Elbow Injury

Elbow Injury
The elbow is one of the more complex joints in the body given its ability to withstand the many
external forces that it encounters. One of the most common complaints today amongst the office
working population is lateral epicondylitis which due to prolonged periods of sitting at their desks in
front of computers.
Elbow pain can be difficult to determine because of the complex anatomy of this joint and the broad
differential diagnosis. The key to diagnosing this is a detailed history including questions on the
mechanism of injury or exacerbating movements, frequency, occupation and any sporting activities.
A detailed physical examination should then be carried out.
Physical Exam – Observation, palpation, range of motion, resisted isometric
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Strength And Strength Of Muscular Endurance
Strength Muscular strength is much different from muscular endurance. Strength is the extent to
how much force your muscles can use and apply. Strength concentrates more on quick and short
spurts of energy. An example of how this component of fitness can be tested in an assessment is in
the 'Upper body push and pull strength test'. For this test the equipment used is a Strength Meter
dynamometer. You have three tries when doing this test and the best of three is recorded for each test
(the push and then the pull) and the dynamometer must be set to zero each time. This assessment
works by the person taking the test having the Strength Meter dynamometer placed over their
shoulders where the handles are placed at the front of the body–around ... Show more content on
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The participants must continuously run between two cones or lines which are set up 20 metres apart
between two recorded beeps. The CD had all the instructions on and will tell the participants when
to start; the first level is a slight jog and gradually gets quicker up through the levels. If you reach
one of the lines before the beep has sounded then you must wait for it to sound before you start
running again. Before you drop out you have to miss three consecutive beeps (one after another).
Speed Speed is the skill to move with a quick pace or move parts of the body quickly. When you
think about speed you usually think its how fast someone can run but it's not just that, as it's also to
do with their acceleration, maximal speed of movement and speed maintenance. This is because
speed needs other components to help it move along in a rapid way, which includes: strength and
power. An example of how this component of fitness can be tested in an assessment is the '100m
Swim Time Trial'. This test is used to measure the participant's ability to sprint swim a given
distance, in this case 100m in a timed environment. This is often used for athletes to practise for
when they are doing triathlons. More than one participant can take part at one time and the pool
should ideally be 50 metres but any pool will do as long as the distance that the participant
completes is 100

Enhancing the Mechanical and Thermal Efficiency of an Engine
To enhance the efficiency of Mechanical and Thermal is the major driver for the Engines team,
owning to the requirement for continually reducing the CO2 output of the vehicles. Downsizing is
the main focus, while friction reduction, pumping losses reduction and combustion efficiency are
largely emphasized with the help of engine de–throttling.
To support the supplied vehicle attributes, the Engines department should start to enact a target
catalogue for the engine. The target catalogue should be in accordance with the Powertrain Product
Strategy that has taken the factors affecting our business into considerations, such as Social,
Political, Environmental, Economic, Legal and Technological elements. A technology route–map is
required for each component grouping included in the engine so that they can be continually
evaluated for the consistency and adequacy from our rival benchmarking researches.
(pic.1)
An average of 28 years' working experience in the field of automotive design and development is
owned by our Engineers from the Engines Department. By applying the major tool, PTC's Pro–
Engineer; the design team can focus on the original design of the concept. With an aim to study and
perfect the Thermo–Mechanical, Fluids Mechanics and Dynamic Behavior, the predictive analysis
package will be imported with the parametric designs before the designs are used for any hardware.
All the aspects of the product design, such as the gasoline or diesel product, are

Gm's Decisions To Get Rid Of Chevrolet Brand
Getting rid of a model from the Chevrolet brand can be risky but is not uncommon to develop
branding and every company will develop good and bad products. If the company can realize a
flawed product before they waste more time, money and resources on it. Taking a car off the market
can be a hard decision but sometimes needs to be made. A decision would be made to release one
more special edition model for its loyal fans and then take it off Chevrolet's market completely. This
should be announced ahead of time that this would be the last model that will be released and
although GM tends to keep standardization within their vehicles to save money on handling cost,
they could use customized materials and increase the price for this limited and

Greg Banish Case
In this short but very informative article Greg Banish, a renowned Automotive Calibrator speaks
about how an aftermarket calibration can benefit your street or race vehicle. To begin, Banish
specifically talks about a particular experience with a customer who desired more power in his v8
chevy small block. The vehicle ran a baseline calibration from the manufacturer and a standalone
controller. Henceforth, after inspection, the vehicle would have a cruising air to fuel ratio of 12.0:1,
consequently, this mixture was a little too rich. Henceforth, the fuel economy was around 15 miles
per gallon, but the customer never did complain about the fuel economy. At the same time, ignition
timing was discovered to be under sparked with only 28 degrees

Frailty In Older Adults Essay
1. According to the article entitled "Frailty on Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype (Fried et. al.,
2001)", the authors aim to propose standardized phenotype of frailty in older adults and demonstrate
predictive validity for the adverse health outcomes which healthcare providers in gerontology
identify frail older adults as being at risk. The discussion of this article will deliberate as following
topics: Purpose and Question: Due to having an inefficiency standardized definition of frailty in
older adults and it's various clinical presentation which related to adverse health outcomes.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the core clinical presentations of frailty which can
diagnose frailty syndrome and identify high risk of adverse health outcomes in frail older adults. In
addition, the authors hypothesize that these core clinical presentations would be more valid to ...
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The standardized interview determined self–assessed health, the data from additional examinations
and medical records of cardiovascular diseases from the standard algorithm and the clinicians'
consensus –based, and the standardized questionnaires also with the typical tool measurements
(Jamar hand–held dynamometer) were adopted to evaluate participant's cognition, physical
functions, and mental status. Therefore, the operationalization of frailty phenotype were shrinking,
weakness, poor endurance and energy, slowness, and low physical activity level. Predictive validity,
the cox proportional hazard model were used to assess the independent contribution of baseline
status of frailty to the incidence of major geriatrics outcomes over 3 and 7 years including falls
incidence, worsening mobility, hospitalization rate, and death. For predicting mortality, the author
used covariate–adjusted Cox model for analyzing the predictive of

Vertical Jump Performance
Impact of Training and Relationship of Strength on Vertical Jump Performance Whether you are
watching a basketball player launch their body off the court to complete a slam dunk or a volleyball
player rise up above the net to spike the ball, the ability for the athlete to accomplish this is an
amazing feat. The strength and power generated by those athletes are factors involved in those feats.
For strength and conditioning coaches, knowing the optimal training protocols to maximize strength
and power, and the relationship between strength and power are important. A common method used
to assess lower–body power is through the vertical jump In this review of literature, the following
topics will be covered: (a) the relationship between isokinetic ... Show more content on
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Young healthy men (age: 22 4 years) participated in the study, 66 in total (48 students, 18 athletes).
Isokinetic knee extensor strength was measured on the non–dominant leg only, at 60/s. The loading
conditions for the countermovement jumps were 70%, 85%, 100%, 115%, and 130% of bodyweight.
Vuk et al. (2015) found that knee extensor strength, of the non–dominant leg, correlated
significantly with the power output during the countermovement jumps of all loading conditions (r =
0.78–0.79; all p < 0.001). This result agrees with the findings from Harrison et al. (2013) and
Tsiokanos et al. (2002) in regards to leg extensor strength correlating with countermovement jump
height. Vuk et al. (2015) added to the findings by showing that under varying loads, the knee
extensor still consistently correlates to jump height, but the degree of correlation does

What Is The Fuel System?
engine, a wide–band oxygen sensor was purchased from ECOTRONS. The wide–band sensor is
capable of measuring the actual air–fuel ratio in the engine's exhaust, which allows for accurate
tuning of the ECU's fuel map to optimize fuel efficiency. The fuel map plots the desired (tunable)
air–fuel ratio versus engine load (measured in intake manifold absolute pressure) and engine speed.
The ECU reads the engine speed and manifold pressure from the sensors to look up values for the
required air fuel ratio to be sent to the engine. Currently, the ECU is mapped with a base fuel table
for a general 50cc Honda engine. Further engine testing on the dynamometer will allow for
optimization of the fuel map. Recently, Lambda Sensor was installed instead ... Show more content
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Therefore, the most efficient test method involves using a dynamometer to independently test engine
performance.
Operation
The 2009 UMass dynamometer is composed of a wheel cart that the engine is bolted to. The
crankshaft extension of the Briggs and Stratton motor uses a metal collar to connect to a centrifugal
clutch The UMass dynamometer
When the motor is started the rotation of the crankshaft extension engages the centrifugal clutch and
allows a shaft extension to spin. This shaft rotation is measured by a sensor located at the end of the
wheel cart and is relayed to the computer. The rotational speed of the engine must match the rotation
of the shaft extension because the engine is rigidly connected to the dynamometer shaft.
The output torque is calculated using the distance from the center of the motor's rotation to the load
cell and the load produced by the load cell. The load cell is connected via an analog–to–digital board
on a desktop computer that records the data in LabView. By using a sensor to measure the motor's
rotational velocity, horsepower can also be calculated with LabView programs.
Batteries
Due to failures during the beginning of the semester, the engine team decide to purchase a new
battery. the vehicle will rely on main battery system to power engine, run the vehicle's fuel injection
system and other electrical systems. Using a lithium

Handgrip Exercise Analysis
The handgrip test is one of many muscular strength tests used by health and fitness professionals.
The test measures the maximum isometric strength of the muscles in the hand and forearm.
Handgrip strength has a strong association with overall muscular strength and can be a valuable
indicator of well–being as well as overall fitness (Rijk et al., 2015). Additionally, grip strength is
important in any sport or activity that requires the use of hands to catch, throw, or otherwise
manipulate objects.
Methods
Population Handgrip strength is dependent upon a number of factors, such as age, sex, and body
size. Because aging affects muscular strength, handgrip strength testing is used for populations of
adolescents to older adults in both genders. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the Jamar hand dynamometer, there are tables for both men and women that contain normative
data, also measured in kilograms. These tables are divided into 10–year age intervals (20–29, 30–39,
etc.) and are also divided by percentile. The value from the test is compared to percentile data for
the age ranges, and the individual's performance is determined (Acevedo & Starks, 2011; Roberts et
al., 2011).
Safety
The safety precautions for handgrip strength test may vary depending upon the individual of the
participants. However, the handgrip strength test is quite safe and few safety precautions are
required for participants with no current or previous injuries.
Risks &

Exerpose For Statement Of Purpose In Mechanical Engineering
Statement of Purpose
I have always been besieged by creative spurts to give shape to my imaginative streak. I revelled in
making toys from scrap and cardboard and an opportunity to come across a magazine about cars
only served as a catalyst. Exhilarated and inspired by all those fascinating models that came forth
from my own dexterity, I eventually decided to pursue a career in Mechanical engineering. I made it
a point to learn something outside the curriculum regarding the working of a part in an automobile
engine, jet engine and others. It is this eagerness that propels me to choose M.S in Automotive
Engineering. The elucidated inputs, received from various sources, about Esslingen University has
aided me in pursuing my aspirations to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Continuous knowledge gain of scientific theories, inventions, discoveries, machineries and the
physics around me laid a path which helped me to take a direction in choosing Mechanical
Engineering.
Currently, I am pursuing my Graduation in Malla Reddy Engineering College (affiliated to
Jawarharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad) with Mechanical Engineering as my
discipline. The curriculum includes major courses like Automobile Engineering, Thermal
Engineering, Heat Transfer, Design of Machine Members, among the many core subjects. My
aggregate up to 6th semester is 83%.
The title of my main project is Measurement of cutting forces using grinding tool dynamometer. My
project is yet to be finished. We started calculations of cutting forces generated in work pieces using
grinding tool dynamometer. From my main project, I learnt how the cutting forces generated in
metal cutting have a direct influence on heat generation, tool wear or failure, quality of machined
surface and accuracy of the work piece. By using this dynamometer, we measured the static and
dynamic cutting forces by using strain gauge and piezo–electric accelerometer. As a team leader of
my project, I am responsible for the complete knowledge transfer within the team

Barbell Back Squat Essay
Barbell back squats have always been a staple exercise in every bodybuilder, powerlifter and
athlete's workout regimen. Squats not only help build size to your legs but they also have other
added benefits such as improved flexibility and an increase in testosterone and growth hormone
production. There are many different techniques to help improve your squat such as the width of
your stance or the direction your toes are pointing. But the one technique that seems to be getting
the most attention is whether squatting barefoot is more beneficial in activating more muscles in the
lower limbs versus squatting wearing an athletic shoe. The following study focuses on the activation
of 8 lower limb muscles during a barbell back squat while barefoot and in an athletic shoe.
Researchers of this study hypothesize that the barefoot condition will produce more muscle
activation in comparison to the athletic shoe condition.
Participants in this study were healthy men and women ages 18–24. There were several criterions
the participants had to meet before partaking in the study. Each individual had to successfully
barbell back squat their own body weight for 1 repetition. Also participants were constantly
observed by strength and conditioning coaches to ensure proper technique was applied to the barbell
back squat. Lastly participants must have previously ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also a repeated measure ANOVA was used to test differences between footwear conditions in
eccentric and concentric phases by intensity. Using ANOVA versus conducting multiple T–test was a
benefit to the study. ANOVA decreases the chance of making a type 1 error. If there was statistical
significance identified from the analysis a post hoc test was ran to help identify where the
significance came from. In this study statistical analysis was performed using PASW

The Vs. Emission Testing
In a modern society, people always face the dilemma to choose whether obey ethic standards or gain
more profit. This problem is the much–debated one in that it affects everyone in their daily lives.
Despite various responses, people may have on the topic that the Volkswagen engineer James Liang
pleads guilty for his role in cheat U.S. emission test. Back to last year James Liang and his co–
conspirators designed and implemented software for new "EA 189" diesel engine, to cheat the
missions tests. They knew it was impossible to create a diesel engine that could meet the U.S.
emission standard, so they developed a software "defeat device," which could recognize the
difference between using the dynamometer to measure the emission quality in ... Show more content
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It is important to have an understanding of Maxim, Will, and Duty to better understand the
Categorical Imperative theory. Maxim is a subjective principle of volition; Kant believed that when
people were doing something, they always followed the general principle. For example, if one
person needed to borrow some money from his friend, and he knows that he was not able to pay it
back. However, he still borrowed that money from his friend. In this time, the general principle is
that whenever I need money, I can borrow it from the others, even though I know that I would not
give it back. So that people would follow this general principle under the same situation if they
argue with it. Also, the will means what makes a good man good is the will to have a decision that is
decided by universal moral law in some way. Besides, the last one is the duty, according to Kant's
theory; he believed that self–interest and motivation are different; how people act from the respect
of the universal law would make a good will. In another word, the theory of duty is a person with
the capacity to act morally to universal law. Furthermore, to better illustrate Kant's theory there is no
better way than comparing the differences between that with rule utilitarianism. The principle of
utility is "the greatest amount of good for the greatest number. ", which is also called
consequentialism; the moral behavior

Problems Associated With Ageing Human Skeletal Muscle
Quadriceps and Hamstring group of muscles play a very important role in everyday activities. These
group of muscles help us to walk, run, jump, squat etc1 Ageing however is an unavoidable
phenomenon. Aging is known to decrease muscular strength. (Grimby and Saltin,1983;Borges 1989)
.It is associated with increase in the subcutaneous fat, intramuscular fat and non–muscle tissue.(Rice
et al). Ageing human skeletal muscle has shown increase in the proportion of type 2 fibers
(glycolytic) along with decrease in the contractile ability. On the other hand training has shown to
improve the strength in elderly (Annianson & Gustafsson), 1981; Frontera et al 1990;C. L Rice et
al). The muscle weakness and wasting has been evaluated by dynamometer and compound
ultrasound imaging, Nuclear magnetic resonance etc.
One of the most common condition seen due to quadriceps weakness in old age is knee
osteoarthritis. The presence of this condition leads to pain , stiffness and reduction in range of
motion. A study done by Stephanie et al stated that reduction of muscle fiber and muscle size and
increase in fat and connective tissue is seen thus reducing the force generation capacity in old
individuals.
Few of these studies which I used in the presentation focused on comparing old and young women
on the other

Aspects of the Nervous System and Skeletal Neuromuscular...
For this experiment, different aspects of the nervous system and skeletal neuromuscular system were
analyzed. The nervous system is important when it comes to senses and this connects to the afferent
and efferent systems and integrating centers (Sherwood, 2010). Afferent systems are responsible for
collecting sensory information and relaying it to the integrating center where the efferent neurons
then send a response back to the muscles (Sherwood, 2010). This is important and was focused on in
many of these labs. Another important aspect of this lab was the spinal cord reflex arcs. The main
function of this mechanism is again related to the body sensing a sensation and the spinal cord
receiving the information and sending out a response. (Stevens, 1960) The spinal cord is in charge
of responding to the different information that the body senses. If this was not such, the body would
not be able to feel sensations. This can be seen when there is damage to the spinal cord. If there is
any damage then the information "felt" below the damage would not be sensed (Sherwood, 2010).
These experiments were done in order to connect the functions of the nervous system to their effect
on the muscles coordinating movements and actions. There were four separate hypotheses that
needed to be tested for this lab report. First, body parts that are primarily used for touch will have a
lower two–point threshold than parts that are not primarily used for touch. Second, stimulation will
cause a

Motor Recruitment And Fatigue Lab Report
EMG – Motor Recruitment and Fatigue
Author's Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
EMG – Motor Recruitment and Fatigue
Introduction
The main purpose of this laboratory was to help understand the relationship between electrical
activity in the forearm muscles, known as electromyography (EMG), and fatigue. By using the
information obtained between EMG and Dynamometry (DYN), motor unit recruitment and skeletal
muscle fatigue was examined. When a motor unit in the skeletal muscle is activated, it generates
electrical impulse signals, which result in contraction of a muscle. While the impulse generated by a
single motor unit is quite weak, the combination of several can be detected by surface electrodes
(EMG) (Michell, 2011). This is coupled with the measurement of power (DYN).
When all of the available motor units are recruited at maximum strength, the muscles will fatigue
rather quickly. However, when only a few of the motor units are recruited, the muscles will take
more time to fatigue as the motor units will use those that are in reserve whenever one reaches
fatigue (MacIntosh, Gardiner & McComas, 2006). For this experiment, it is expected that at the ...
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According to theory, the interval times should be longer than the continuous times because the
motor units have time to reenergize by getting re–oxygenated before the next power interval. The
difference in these results was most likely because the interval times were taken without enough
recovery time from the initial times to fatigue, causing grip strengths to be slightly weaker than if
there had been enough time to recover. Although together the interval times to fatigue were not what
were expected, the interval time to fatigue for 95% strength was 11 seconds longer than that of
maximum strength that still supports the opening theory and correlates with what was

Exercise Training : Aerobic Exercise
INTRODUCTION:
During exercise training, such as weight lifting or cycling, the muscles produce varying forces.
Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) is dependent on the training status of the individual, age,
sex, heredity, disease/injury as well as the type of activity being performed [1]. Exercise can be
categorized into two separate terms, anaerobic and aerobic activity. During aerobic exercise, such as
endurance activities, slow–twitch (type 1) muscle fibers are recruited, which contain a large supply
of myoglobin, mitochondria and blood capillaries, and are therefore resistant to fatigue [2]. The
other type of exercise is anaerobic, which utilizes fast–twitch (type II) muscle fibers for strength,
speed and power [2]. Muscular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is known as 'central fatigue' and becomes apparent when there is a decrease in the amount of
functioning motor units or a decline in motor unit firing rate [1]. Another term known as 'peripheral
fatigue' is related to the inhibition of excitation contraction coupling, which affects the transmission
of the action potential across the neuromuscular junction to the transverse tubules (T–tubules) [1]. In
order to examine fatigue during the endurance test, we will use force and electromyography (EMG)
measurements.
For this particular lab, muscular strength, fatigue and endurance were measured by performing
isometric forearm contractions. The purpose of this lab was to determine what happens to MVC
during a muscle fatigue test and 4 "recovery" contractions; in addition, various differences between
the generation of maximal force and the maintenance of MVC during the endurance test were also
established among the subjects. Another reason for this lab was to examine the relationship between
the subject characteristics, such as gender and training status, and their performance during both
maximal force production and the endurance test. It is predicted that the results will show a decrease
in MVC after the subject completes the muscle fatigue test as well as an increase in MVC during the
recovery process. It is also anticipated that the male subjects will generate higher force values in
comparison to the female participants due to increased muscle

What Is Locoregional Anesthesia?
Locoregional anesthesia was routinely used in non–fasting, cooperative or unfit patients while
general anesthesia was the routine in patients who are uncooperative, irritable or medically fit.
Pneumatic tourniquet was routinely applied at the midarm with pressure that was 70–100 mmHg
above systolic blood pressure. Place the patient supine on the operating table with the arm on an arm
board in 90° abduction, full extension of the elbow and forearm pronation. A straight longitudinal
dorsal incision was used for exposure of metacarpals; however, proximal phalanges were exposed
through a mid–lateral approach. The extensor apparatus was drawn aside and the periosteum was
longitudinally incised and elevated to expose the fracture site preventing

Competitive Joint Exercise Analysis
Patients in Group 2 (stretch kinesiatrics group) performed repetitive joint exercises for 15 minutes,
using an isokinetic dynamometer (CYBEX 6000®, Lumex Inc. Ronkonkoma, NY, USA). Before
starting the stretch exercise, the seat of the isokinetic dynamometer was folded to the rear;
depending on the presence or absence of hip joint flexion establishment, the patients took a position
somewhere between supine and the hip joint flexion position (maximum position at 30° of flexion).
Since the angular velocities of joints prevent possible muscle damage resulting from long hours of
joint exercises, relatively low velocities of 30 °/sec and 60 °/sec were chosen to simulate natural
joint exercises. For the bending and stretching joint exercises, four

Occupational Therapy Event Summary
Ramon Alexander and his family hosted an amazing event called the Women's Health and Fitness
Expo on Saturday July 9th, 2016. I attended this event Saturday morning from 11:00am to 2:30pm.
Florida A&M University occupational therapy second year students had a presentation table
available at this event along with many other organizations promoting health and fitness. A few of
my classmates were there to advocate for our profession, which is occupational therapy. We were
able to provide pamphlets with fun facts about several disorders or conditions such as arthritis,
amputations, stroke, and many more. The main objective was to educate individuals and promote
awarness on the handouts, equipment, and assistive devices that occupational therapist

High-Octane Road Control Case Study
(–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) Adjusting Tire Pressure
(–– removed HTML ––)
Inflate your tires to the maximum limit that's recommended by the manufacturer. Vehicles are
checked on a dynamometer to simulate typical low– and mid–speed driving situations. Tires inflated
to the highest recommended pressure generate less friction, which results in less strain on the
engine. (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) Get a Fresh Tank
of Gas (–– removed HTML ––)
It's best to purge your tank of old gas before testing. Refill the tank with the high–octane gas
available at a busy station so you don't have to worry about getting old, contaminated gas. High–
octane gas burns faster and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of course, it's necessary to do this well before your deadlines expires so that you'll have time to
budget for any essential repair work. (–– removed HTML ––) Other "Home Remedies" Might Cost
More than Fixing Smog–Related Problems (–– removed HTML ––)
There are many sketchy or risky ways to pass a smog test, but they are usually not worth the risk.
There are also ambiguous claims that tend to balance out under real–world conditions. For example,
some people claim that rainy weather can cause tires to slip when your vehicle is on the
dynamometer. However, the warm–up cycle usually dries the tires sufficiently so that moisture is
seldom a problem. Increased humidity can actually lower the emissions of certain pollutants. Some
"experts" recommend using all your gas or draining your tank and adding a small amount of ethanol
before the test. Ethanol burns hotter and cleaner, but you run the risk of overheating your engine.
The costs of this kind of damage far exceed what it would cost to repair your emissions system, and
you would need to drain your tank again or fill your tank to dilute the ethanol after the test. You
need a valid smog check certificate to sell your vehicle, and the test must be done within 90

Difference Between Finger And Tweezers Dexterity
Finger and Tweezers Dexterity
O'Connor Finger and Tweezers Dexterity Tests:
O'Connor Finger and Tweezers dexterity was developed by Jonson O'Connor of General Electric
Company in 1920s. Research in the past has demonstrated in the existence of a number of manual
dexterities. This test measures Finger Dexterity which involves the ability to–coordinate finger
movements in performing fine manipulations. Finger dexterity tests generally require grasping,
releasing or manipulation of small objects in which the finger tips is primarily used. In the tweezerss
dexterity tests the individual holds a pair of tweezerss in his preferred hand and performs
manipulation of small pins.
The instrument contains a wooden or a metal board consists of two halves. ... Show more content on
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Tester provides an inexpensive Means to access activity level and attention capacity. The subjects
task is to hold the stylus in nine different holes of diminishing size without touching the sides or
base plate. Tester is fitted with a Fault counter. An audible tone and visual red indicator responses
and provide immediate feed–back of performance.
Finger tapping Test:
The tapping rate is a psychological test given to assess the integrity of the neuromuscular system
and examine motor control. The finger tapping test has the advantage of being a relatively pure
neurologically driven motor task because the inertial and intersegment interactions are so small that
biomechanical influences on movement are reduced. Finger tapping involves three important
features: time, spatial amplitude, and frequency. Studies have reported that the average number of
taps per 10–second interval can be used to distinguish between patients with mild traumatic brain
injury and healthy controls, is slower in people one month after sustaining a mild traumatic brain
injury,]and in experienced boxers and soccer players who frequently "headed" the ball. The speed of
finger tapping has also been found to be related to severity of initial traumatic brain injury, and can
be used to help assess recovery from mild and moderate traumatic brain injuries

Volkswagen, The World's Best Selling Automotive Oem
Volkswagen (VW), the world 's best–selling automotive OEM, has been caught in a vehicle
emissions scandal of unprecedented proportions. At least 11 million diesel–powered VW cars
worldwide use a specially–coded piece of software to purposefully cheat during emissions testing.
The result is that VW 's diesel cars appear sufficiently clean to government regulators – enough to
be eligible for sale – but when consumers drive their cars in the real world, the vehicles ' software
switches the engines ' behavior: In consumer hands, these VW diesel engines switch into a mode
where they perform better (more power and more fuel efficient) but pollute up to 35 times more than
during official testing.
The initial fallout for VW has been swift and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even the U.S. tax agency is looking into VW 's cheating, because the OEM benefited from $52
million in tax credits for its "clean diesels" that have now turned out to be dirty.
VW is not the first OEM to court disaster. Other high–profile fiascoes include General Motors '
faulty ignition key, Firestone 's tread separation on Ford Explorers, and Takata 's exploding airbags.
All are bad, in their own way, and these OEMs survived, just like VW will. Yet these other fiascoes
involved an inadvertent flaw in the design or manufacturing, which dishonest and incompetent
managers later tried to cover up. The VW case is different: It appears that the OEM purposefully
engineered the cheat into its cars from day one.
The audacity and sophistication of VW 's cheating software is stunning: Its engineers apparently
programmed the cars to detect when a regulator like the U.S. EPA tested vehicles – doable because
testing uses a stationary dynamometer, where some of the vehicle 's wheels spin, but others do not.
For example, on a VW Jetta, the front wheels spin on a dynamometer because it is a front–wheel–
drive car, but its rear wheels are stationary. In real–world driving, all four wheels spin. VW
engineers appear to have used sensors to distinguish between these two modes, programming the
engine to behave in different ways depending on whether the car was being tested by the
government or being driven in the real

Kinesio Taping History
Sports have evolved a tremendous amount. Because the fact that sports have been evolving that
means that injuries are going to escalate into more of a medical issue. The only difference from past
injuries to injuries now is that we have medically evolved also. Medical treatments like physical
therapy, medications, and taping have evolved. Advancing in technology and how to prevent injuries
is also gradually evolving. There has been a numerous amount of different types of treatment and
one that has really evolved is taping. From since the thought of taping an injured part on your body,
taping has evolved in style, application, and brand style. From simple shin splints in walking to a
broken tibia in a football game, tape can help reduce the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were a total of eleven subjects that were seven males and four females. What Soylu measured
in this study was MVC's of sEMG electrodes that were placed along the right and left masseter
muscles. Kinesiology tape was later applied to the posterior to TMJ with no tension stretch in the
tape from the mouth and long the jaw line with then around fifteen percent tension. After the study
they concluded that there was no statistically significant difference from the measured parameters
before and after the kinesiology

Grip Strength Experiment
This experiment was conducted to see if icing certain muscles in the arm affects grip strength. An
electromyogram and dynamometer was used to test this theory. An electromyogram (EMG) is used
to record muscles contraction, and a dynamometer is used to test grip strength. The superficial
muscles in the forearm that contract when something is being gripped are flexor carpi radialis,
brachioradialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, and flexor digitorum superficialis muscles. When muscles are
fatigued, often times after sports practice or a game, ice is usually the go to. Some athletes take ice
baths to relax their body so the muscles don't get sore. This experiment will prove if ice relaxes the
muscles in the forearm and makes the grip weaker as the muscles are cold.
Methods ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A baseline test was measured for all of the participants. The ground electrode was placed on the
boney part of the anterior side of the wrist. The negative input was set on the flexor carpi radialis
muscle, and the positive input was placed on the brachioradialis muscle both on the right arm. The
dynamometer was placed in the right hand without any pressure on it and the participant laid his/her
arm on the table in a relaxed position. The EMG started the muscle reading while the arm was in a
relaxed position, and then the participant quickly squeezed the dynamometer as hard as they could
for a second or two. A week later the same participants laid their arm on a frozen ice pack, big
enough to cover the whole forearm, for fifteen minutes straight. The electrodes were then placed in
the same exact spots, and the test was taken exactly like the baseline tests were. During these tests
all of the cords for each electrode was laid on the table so they were not crossing or touching each
other while the measurements were being

Brain Anxiety Disorders: A Case Study
Comment: The subjects were patients who had suffered a stroke and were recruited from three local
rehabilitation hospitals in South Korea. They were recruited from a convenient sample of 50 patients
(26 males and 24 females). They were treated on an inpatient basis at the local rehabilitation
hospitals from May to October 2011. The ages of the subjects ranged from 47 to 72. "The inclusion
criteria were: hemiplegia resulting from a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), not from trauma, brain
tumor, surgery, or any other etiology; date of onset was at least six months before the date of
assessment; the patient had to been admitted for one–month intensive rehabilitation therapy (two
session of physical therapy and two sessions of occupational therapy ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is divided in 4 domain including motor function, sensation qualities, passive range of motor and
joint pain. Each domain contains multiple items. Each item is scored on a 3–point scale (0=cannot
perform, 1=perform partially, 2= perform fully). The motor domain includes items that assess
movement, coordination, and reflex activity of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, hip, knee, and
ankle. The motor portion of the evaluation ranges from 0 to 100 points (66 points for upper body
and 34 for lower body). The sensation portion of the evaluation includes light touch and position.
The score range from 0 to 24 points (12 points for the upper extremity and 12 for lower
extremity).The passive range of motor and joint pain scores range from 0 to 44 points including 24
points for the upper body and 20 points for the lower body. The FMA was translated from the
English to the Korean version with the permission of the original author for this study. Evaluations
took place in treatment rooms in which the subjects were familiar with to minimize errors. The
article does not state rather the subjects or researchers were

Smog Test Research Paper
If you just got your driver's license and your first vehicle, you are going to need to take your vehicle
in for a smog test. A smog test ensures that your vehicle's fumes are within the allowable limits.
Here are a few things you need to know and do in order to pass your fog test. Address Your Check
Engine Light If your check engine light is currently on, do not take your vehicle for a smog test just
yet. First, you need to take your vehicle to your mechanic and figure out why the check engine light
is on and you need to address the issues behind the check engine light. If your check engine light is
on, you will fail your smog test based on that fact alone. Additionally, if your check engine light is
on, that means something is wrong under ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Your tire pressure should be even on all sides. Having the tire pressure correct on your vehicle will
provide your vehicle with increased stability and accuracy when your vehicle is driven over the
dynamometer during your smog test. This will help keep your engine stable and the emissions from
your vehicle consistent. Checking and correcting your tire pressure may be what allows a borderline
vehicle to pass the smog test. Avoid Getting Tested On A Rainy Day If you can help it, avoid going
in for a smog test when it is rainy outside. When it is rainy outside, your car's tires will get wet. Wet
tires increases the chance that your tires will lose traction while on the dynamometer for the smog
test. This could compromise your test. The chance is low that a rainy day will cause you to fail your
smog test, but if you can help it, going on a dry day increases the chances that everything will go
right during your smog test. Warm Up Your Vehicle Finally, make sure that you warm up your
vehicle before you take it in for a smog test. Drive around for at least half an hour before you head
over to the smog testing facility. Driving around will ensure that your engine has had enough time to
warm–up so that it is running at it most optimum

Maximum Right Grip Strength Essay
Maximum Right Hand Grip Strength: College Athletes vs. Non–Athletes
Introduction
Hand grip is vital in daily life and sport events. The action of grip is formed when all finger joints,
the thumbs and the wrist flex. The grip strength is created by flexor muscles in the hand and the
forearm, while the wrist is stabilized by the extensor muscles in the forearm (Ward,¬ 2016). Since
hand grip is involved in actions of catching, throwing, shooting and holding objects, it plays a
significant role in many popular sports, such as tennis, baseball and basketball. A study conducted in
India compared the left and right hand grip strength between junior basketball players and volleyball
players. The result showed that basketball players, who were taller and had longer and wider hands,
had higher grip strength. The study concluded that the hand length and span contribute to the
difference in grip strength (Gaurav 2015).
Besides hand length, some other factors could also affect the strength of hand grip. Thus this
experiment is done to investigate if athletes' strong upper limb muscles also contribute to their high
grip strength. The difference in the maximum right hand grip strength between college athletes and
non–athletes were compared. The null hypothesis is that the maximum right hand grip strength is the
same for college athletes and non–athletes. The alternative hypothesis is that the maximum right
hand grip strength is different between college athletes and non–athletes.

Muscle Level Observation Report
Participants were tested concentrically at 60% in a seated position with the hips and knees in 90
degrees of flexion and the remainder of the body firmly strapped to the seat of the dynamometer.
Before tests had commenced, participants went through a series of warm ups consisting of
repetitions at 50%, 75% and 100% intensity. The participants took 1 minute of rest, the participants
then completed 3 separate trials at 100% intensity and the peak of these 3 trials were then averaged.
Determination of muscle volume was done by a 1.5–T Signa LX magnetic resonance imaging
device. While laying supine the scan measured both thighs on the femoral head to the tibiofemoral
joint. The muscle volume was determined by measuring muscle cross–sectional area ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of the 40, 2 were too busy, 2 moved, and 4 had reinjured the knee. Of the 32 results, muscle volume
had increased significantly on both groups. The quadriceps femoris increased 23.3% in the eccentric
group and 13%4% in the standard rehabilitation group. The structural increases were more than 50%
in the eccentric group compared to the standard rehabilitation group. Furthermore, the magnitude of
strength in the quadriceps femoris for the eccentric group was 33% compared to a mere 9% in the
standard rehabilitation class. Overall, the degree of improvement of the muscle at one year was
more than 50% greater in the eccentric group than the standard group. Furthermore, the overall
functional improvement in the eccentric group was significantly greater than that of the standard
group. These results of the study reinforce the potential benefits that can be produced from eccentric
resistance exercise during early rehabilitation for ACL–R. Currently there are some programs that
do not emphasize early resistance exercises or underdose the resistance of the exercises. These
factors may contribute to muscle volume and strength deficiencies during the first few months
following ACL–R and common deficits after one year. By using an intervention design to overload
muscle, it can optimize muscle volume and strength after

Grip Strength Essay
Grip Strength– Definition and Introduction
Grip strength is defined as the measurable ability to exert pressure with the hands, fingers, or both. It
is expressed numerically in either kilograms or pounds of pressure and is a quick and effective
method for providing information on a muscle or group of muscle's ability to use force and exert
pressure. Grip strength measurement is usually simpler and more cost effective than other methods,
making it a good option for muscle strength measurement. Also, grip strength can provide
information on a person's overall health status in regards to their functional capacity. While there is
not a direct mechanism between health status and grip strength, there are many articles regarding the
correlation between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NHANES 2011–2012 and 2013–2014 used the Takei Digital Grip Strength Dynamometer, Model
T.K.K.5401, for the grip strength examination section. The dynamometer was calibrated before
testing to ensure proper usage and the dynamometers were measured to ensure that they fit each
participant properly. Participants would try to perform the assessment while standing unless the
participant had conditions that prevented standing during the exam or if the participant could not
achieve the proper standing position to perform the test due to orthopedic or other limitations.
Limitations included functional pain, surgery, and other conditions that participants identified in
advance by questions from the tester. Arthritis and tendinitis diagnoses did not usually prevent the
participant from completing the test, but it could cause functional problems if the ailments severe
enough. If the tendinitis or arthritis were extremely severe, some participants would perform the test
seated or not complete the test at all. If the test is performed seated, the dynamometer could be
propped on a support pad. The support pad is usually used if there are conditions that cause the
participant to be unable to hold the dynamometer at a ninety degree angle, like arthritis or long nails.
The participant was allowed to practice with the non–dominant hand before completing the
assessment with the dominant

Experimental : Experimental Setup And Procedure
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP & PROCEDURE
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The details of the experimental set up are presented in this chapter and the alternations made to the
instrumentation are also described .The experimental setup is fabricated to fulfill the objective of the
present work. The various components of the experimental set up including modification are
presented in this chapter.
5.2 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
The experimental set up consists of engine, an alternator, and electrical load system, fuel tank,
Fig5.1 Experimental set up Engine:
The engine which is supplied by Suzuki Company the engine is single cylinder vertical type two–
stroke, air–coo1ed, and spark ignition engine.
Engine specifications:
Engine : SUZUKI engine, 2 stroke–movable.
Type : air–cooled
Ignition : Spark ignition (SI)
Maximum speed : 5000 rpm
Number of Cylinder : One
Bore : 50 mm
Stroke : 50 mm
Piston displacement : 98.2 cc
Compression Ratio : 6.7:1
Maximum HP : 7.8 HP Reasons for selecting the engine:
The above engine is one of the extensively used engines for commercial purpose in India. This
engine can with stand the peak pressures encountered because of its compression ratio .Further, the
necessary modifications on the piston crown can be easily carried out in this type of engine. Hence
this engine is selected for the present project work. Dynamometer:
The engine is coupled to a generated type electrical

Effectiveness Of Three Taping Techniques During Pain And...
SYNOPSIS
M.P.T
Programme
2012–2014
AMITY INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY
(AIPT)
Effectiveness of three taping techniques in pain and grip strength in throwers with tennis elbow–a
comparative study
Name
Gaurav joshi
Enrollment Number A1102713005
Programme
Master of Physiotherapy(2013–2015)
Elective
SPORTS
Contact Details GAURAV JOSHI C/O LATA JOSHI
STAFF HOUSE NO.7 MALLITAL,NAINITAL
PIN CODE–263001
PHONE NO–09758195814, 9560369332
EMAIL ID– gauravjoshi1690@gmail.com
Introduction
Tennis elbow also called as lateral epicondylitis, defined as a debilitating and painful condition of
the wrist extensor muscle which originate from the lateral humeral epicondyle. (Bisset et al
2005).The tendinous origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB),is the most common area
which is involved in the pathology. Repetitive trauma and overuse causes fibrosis and microtears in
the involved tissues.1 Recent research states that the condition is mostly degenerative rather than
inflammatory ie. microscopic injury to the tendon.2 Regan and colleagues examined the

histopathological features of 11 patients with lateral epicondylitis and confirmed that the cause of
recalcitrant lateral epicondylitis indicates a degenerative rather than inflammatory. Although the
base of ECRB is always involved, several studies have suggested that the origin of EDC is also
involved in LE.
The incidence of the condition varies from approx.1% to 3% in general population to 50% in

Choosing Six Test Report
Report
In this report I will be justifying why I have decided to choose these six test for my client these six
test include:
1. Sprint Test
2. 1–RM grip dynamometer
3. Sit and Reach Test
4. Vertical jump test
5. One minute sit–up test
6. Multi–stage fitness (Bleep test)
The purpose of these test were to test my clients general fitness
I decided to choose the sprint test for my client Reece is because my client plays basketball at a
performance level, in such a sport acceleration is very important this is because player have to be
quick on their feet for fast breaks, getting back on defence and outwitting an opponent. Most
running is conducted over a short distance. The reason why I also picked the sprint test is because he
also does athletics the reason why he also needs this trait is because Athletes who can move faster
than their opponents have an advantage. For example, a faster athlete may be able to finish the race
at a faster time. This test is carried out in a number of stages which are a properly carried out warm
up, a partner to measure 35 metres preferably with cones the athlete should then get into sprinting
position and when the partner yells go the athlete would then go on to running 35 meters this test
would need to be carried out 3 times it is acceptable if a break is taken ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For this test to work it would need to be carried out on a flat non slippery surface it would also
require a Bleep test audio and recording sheet so that athletes can record their scores. The test works
by the athlete running 20m in time with a beep from a CD recording. The athlete must place one
foot on or beyond the 20m marker at the end of each beep otherwise they

Skeletal Muscle Lab Report
Introduction:
Muscles are responsible for producing movement and maintaining positions in the body. Skeletal
muscles, specifically, are formed by one or more muscle fibers that are controlled by a nerve, this is
called a motor unit. For muscles to contract, the motor unit must be stimulated, thus allowing the
muscle fibers to contract. Through such contraction, our body is able to perform many tasks,
whether it is walking, jumping, or simply sitting up. When a muscle contracts, the strength that the
motor unit is able to 'pull' is known as the summation.
For this experiment, we will be examining the strength of the summation of both the dominant and
non–dominant hands of the subject pool by the use of a dynamometer. The dynamometer measures
the total strength of the muscles located in the hand and forearm. For this exercise, the dominant
hand refers to the hand an individual generally uses to perform fine motor skills, while non–
dominant indicates the hand an individual does not use for fine motor skills. Due to the involvement
of the muscles in the wrists, hands, and fingers needed in the execution of fine motor activities the
force generated by the dominant hand will be greater than the force created by the non–dominant
hand.
Methods: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each subject took a turn, gripping the dynamometer with their dominant hand as hard as they could.
These results were recorded on a sheet by a second student, this procedure was repeated a for a
second trial. The subject then repeated the procedure using their non–dominant hand. The larger, or
stronger, point was then taken from each hand and compiled onto a master list, consisting of their
name, sex, age, dominant hand data point, and non–dominant hand data

Kinesiology And Exercise
Purpose of the Present Study
The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of Kinesiology tape for increasing muscle
strength of lower leg and enhanced muscle function in male athletes. Also, to determine the role of
Kinesiology tape in injury prevention and sports rehabilitation.
Participants
Twenty physically active; 11 female and 9 male collegiate athletes around 21 and 24 (age mean:
23.8 yrs) who had been free from lower leg problems for 12 months and had no past history of lower
leg sprain participated in this study. Subjects with pre–existing hip, knee or thigh injury were
excluded from the study.All subjects had a comparative preparing volume (atleast 4 days/week and
maximum 5 days/week), which incorporated 2–hour sessions

Fugl-Meyer Assessment Paper
The Fugl–Meyer Assessment (FMA) scale is an impairment–based scale that is used to assess motor
deficits in neurological patients, focusing mainly on stroke patients in this study. It includes items of
upper and lower–limb sensation and motor control. However, in this study, only the upper limb
motor control will be used. Listed items in this scale are scored between 0, 1, and 2 where a score of
2 denotes the ability to respond correctly to a listed item. The scale consists of 62 items. Hence, the
maximum score for the FM is 124 if the complete response given to all items is summed. This scale
has previously been tested and shown to be both valid and reliable. (Amirabdollahian, Loureiro,
Gradwell, Collin, Harwin, & G., 2007) Majority of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Motor component of Functional Independence Measure (M–FIM) will also be used in this study. It
takes approximately 30 minutes to administer the tool. Its reliability has been graded as excellent
and its validity and responsiveness has been graded as adequate. (Barak, 2006) M–FIM has been
compared to Barthel Index (BI) as an outcome measure for activities of daily living and it has been
found that there is no difference in using both tools as an outcome measure as it showed similar
responsiveness. (Barak, 2006) For familiarity reasons of usage of tools, M–FIM will be used for this
study. The Motricity Index (MI) will also be used for measuring the participant's upper extremity
power. In this outcome measure, it involves grading strength by basing on patient's ability to activate
a muscle group, move a segment of the upper extremity through a range of motion and resist force
from the examiner. Criterion and construct validity of this tool has been undertaken in a study and
has shown significant correlations with other outcome measures such as the use of Manual Muscle
Testing and dynamometer. (Bohannon,

Resistance-Enhanced Dynamometer
Purpose
Lu, Chien, Chang, and Hsu had two primary purposes for their study. These purposes were to
determine if an examiner's strength have an affect on the validity of knee manual muscle testing
(MMT) strength measurements using a hand–held dynamometer (HHD), and whether increasing the
forces applied by an examiner using a resistance–enhanced dynamometer (RED) would positively
affect measurement validity.
Methods
The researchers recruited 25 young male volunteers without a history of injury to the knee, while 6
male and 6 female experienced individuals were the examiners for the tests. Using RED, HHD, and
a dynamometer (Kin–Com), the examiners measured maximum resisting forces of the knee flexors
and extensors. Each subject was assessed with each of the 3 testing devices, by 1 female and 1 male
examiner who both differed greatly in strength.
Results
The research shows poor–moderate associations between the HHD and Kin–Com, and a good–
excellent relationship between RED and Kin–Com. The male examiner's showed a higher validity
using the HHD, while both male and female examiner's results with the RED were very similar. The
force values found by RED were also very similar to those measured by Kin–Com, showing an
increase in validity without dependence on the examiner. There were also fewer systematic
variations between RED and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The poor to moderate validity of HHD suggested to be a result of the examiner's upper body
strength. The Kin–Com dynamometer's measurements required strength beyond the female
examiner's strength. When increasing the forces applied to the knee using RED, the validity of
MMT measurements showed to improve. Both male and female examiner's strength did not
significantly affect the validity of the measurements when using the RED. This suggests that the use
of a RED will be more reliable and valid than the use of a

Concentric And Isometric Muscle Torque Assessment
Assessment of eccentric, concentric and isometric muscle torque: Eccentric, concentric and
isometric muscle torque was assessed at 3 months after the date of burn injury by using a Biodex
Isokinetic Dynamometer (Biodex Medical System, Shirley, NY, USA). The isokinetic test for
eccentric and concentric torque was performed on the dominant leg extensors and tested at an
angular velocity of 150 o/s and the isometric torque at 0 o/s. The participants were seated and their
position stabilized with a restrained strap over the mid–thigh, pelvis, trunk and chest in accordance
to the Biodex Advantage Operating Manual, each participant was instructed to fold their arms across
the chest for each contraction to minimize any contribution of the upper body.

A Study On Open Chain Exercises
1. What research question does the proposed study seek to address?
The purpose of this study is to assess whether early or late start of OKC exercises of the quadriceps
muscle will improve overall strength without jeopardizing the integrity of the newly reconstructed
ACL graft. We hypothesize that early start of OKC exercises will increase quadriceps strength
quicker. Our study will assist Physical Therapists with the planning and intervention of appropriate
treatments for patients post ACL reconstruction. 2. How will the study contribute to existing
knowledge?
This study is important to determine whether the use of open chain exercises are beneficial for
increased quadriceps strength earlier in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What journals, publishers or conferences might be interested in receiving the results of this study?
American Journal of Sports Medicine
American Physical Therapy Association
Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine
Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy
4. What population of human participants (subjects) do you wish to study?
Our participants will be both males and females ages 18–50. They must have had a hamstring or
patella tendon graft used in their reconstruction. They must also be willing to participate in the
treatment protocol 3 times a week for 6 months time. The participants must have no prior knee
injuries, no pain in the contralateral knee and no co–morbidities such as diabetes, coronary artery
disease, osteoarthritis, or rheumatoid arthritis. We will not include any vulnerable populations such
as prisoners, pregnant women or cognitively compromised individuals in the study.
5. How many participants will be recruited?
We will recruit 120 participants to participate in this study with the expected attrition of
approximately 20. All participants will be required to sign a consent form to be involved in this
study (A–1). Participants will be assigned a number and then the numbers are drawn out of a hat to
determine which group they are assigned to; treatment group 1, treatment group 2, treatment group
3,

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