC Psychiatry.
4. Craske MG and others, 'Interoceptive exposure versus breathing retraining within cognitive–
behavioural therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia1' (1997) 36(1) British Journal of Clinical
Psychology 85–99.
5. Cui H and others, 'Differential alterations of resting–state functional connectivity in generalized
anxiety disorder and panic disorder' [2016] Human Brain Mapping n/a–n/a.
6. Gorman J, 'The use of newer antidepressants for panic disorder' (1997) 58 The Journal of clinical
psychiatry. accessed 8 March 2016 54–8.
7. Green P and others, 'Red cell membrane omega–3 fatty acids are decreased in nondepressed
patients with social anxiety disorder' (2006) 16(2) European Neuropsychopharmacology

The Psychological Characteristics Of Breast Cancer
It has long been known that certain physical characteristics are biologically determined by genetic
inheritance. Color of eyes, straight or curly hair, pigmentation of the skin and certain diseases (such
as Huntingdon's chorea) are all a function of the genes we inherit. Other physical characteristics, if
not determined, appear to be at least strongly influenced by the genetic make–up of our biological
parents.
Height, weight, hair loss (in men), life expectancy and vulnerability to specific illnesses (e.g. breast
cancer in women) are positively correlated between genetically related individuals. These facts have
led many to speculate as to whether psychological characteristics such as behavioral tendencies,
personality attributes and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However nativists also argue that maturation governs the emergence of attachment in infancy,
language acquisition and even cognitive development as a whole.
At the other end of the spectrum are the environmentalists – also known as empiricists (not to be
confused with the other empirical / scientific approach). Their basic assumption is that at birth the
human mind is a tabula rasa (a blank slate) and that this is gradually "filled" as a result of experience
(e.g. behaviorism).
From this point of view psychological characteristics and behavioral differences that emerge
through infancy and childhood are the result of learning. It is how you are brought up (nurture) that
governs the psychologically significant aspects of child development and the concept of maturation
applies only to the biological.
For example, when an infant forms an attachment it is responding to the love and attention it has
received, language comes from imitating the speech of others and cognitive development depends
on the degree of stimulation in the environment and, more broadly, on the civilization within which
the child is reared.
Examples of an extreme nature positions in psychology include Bowlby 's (1969) theory of
attachment, which views the bond between mother and child as being an innate process that ensures
survival. Likewise, Chomsky (1965) proposed language is gained through the use of

Features Of Behavioural Economics
Behavioural Economics ECN42260
Assessment 2
Behavioural Economics & Public Policy
Rashi Mittal
16203017
Behavioural Economics is extensively being used to inform and develop policy interventions.
Behavioral economics brings insights from psychology and other social sciences into economic
models. Behavioural insights are also used for economic models of decision–making. A key feature
of behavioural economics is its empirical approach. There is a growing scope of the contribution of
behavioural economics to the design and improvement of tax policy. Many behavioural economic
ideas have helped develop the traditional economic choice framework, in which people are assumed
to make rational, self–interested and consistent choices. But that is not always the case behavioural
models suggests often different assumptions which make the predictions of the model align more
closely to observed outcomes and which explains the pattern of behavioural not easily ... Show more
The first is based on behavioural economics and nudging, the second is from cognitive social
psychology covering tax perspectives, morals, fairness and the role of social norms and the third is
co–determination between government and consumer.
A good example of behavioural economics is the prospect theory in which it is demonstrated that
most of the people are risk averse for gains and risk seeking for equivalent losses.
The second insight discusses that taxpayers have positive attitude towards revenue authorities and
belief that the government works for the benefit of the individuals then there may be positive
relationship between tax–morale and tax compliance. It is very essential that taxpayers feel that the
system is trustworthy, fair and just and the money paid by them is utilized in the right manner. There
is evidence that tax attitudes improve when the link to public expenditure is

The Importance Of Behaviour-Based Safety
According to the Cambridge Centre for Behaviour Studies, (n.d., P1) 'Behavioural safety is the
application of behavioural research on human performance to the problems of the safety in the
workplace.' Behaviour Based Safety (BBS) is an approach based on research of people's behaviour
(what they do and why they do it) and applies scientific theories into practical problems. (HSA0392,
2017) It is also described as a bottom–up approach (H. L. Kaila, 2008), because frontline workers
help manager to observe co–worker and make suggestions. For a more broader term, "BBS is about
everyone's behaviour, not just the frontline" (Agnew and Ashworth, 2012) definition
A BBS approach is based on solid principles (HAS, 2017). Harvard psychologist B.F Skinner
(1940s) is pioneer in this area who discovers the principles of behavioural science. These principles
are applied in institutional and education fields in late 1960s. It is not until 1970s that industrial
applications is in Skinnerian behavioural science. Starting in 1984, Monsanto used Behavioural
methods for accident prevention (Thomas, John, and Stanley,1990) (Rafiq M.Choudhry, 2014) and
Behaviour–Based Safety (BBS) has proven to be an effective tool for the reduction workplace
accidents and is slightly adjusted due to the change in business climate.(Proactive Safety
2017)History
Part 2How BBS reduce injury in workplace? (From its concept)
80%–95% accidents are caused by unsafe behaviour (Thomas, John, and Stanley, 1990) People take

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Essay
The process of cognitive–behavioural therapy of anxiety is structured in quite a detail (Salkovskis,
2010, p.157–162). Once the therapist finishes the initial assessment, the client is asked to describe a
recent episode of their problem. The therapists tries to understand how the problem works, construct
its model and fill it with the content. Such formulation is presented to the client and verified with
them. Then, the therapists and the client seek for alternative interpretations that would be different
to those found in the formulation. The aim is to undermine the negative interpretations which
maintain the patient's problem and offer alternative ones. However, the cognitive–behavioural
therapist does not aim to force their views rather than the patient's. Rather, they seek for alternative
possibilities of the interpretations of the events. Consequently, alternative theories and hypotheses
about the events are produced and then can be tested in experiments. The ... Show more content on
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In addition, it involves a behavioural activation. This means introducing pleasant activities into the
depressed patient's everyday schedule. The negative beliefs are undermined in order to replace them
with more helpful ones using a wide range of techniques such as behavioural experiments,
automatic thought records, feeling diaries, downward arrows and many others. The more structured
process and the toolkit of techniques draws me more to the cognitive–behavioural therapy. The
process of existential therapy of depression shares similarities to the therapy of anxiety too
(Langdridge, 2010, p.128–140). In addition, the therapist tries to understand what aspect of the
client's life is limited. Similarly to the cognitive–behavioural approach, the client's beliefs are
searched and challenged. The therapist helps the client to accept their loss and find a new meaning
in their

Behavioural Disruption In The Classroom
All children need to feel safe and respected, so they can learn and develop socially and emotionally
however, behavioural disruptions can negatively affect the learning environment causing
interruptions in the classroom. To manage behavioural disruptions effectively, it is important to
consider the individual's needs in relation to their situation and which behavioural strategy can best
support the student. The main goal of behaviour intervention is to guide students to learn and
manage their own behaviour (Meyer & Evans, 2012). The Neo–Adlerian theory approach focuses
on the implementation of positive behavioural management in the classroom, using strategies such
as positive student–teacher relationships that promote value and a sense of ... Show more content on
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The Choice theory also adopts self–responsibility, belonging and meaningful relationships which
aligns with the Humanistic approach. Choice theory asserts that human beings have five basic
needs: (1) survival, (2) love and belonging (sharing and cooperating with others), (3) power and
control (by achieving, accomplishing, being recognised and respected), (4) freedom (making
choices in our lives) and (5) fun (laughing and playing) (Lyons, Ford & Arthur–Kelly, 2011).
Students may not be fully aware of their basic needs but understand that there are some general
circumstances that strongly relate to the way they feel. For example, students realise that when
people pay attention to their words or actions they feel powerful; by making choices they feel the
importance of freedom; and through laughter they learn about fun (Brooks & Young, 2011). These
constitute the source of all internal motivation and guide their behaviour. However, the behaviours
through which individuals choose to satisfy those needs may be quite different. Individuals choose
to behave in different ways to fulfil their needs because their quality worlds are different (Brooks &
Young, 2011). Choice theory suggests that teachers can help students identify the circumstances that
trigger their behaviours, which in turn

Statement Of Organisational Psychology
Addendum by Erden Ozan Cesur
As the one that has worked in various areas of Human Resources for more than 13 years, it is my
strong desire and goal to make a career shift to academic life in the field of Psychology in general
and Organisational Psychology in particular. The main motive that leads to this major shift in my
career is that I believe that an academic career starting with master degree and then followed by a
PhD in the field of Organisational Psychology is promising opportunities for gaining life authoring
insights and greater understanding about cause and effect relations that will unlock secrets about the
main motives of behaviours by the help of knowledge offered by Psychology. In that respect, I
believe that Organisational Psychology programme, which has unique characteristics in many ways,
especially on the base of social justice focused philosophy of the programme, offered by Adler
University would make great contribution to my professional career and personal development.
In order to take necessary steps that lead to my objective, as it is known, I made an application to
Adler University for the programme commencing by September 2015. Due to economic instability
in my home country, unfortunately, my family came across with financial problems and for the sake
of supporting them financially and emotionally throughout ... Show more content on
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I would like to share this paper as an attachment to this addendum because subject of study was
inspired from the conversation that I had with Dr.O'Neill about subjects of thesis carried by cohorts
at Adler University. For the future, my intention with respect to this paper is expanding its scope
through reconsidering 'whistle–blowing' phenomena as a case study, which is a kind of concrete
manifestation of courage in

Assessing Post Operative Pain On Rodents Essay
Assessing post–operative pain in rodents Introduction "The question is not, can they reason? nor,
can they talk? but, can they suffer?" goes the famous saying by the 18th century philosopher
(Bentham 1789, as cited in Kuhse and Singer 1999). But how exactly can we tell, let alone quantify,
if an animal is suffering, is in a state of pain or distress? With the current consensus in the scientific
community regarding animals' capability of experiencing pain (Hawkins 2002), the next step is to
reliably identify and evaluate negative emotional states in animals, in order to alleviate their
suffering. There are numerous reasons to do this, from scientific and financial interests to legal and
moral obligations. All the more so when the animal is in pain of our own infliction, such as the case
of laboratory animals (Weary et al. 2006). In 2015 over 2,000,000 experimental procedures were
performed on laboratory animals in the UK alone, ranging from mild to severe according to the
amount of pain that an animal may suffer as a consequence (Home Office 2016). A 2005 literature
review found that the overall use of post–operative analgesics for laboratory rodents was low, and
suggested a connection with poor pain assessment methods and overlooking behavioural marks
(Richardson and Flecknell 2005, Roughan and Flecknell 2003). As there is no gold standard for
assessing pain in existence, there is a growing need for trustworthy ways to assess pain, that can
potentially be utilized by

Behavioural Norm Of Neo-Nazis
Memes not only affect the group(s) that they target, but also the group that creates them. They
reflect and construct norms for the creator group's behaviour, and Fleishman and Smith effectively
illustrate this in the case of neo–Nazis. For example, one behavioural norm that is reinforced within
the neo–Nazi community is the belief in the intellectual superiority of Nazis. The echoes themselves
are intended to critique the Jewish community in an intellectual way, as "The Right Stuff" uses
symbolism and pseudo–philosophy to explain the "damaging" effects of Jewish people in society.
People who use the echoes meme also demonstrate this belief in the intellectual superiority of
Naziism: one tweet calls journalist Johnathan Weisman a "fool" ... Show more content on
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A meme's ability to reinforce norms within a group can also polarize the group's ideas in dangerous
ways. In the "It Gets Better" example, participants of the meme were seen to unintentionally
replicate heteronormative ideas and hegemonic norms as they created their own versions of the
original video (1700). However, in a social group that mostly consists of young White men who
already benefit from hegemonic norms, memes may push their ideas to the extreme. The echoes
meme is used in association with Trump not just because neo–Nazis support his xenophobic
policies, but because they think that he can make their threats against the Jewish community a
reality. This is seen in one tweet that states that angering Trump will cause him to "fire up the
ovens" (Fleishman and Smith). Asserting the intellectual superiority of Nazis also insinuates that
their targets, members of the Jewish community, are inherently less intelligent people and perhaps
deserve to be destroyed for this reason. However, although memes are now used to spread
dangerous ideologies, many still do not take the dangerous potential of memes seriously due to their
innocuous origins. Although Fleishman and Smith do not undermine the danger of the echoes
symbol, they still said that their staff "got off easy" when targeted by anti–Semites because all they
received was "just a flood of memes", indicating that they do not view memes as a dangerous form
of harassment. The use of memes by

Nature Versus Nurture Has Been A Big Debate In The Past
Nature versus nurture has been a big debate in the past few years. Debates and arguments from both
sides has its own statements which makes their side stronger. Some argue that it is in the genetics if
a person is intelligent where some state the opposite, that surroundings make a person intelligent
which improves them in a person mentally and physically. In the 1950s psychologist Harry Harlow
studied the effects of maternal deprivation on the development of baby monkeys. Some
philosophers such as Plato and Descartes suggested "that certain things are inborn" (Saul McLeod,
2007), or that they occur naturally regardless of environmental influences. Other examples of nature
debates were Bowlby's 1969 theory of attachment likewise Chomsky's ... Show more content on
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The dizygotic twins show a higher correlation than their other siblings even when reared apart
supporting the theory that nature does have a major influence on human intelligence. Nurture
intelligence is another factor which is still unfolded. Some believe that upbringing a child in a
proper environment can effect their mood, body and their views towards to world. If someone's
brought up in an environment where he or she gets all the facilities and necessities of daily life, it
will help through the entire life, in saying that if the person receives the correct surroundings, family
support, supportive friends circle, it can help them throughout the journey of life. Family habits,
interests and company of good people as mentioned above will leave a significant effect on the
person's development. The nature theory holds the genetic influence over abstract traits however, the
environmental factors are the real origins of our behaviour. We want to be according to the
environment around us. At the end we are still confused which way is right nature or nurture since
both sides have valid reasons to be right. Some traits come to us by genes and some we experience
through travelling and experiencing different situations in our lifetime, which is a proven fact.
Nurture helps shape our intelligence in the sense that what surrounds us is what we end up liking
and

Health Behaviors Is Not Always Motivated By Disease...
By simply taking a few small steps and trying to change health behaviours this could have crucial
impact on mortality and enhance life. 50 per cent of mortality from the ten principal causes of death
is because of behaviour. Therefore it is very important to understand how and what helps people
change health behaviours, taking the right steps to change could be as simple as wearing a SPF
when out in the sun to reduce risks of cancer (Mark P. Zanna, 2011). 'A health behaviour can be
categorised as an action taken place by a person believing that they are doing so to prevent disease'
according to Karl and Cobb (1966). A general assumption is that behaviour is motivated by the goal
of health – however not always is this the case. Change in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In society today around half of all deaths are connected to behavioural and lifestyle aspects, such as
smoking, unhealthy diets, lack of physical activity and large consumptions of alcohol. Therefore in
2010 a political group starting at 10 Downing Street as the world's very first organisation devoted to
the application of behavioural sciences. The organisation was set up to ensure that people could
have better life choices and change certain aspects of their life to try and improve health and
wellbeing. The BIT team use tactics to make many services more affordable and convenient for
every citizen. Many ideas that are formed are from behavioural science literature where testing's and
trials are used to ensure that their discovery's work (Behavioural Insights Team, 2014).The role of
the team is to reflect in different ways real life situations and to show how people truly behave,
rather than how people intend to behave. In 2011 the insight team collaborated with boots the
pharmacy introducing a smoking cessation hoping to motivate individuals to give up the habit.
Therefore this organisation try and tackle the problem of bad health through environmental factors,
not only psychological factors through interventions. By producing posters, looking at the prices
trying to target the

Nature Vs Nurture : A Debate On Education Since The Late...
External Help: Maurika Smutherman WSSU Writing Center (336) 750–8748
wssuwritingcenter@wssu.edu Nature versus Nurture has been a debate in education since the late
1600's. The debate began with John Locke 's perspective of children as "tabula rasa" meaning blank
slate, when he stated that at birth we are all the same, but it is our unique "experiences that write the
script of our behavioral repertoire" (Allen, Boykin, & Jagers, n. d.). His theory states that an
individual 's experience and environment is what makes them who they are. This idea gave us the
foundation for our "nurture" argument, even though at the time he initially proposed this idea, it was
seen to be in direct conflict with ideals of previous philosophers. ... Show more content on
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As a part of our research, we developed a survey of ten simple questions. These questions were
designed to determine whether the student's environment has affected their academic success. There
were many patterns found in the collected data. As a group, we hypothesized that nature has a
greater effect on an individual 's academic success and upon our analysis of the data we continue to
believe that an individual's environment plays a pivotal role in their academic success. Based on the
survey results, it declares that 95%, a vast majority, of the class set agrees that their environment has
affected their educational experiences and academic career. The reports of Valerie Lee and David
Burkham, authors of Inequality at the Starting Gate: Social Background Differences in Achievement
as Children Begin School, are shared in Joel Spring's American Education and show that there is
indeed a connection between family factors and reading and math skills upon entering kindergarten.
Skills that have been listed in correlation with stronger reading and math levels include: "frequency
of reading at home, ownership of a home computer, exposure to performing arts, and preschool
attendance" (Spring, 2013). Many students in our testing set could read before kindergarten and had
access to

Behavioural Observation Data
Behaviour Observation Data The most efficient way to measure someone's personality is to observe
how they behave, however, the behavioural observation method is seldom used in research.
Behavioural data (reports) can help collect information about normal and abnormal personality
characteristics and ways of thinking. To obtain behavioural observation data, researchers directly
observe and record the behaviour of people in a laboratory or a more naturalistic (real–world)
setting. This method is useful because many behaviours can be assessed through direct observation.
Usually, two or more researchers conduct such observations to ensure higher accuracy and
reliability (Schultz & Schultz, 2017) and although this method of data collection does ... Show more
Self–reports are most commonly used because of their ease and low cost, however, the addition of
informant reports and observation data increases validity, reliability and answers questions that
cannot be answered with self–reports alone. While informant reports are useful, there does exists
several weaknesses with this method, but if researchers use the technology that is available to them
then they can avoid issues of high costs and time–consumption that can arise from using more
traditional methods for informant data collection. Behaviour observation is significant because
personality traits can be directly observed through how a person behaves. Although this method has
many limitations, it is becoming increasingly popular due to its ability to provide thorough and
elaborate data information. Each method on its own only provides partial information and accuracy
regarding a person's personality. To obtain a full understanding of such characteristics, multiple
methods must be used in conjunction with one

Behavioural Risk Factors
Background and objective: Heart diseases are considerably increasing for the last few decades; there
has been a large body of research that has established the significant contribution of psychosocial
factors and behavioural risk factors in the development and course of coronary heart disease. Most
of the researches are based on male population, so this study was done to know the prevalence of
behavioural risk factors, association of psychological and behavioral risk factors and to know the
different effect of these factors on male and female. Methodology: In this correlational study the
Sample consisted of 100 normal persons (M=50, F=50) and 100 persons suffering from CHD
(M=50, F=50) between the age range of 45 to 65 years from various socio–economic ... Show more
Significant differences have been found on behavioural risk factors i.e. type A behaviour pattern,
anger expression and depression between both group of subjects. Female are differ at only anger
expression than male. Coping strategies is significantly correlated with Positive and negative affect,
Psychological Well–being, Quality of Life, Anger Expression and Depression. Type A behaviour
pattern is not correlated with Coping. Positive and negative affect is significantly correlated with
Psychological Well–being, Quality of Life, and Depression. Type A behaviour pattern and anger
expression are not correlated with Positive and negative affect. Psychological Well–being is
significantly correlated with Quality of Life, Type A behaviour pattern, Anger Expression,
Depression. Quality of Life is significantly correlated with Type A behaviour pattern and
Depression. Anger expression is not correlated with Quality of Life. Type A behaviour pattern is not
correlated with Anger expression and Depression. Behavioural risk factors i. e. Type A behaviour
pattern, Anger Expression, and Depression significantly predicted psychological wellbeing as
measured by General health. From the psychological factors only depression is predicted health
related quality of

Interpreting The Characteristics Of My D Personality
According to personality chart I fall in the region of the "D" personality. While I find that
interesting, I also find it troubling as I would say I have many layers and people who first meet me
will definitely miss out on my true and best attributes if they don't stick around to get to know me.
By layers I'm talking about the different characteristic that make up my personality. The personality
chart says I have a "D" personality with a few characteristics of "C" and "I" personality, but I would
say I show just as much "C" and "I" as I do with "D." It just depends on the environment I'm in. I
tend to adapt to what's happening around me. For example in my kung–fu class when I'm teaching
I'm demanding and direct to those who are learning their new skills. I teach a variety of people in
class from children, to kids my age, and even adults. Though ... Show more content on
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"D's" make good athletes because they are competitive and want to be active, and I would definitely
consider myself as both of those. I'm not just competitive when I'm trying to win at a sport; I'm also
very competitive when it comes to debating. I love to argue with people. I always look forward to a
debate in class because that's when people see the dogmatic side of me. I don't just debate in class
though I often ask people questions about their morals to see what they say, and then debate about to
figure out why they think what they believe is right. Even if I agree with the persons beliefs I'll
argue the other side just so I can still debate with the person. Needing to be active is always a
concern of mine. I hate just sitting around doing nothing or what feels like nothing. I constantly
need to be moving. If I'm just sitting then I'll either be fidgeting or messing around with something.
Most times though, if I can help it, I'll be up moving around; playing a sport, working, or just trying
to figure out what I can do next so I wont have to sit and be motionless. "D's" also

What Is Humanitarian Work Psychology
At the moment, there are different trends that psychology is at and will progress to regarding
demographics, technology, and innovation of ideas. An article by the Monitor of Psychology
demonstrates through a survey of health providers the reality of the demographic they are reaching
out to. It also addresses the different ways that practitioners are treating clients. According to the
study, thirty–nine percent of respondents shared electronic medical records with other professionals.
And while only 19 percent saw patients alongside other professionals, 36 percent participated in
multidisciplinary team meetings and 33 percent reported integrated treatment plans (Clay 2016).
This is showing an integration and community within the circle of therapists. ... Show more content
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Being bilingual, Hispanic, Christian, and my general passion for psychology will propel me in my
ambitions. I have much to offer but also have a lot to do before I can work in the field. Namely, I
must assess my own opinions and challenge them as they will be challenged in the future by future
colleagues, church members, and by the community I am around. This is necessary because of my
own biases, dogmatism in certain areas, and because of the progress of man. The views of my faith,
the people I am influenced by, and the reason I care must all be challenged. They may be warped
and feeding something inside of me or they be good to some extent; at the moment, I am not
currently aware of that. The progress of psychology is exciting nonetheless and will continue to be
an area in which I will be developed by and

Cognitive Behavioural Model
This article is relevant to both GLM and RNR in that it tries to explain the role of each model in the
treatment and management of sex offenders. The authors started off by quoting Andrews and Bonta,
1998 while trying to inform the readers that "for the past 40 years, has been based on RNR
approach.....(Megan Schaffer, Elizabeth L. Jeglic, John Jay College and Aviva Moster, p.1). The
authors continue to explain that both models, the GLM and the RNR, utilize the Cognitive
Behavioral therapy ( CBT) techniques for the treatment of sex offenders. While agreeing with the
fact that both GLM and the RNR have a lot in common when it comes in terms to sex offenders
management and treatment, the authors, in what seem an attempt to highlight the relevance

Intensive Behavioural Analysis
The "Intensive Early Intervention Program for Children with Autism" is a program funded by the
province of Ontario. It is used to teach/treat young children who have been identified as having an
autistic spectrum disorder. Intensive Behavioural Intervention (IBI) services are provided to
children, aged 2 to 5 years, who must meet specific program requirements. The program was
designed taking into consideration the central tenets of Applied Behavioural Analysis (ABA), which
is a widely recognized and accepted method for teaching functional skills to children with autism.
In this paper, the effectiveness of Intensive Behavioural Intervention for teaching/treating young
children with autism has been questioned. The effects of age, duration of ... Show more content on
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Some children with autism have a sharp mind while others have marked deficits in intellectual,
social, and cognitive functioning. Restated, it is a spectrum disorder, which means that every child
formally diagnosed has abnormalities which can be charted within a broad spectrum of measures
and labels. Many times it can be argued that labels are designed and assigned to help us gain
knowledge with respect to a specific person or group of people to whom the label has been applied.
Within this context, labels can sometimes be viewed as a positive, if not helpful device when
classifying. However, when it comes to autism, this does not appear to be the case. There is a wide
range of presenting characteristics, some people with autism are severely affected, while others are
less affected. Within this general review of the data and literature, the authors have found that those
who are diagnosed with severe autism, and who are also described as being mentally retarded on
measurable scales, make the least amount of improvement in IQ, adaptive/social functioning, and
overall language ability. Therefore, the primary contention made by the authors is that, the main
predictors of outcome when it comes to Intensive Behavioural Intervention for people with autism,
are the severity of the disorder and overall IQ prior to the commencement of

Cognitive and Behavioural Model
There are two models that we will analyze in this essay to see which is the most suitable approach to
understand consumer behaviour, they are cognitive and behavioural models, there are actually three
models lies within initial decisions of consumer behavior, the third one is reinforcement model but
in this case we will not analyze it. First of all, the way of starting off the essay is by defining both
cognitive and behavioural models found from the journals, followed by comparison between the two
models, which are the best to understand consumer behaviour, giving advantages and disadvantages
of the two models. The third part is to decide which is the most suitable approach to understand
consumer behaviour and give reasons to the answer. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fill (2002) suggests that a cognitive based decision making process assumes that individuals attempt
to control their immediate environments, in which producers play their part. This view is backed up
by Foxall (1992), as cited in East (1997), who goes as far as to suggest that consumers handle
considerable quantities of information when making cognitive based purchase decisions. From
decision making that is close to an informed and rational thinking process, therefore marketers
generally using media for advertising.
Secondly, let begin with the how behavioral explanations work. The classic work in this field was
Pavlov and his explanation of salivation in his pet dog. Salivation is an innate response to the smell
of food. Pavlov rang a bell every time the dog was fed the food. Over time the dog came to associate
the bell with the smell of food, so when Pavlov stopped pairing the bell with the food, the dog still
salivated. This view of consumer behavior is used to design a number of marketing strategies as we
shall see. The decision making process is behaviouristic. This process focuses on the idea that a
person who has satisfied of past purchase one time with a product will be more likely to purchase
that product again because they remember the good results associated with the purchase. It could be
argued that this decision making process can be maintained by marketers by make sure that
consumers are left with a good perspective

Behavioural Support Team
The teacher support services are a group of specialist that are available to help and support pupils
who have learning difficulties and any kind of disabilities. The TSS team also offer advice, guidance
and support to the Early Years, the parents, the Governors, the school and the local educational
authorities concerning any matters related to Inclusion and special educational needs.
The Behavioural Support Team are a team of professionals that work closely with schools to help
with the development of a successful inclusive approach of pupils who are dealing with behavioural
and emotional difficulties. They work closely with the school and other agencies to come up with a
programme/plan that will assist and help to manage and improve the whole–school

My First Clinical Day At Loma Linda Veterans Affairs...
For my third clinical day at Loma Linda Veterans Affairs Medical Center, my assigned preceptor
Filipina Gumangan assigned me one patient on 4NW. The specific portion of the unit where I
precept is an intensive care step down unit. Filipina's objective for giving me one patient this shift
was to give me an opportunity to practice complete care; this meant I was responsible for many
clinical duties corresponding to the care of this patient. My patient this shift was Ms. R. She was a
66 year–old Vietnam War veteran recovering from general surgery. Caring for this patient showed
me a different perspective of nursing as well. My clinical duties performed that day involved
practicing many of the skills I have learned throughout this nursing program. Initially, I was
responsible for getting a good hand off report during our walking rounds that morning. I utilized the
method Filipina had showed me during our first shift together. I went according to systems and this
way I began to create a picture of Ms. R condition. She was there because she had a partial
colectomy. During this procedure, the surgeons removed parts of her large intestine due to her
history of bowel obstruction. She had an ostomy, which required that I put special care towards the
newly created stoma. I was responsible for a full head–to–toe assessment. In addition, I was
responsible for recording my findings on her chart in the computerized system. I passed her
medications and was responsible for explaining what

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