Description Of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens Essay

Description of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens Essay
INTRODUCTION
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens is an aerobic gram negative bacteria that is commonly known as a causal agent of Crown Gall disease in a wide array of
plants. Agrobacterium Tumefaciens uses horizontal gene transfer "which is any process in which an organism transfers genetic material to another cell
that is not its offspring." (Black, Microbiology, pg13) to cause tumors in plants. It causes tumors by transferring a small segment of its DNA and
inserting itself in a semi random location in the plants genome. We investigated the effect Agrobacterium Tumefaciens had on the Kalanchoe plant and
how it supported Koch's Postulates. Koch's Postulates was designed to determine the causal agents of plant disease and to associate a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
DISCUSSIONS
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate Agrobacterium Tumefaciens effect on the Kalanchoe plant and how it supported Koch's Postulates.
"Koch's postulate state that inoculation of a sample of the culture into a healthy susceptible animal or plant must produce the same disease. " (Black,
Microbiology, pg13) The results that I obtained in this experiment support this, that DNA from the Agrobacterium Tumefaciens had transferred itself in
a semi random location in the plants genome which yielded a white tumor growth on the leaf. Also Koch's Postulate states that "The specific causative
agent must be found in every case of the disease." (Black, Microbiology, pg13) Agrobacterium Tumefaciens is commonly known as causal agent of
Crown Gall disease amongst plants. Koch's third postulate states that "the disease organism must be isolated in a pure culture." (Black, Microbiology,
pg13) This is also proven, as the original bacteria that I used to inoculate the plant with was isolated in a pure culture. Additional experiments that can
be conducted, could be conducting the experiment again but this time rather use a wider variety of plants, instead of just one plant why not use several
different plants. Other options could be that we conduct the same experiment only this time increase the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Genetical Engineering is Wrong Essay
At one time, golden rice was just a wild idea that Ingo Potrykus thought up. Optimally, golden rice would improve the lives of millions of the poorest
people in the world. The rice would contain beta–carotene which is the building block for vitamin A. However, imagining golden rice was one thing
and bringing it into existence was another. He struggled for years with his colleagues to deal with the finicky growing habits of the rice they
transplanted to a greenhouse near the foot hills of the Swiss Alps. Potrykus and his colleagues became successful in the spring of 1999. By creating
golden rice, Potrykus wanted to be sure it would reach malnourished children of the developing world; those for whom it was intended. He knew that
would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are a few concerns with product such as golden rice. All foods created through genetic engineering, are potential sources of allergens. The genes
that are transferred contain instructions for making proteins, in which all proteins are not created equal– some proteins cause allergic reactions.
"Genetic pollution" is another major concern. Pollen grains from wind–pollinated plants as corn and canola, for example, are carried far and wide.
Transgenic canola, for instance, grown in one field can very easily pollinate nontransgenic plans grown in the next, obviously causing problems.
Ecological concerns also exist. Entomoligist John Losey performed an experiment by dusting Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn pollen on plants
populated by the monarch butterfly caterpillars. Many of the caterpillars died. Bt has different strains of which produce toxins that target specific
insects. Bt is claimed to be a safe and effective natural insecticide that is popular with organic farmers. Like anything, genetically engineered rice will
have it's pros and cons. Bina Robinson stated "the Food and Drug Administration seems to have left safety considerations up to biotech companies, who
see nothing wrong with snipping genes out of one species and inserting them into a completely unrelated one, thus blurring distinctions between plants
and animals. This constitutes a nightmare for people with food allergies or religious or ethical concerns about eating animals. We need to

Essay On Mutation
Spontaneous mutations occur during a normal cell process creating genetic changes (text p.206). There are varying types of spontaneous mutations
including, silent, missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations. How are these mutations the same and how are they different? Silent, missense, and
nonsense mutations all occur when base substitutions happen (text p.206). A base substitution is when the wrong nucleotide is incorporated during
DNA synthesis, this is the most common mutation (lecture). In a silent mutation a base substitution occurs, incorporating an incorrect nucleotide, the
result is a codon that codes for an amino acid that is the same as the wild type (text p. 206). In a missense mutation, the resulting mutant codon does not
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These mutations are ones that often produce stop codons, putting a halt to the creation of the protein with shortened amino acid sequences. They may
also generate proteins that do not function. By simply adding a single nucleotide you alter the coding outcomes of the remaining nucleotides down the
sequence. If one were to insert a sequence of three nucleotides, they would be inserting a complete amino acid. Because of this, there is a higher
likelihood that the sequence of three nucleotides would simple produce a new amino acid, rather than a stop codon, unless it itself was a stop codon.
This creation of a new amino acid to the sequence would elongating the genetic sequence and continue to produce a functioning protein while allowing
the remaining gene sequence to remain the same. Example 1.1: Insertion into a reading frame:
Reading Frame 1: Wild Type
AUG–––UUA–––UCA–––UAU–––AUC–––UAG
Met Leu Ser Tyr Ile STOP
The above frame demonstrates gene sequence with start and stop codons.
Reading Frame 2: Single Insertion:
AUG–––UUA–––UCA–––UAA–––UAU–––CUA–––G
Met Leu Ser STOP Tyr Leu The above frame demonstrates gene sequence with the insertion of a single nucleotide, resulting in a stop codon.
Reading Frame 3: 3 Nucleotide Insertion:
AUG–––UUA–––UCA–––CCU–––UAU–––AUC–––UAG
Met Leu Ser Pro Tyr Ile Stop
The above frame

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Soybean
Soybean is an important crop, with food, nutritional, industrial, and pharmaceutical uses. Soybean seeds contain about 40% protein and about 20% oil.
They are also abundant in physiologically active metabolites such as isoflavones, lecithins, tocopherols and saponins, in addition to functional proteins
and are used as an affordable source of foods that promote and maintain health (Sugano 2005).
The genomic era is now under way for soybean, as for other many crops. Recently, a soybean genomics database has been developed from the whole
genome sequence (Schmutz et al. 2010), and a large number of genomic, transcriptional, and functional annotated sequences can be retrieved from
Phytozome In addition to efforts to sequence the whole genome, several ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2006, Herman et al. 2003, Nishizawa et al. 2010).
ADVANTAGES OF SOYBEAS TRANSFORMATION
Insect and nematode resistance
Insecticidal crystal proteins (cry proteins or δ–endotoxins) are an active component of Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) toxin, a biological insecticide
(Tabashnik 1994). Expression of the Bt cry gene in soybean has proven highly effective for controlling insect pests , and the resistance to lepidopteran
pests in a transgenic line expressing Bt cry1A was confirmed under field conditions
Disease resistance
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is endemic in virtually all regions where soybeans are grown in the presence of vector insects. SMV can cause serious
yield losses (Ross 1969), so virus resistance is an essential trait for introduction
Abiotic stress tolerance
Drought stress is one of the major environmental limitations on crop production. Transgenic soybean expressing P5CR, encoding l–Δ1–pyrroline–5–
carboxylate reductase, which catalyzes the final step in proline biosynthesis, under the control of an inducible heat shock promoter was more tolerant to
drought and high temperature than non–transgenic plants (De Ronde et al. 2004a,

A Research Study On Gm Crops
GM crops are created by inserting a gene externally from an foreign source into unrelated species. This has granted an ability to overcome many
physiological barriers and to exchange genetic information among all living organisms. The purpose of genetic modification is to create a faster,
efficient, and much more precise way to achieve the same results from artificial selection. Additionally, it can be used in order to introduce a new trait
to the crop that would not be usually naturally occurring.
These GM crops can have many beneficial traits that improves the overall profile of the plant this includes: extended shelf–life, drought–tolerance,
pesticidal/herbicidal resistance, and increased nutritional yield, etc. Many GM crop examples ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, in order for geneticists to identify a gene of interest, they start by looking at other potential organisms.The geneticist has to identify the trait they
desire the organism to have and must find any other organisms that already contain that gene. Finding a novel gene of interest requires intensive
research into that gene as well as luck. As an example, if a scientist wanted a gene that improved the nutrient composition of a plant, they would look
through many organisms that they believed that produces that specific nutrient, additionally if a scientist wanted a crop to have a gene that allows it to
survive in drought conditions, they would most likely look for an organism living in those persistently hotter conditions. Additionally, this also involves
testing in order to find the organism with the most ideal and "worthy" trait.
Secondly, in order to isolate a gene of interest, comparative gene analysis must be done in order to locate and decode the specific organisms gene of
interest. Whole genome alignment is done with plants that have and do not have the gene to pinpoint the regions of difference, and if there are no pre–
sequenced genomes available to perform comparison tests, scientists will use gene knockouts on the plant genome till the characteristic of interest is
gone, thus identifying the gene that generates the

Gmo Annotated Bibliography
This article supplies a general overview about genetically modified crops in the United States. I will use the information in my research essay to
provide context about the science of GMOs. The source explains how "GM crops were introduced in the U.S. in the mid–1990s." It details how "the
term genetically modified... refers to the transfer of genes between organisms using a series of laboratory techniques for cloning genes, splicing DNA
segments together, and inserting genes into cells." The author comments that "genetically modified is an imprecise term and a potentially confusing
one, in that virtually everything we eat has been modified genetically through domestication from wild species and many generations of selection by
humans for desirable traits." In the United States, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, the source elaborates on the potential applications for genetically modified crops in the future (e.g., biofuels). The author also provides
information on how GMOs are regulated in the United States through the FDA, USDA, and EPA. Equally important, the source describes transgenes,
which are the transferred genes inserted into plant cells through use of gene gun or agrobacterium tumefaciens. The next step is to develop a whole
plant from the modified plant cells or tissues in "a process called tissue culture." The process is done under controlled conditions. Following the
completion of these steps, the crop developers complete a "series of evaluations." These evaluations include "strict guidelines" and monitoring to avoid
the risk of cross pollination. Overall, I think this article is great; it has useful facts and knowledge that I can incorporate into my essay. The article
explains how and why plants are genetically modified, in addition to which GM crops are most prevalent. It was written by Professor Patrick Byrne
from Colorado State

Genetically Modified Food Essay
Allergies can cause a severe, and occasionally fatal, reaction in those who suffer from such a condition. 3.7% (approximately twelve million people) of
the population of the United States suffers from food–related allergies (Held 1). This statistic, paired with the use of genetic modification, has created a
dangerous guessing game as to what these people can safely consume. This danger relating to allergies is one of the many undesirable effects of genetic
modification. In order to protect us from their hazardous effects, it is imperative that genetically modified foods (GMFs) be clearly labelled. In order to
fully understand the consequences of the commercial use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the production of our food, we ... Show more
CRISPR, developed by scientists Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, has an origin in bacteria (Regalado 1). Certain strains of bacteria (such
as the most commonly utilized form of Agrobacterium tumefaciens) are able to modify the genetic code of its host (Johnson 2). In the wild, this ability
would be used as a means of becoming a parasite and using the organism to its advantage. In science, this ability is used as a simplified method of
adding desirable genes to an organism, or deleting those which are not deemed helpful. CRISPR has been designed to model this behavior in a more
robotic way; it is a simple script meant to copy, paste, or delete genes. Because CRISPR technology has been made available to the public, fears have
risen that manufacturers currently are not being careful enough and are thus creating unstable organisms all for the purpose of making a profit. The
most prominent threat to humankind is the fact that genetic modification has been linked to numerous diseases in humans. One of these conditions is
the matter of food allergies and the likelihood of allergens becoming present in otherwise safe foods. The Union of Concerned Scientists posted an
article concerning the addition of genes originating in brazil nuts into soybeans. In a situation such as this, "genes from an allergenic plant could
transfer [an] unwanted trait to the target plant" ("Genetic

Essay On Genetically Modified Crops
Genetically Modified Crop Plants
Biological Basis
Genetically modified crops (GMCs) are also referred to as biotech crops and are plants which are used in Agriculture. Their genes (DNA) are modified
through genetic engineering methods with an objective of introducing a new trait that is not found in the natural species. Genetic engineering is the
manipulation of the genes of the crop by use of biotechnology. First, genetic engineers select which genes they want to insert into the crop and then a
genetic screen is done to determine the potential genes. Genomic sequencing technique is used to find the suitable gene that can be used in the process.
The next stage is the isolation of the candidate gene whereby the cell containing the gene is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For gene engineering, transfer DNA (t–DNA) is eliminated from the plasmid of the bacteria and then substituted with the desired foreign gene. It is then
transferred to a random site in the genome of the plant. There are various types of modifications that are made to the crops namely subgenic, transgenic
and cisgenic. Cisgenic plants are modified utilizing the genes that are found within the same species for which plant breeding can exist. Transgenic
modifications involve inserting genes from another species, and usually, the genes have improved properties. Lastly, subgenic modifications involve
using gene knockout or knockdown in altering genetic makeup without inserting genes from other crops (Liu, 2013).
Gene modification is done to help increase the yields of the crops. For example, it was found out that yields improved by 9% for herbicide–resistant
modified plants and 25% for insect–tolerant crops. The farmers who utilized GMCs crops for farming made a 69% profit increase than those who had
not adopted (De Vendômois, 2010). Also, the modification of the plants was done to improve their traits. The improved traits include; increased self–
life, herbicide resistance, pest resistance and disease resistance. Engineers have been working to ensure improved traits increase the yields and boost the
economy of the countries that have

Characteristics And Mechanisms Of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens
I. Introduction
If I told you there was an organism that can sniff out it's victim, approach it, infect it, and cause cancer, would you believe it can also genetically
modify it's hosts to incorporate beneficial novel genes? Agrobacterium tumefaciens is an unsung villain/hero that is in fact, capable of such amazing
things. Agrobacteria tumefaciens is a bacterium that parasitizes plant tissue, and causes what is often referred to as "crown gall"– yet it is more the
virally– reminiscent mechanism through which this occurs than the physical deformity itself that is of interest. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is motile and
utilizes chemo taxis paired with its intrinsic secret weapon– the Ti plasmid– in order to accomplish gall formation. Not only is the pathogenesis of this
bacteria fascinating, but it moreover leaves scientists with the opportunity to employ certain abilities of A. tumefaciens to engineer crops– rendering
Agrobacterium tumefaciens very integral to modern agriculture, and future research. However with great power comes great responsibility, and we will
see yet, through examining the characteristics and mechanisms of Agrobacterium tumefaciens whether it is a villain, or a hero!
II. Isolation and Subsequent Culturing Culturing Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been essential in discovering the full mechanisms of its infection and
tumor formation. Moreover, A. tumefaciens can be isolated from multiple sources including water, soil, and the gall of infected plants

Protista Essay
Protista are simple eukaryotic organisms where the DNA is enclosed in a nucleus inside the cell. Protists are not animals, plants or fungi. Protists can be
classified in to four general subgroups, the plantlike algae, animal–like protozoans, fungus–like slime molds and water molds. Protozoa are mostly the
predators and parasites, for example, Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp.. They live in water and moist terrestrial habitats.
From all the microbes, viruses are the simplest and tiniest, just a ball of genes wrapped in a shell, about a millionth of an inch across. Viruses are unique
because they only alive and able to multiply inside the cells of other living organisms, also called the host cell. Viruses are found in about every
material and environment on earth from soil to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Application of microbe in industry/industries with examples
Microbes usually applied in agriculture industry because expert find out that microorganism found in the soil can help to improve agricultural
productivity. For example, microbes like Agrobacterium tumefaciens are used in plants and this will cause the plants to be genetic engineered so that
they become more resistant to certain pests, herbicides and diseases. Furthermore, microbe like Bacillus thuringensis is used in plant too in order to
supply protein that is lethal to insects when they consume it. This can reduce the use of chemical insecticides and become more eco–friendly to the
environment.
Furthermore, microbes are key component in food industry. Fermentation processes can be carried out by using the microbes like lactic acid, yeast,
moulds and bacteria to make food products like beer, bread, yoghurt and cheese. For example, the bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus is used to
produce yogurt. Besides, bacterial acetic acid fermentation can produce vinegars. A microbe called Aspergillus sp. is used in the production of alcoholic
beverages and also commonly used in the large–scale fermentation in the production of Japanese

Food Culture
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Citation:
"Update: Genetically Modified Food." Issues & Controversies On File: n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 31 Dec.
2008. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. <http://www.2facts.com/article/i1000400>.
Facts On File News Services ' automatically generated MLA citations have been updated according to the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research
Papers, 7th edition.
American Psychological Association (APA)
Citation format:
The title of the article. (Year, Month Day). Issues & Controversies On File. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Issues & Controversies
database.
See the American Psychological Association (APA) Style Citations for more information on citing in APA style. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Europeans, for example, have been highly skeptical of any benefits they might gain from GM foods. Many nations in the European Union (EU) have
effectively banned imports of what they refer to as "Frankenfoods," a reference to the famous story of the fictional monster assembled by Dr.
Frankenstein from miscellaneous spare parts. The U.S claims that the EU 's anti–GM food policy violates free trade laws.
Many questions remain regarding the future of GM foods. Should they continue to be sold in the U.S., even though they may have unforeseen negative
consequences? Or should the U.S. take a cue from the EU and limit the selling of GM foods until they are unequivocally proven to be risk–free? Do the
possible future health benefits of GM foods––such as fruits and vegetables with extra vitamins and vaccines built into their DNA––cancel out any
potential risks that the new technology brings?
Supporters of GM foods say that since there has been no evidence of GM foods harming humans, it is reasonable to assume that they are safe for
consumption. GM food backers denounce criticism of genetic engineering as fear–mongering. Besides, they argue, no new technology is without a
certain degree of risk. GM food supporters believe that the possible health benefits of GM foods overwhelm any possible dangers.
Supporters of biotech crops also maintain that if GM food technology is allowed to develop, it may prove to be instrumental in eliminating world
hunger.

Genetically Modified Foods : Genetic Modification
Genetically Modified Foods
Based on our studies, for years ancient farmers had been altering the genetic makeup of many crops. The old day approaches used to be simple and new
varieties of produces were made through a mixture of trial and error, without knowing the exact function of the genes being moved around. The ancient
farmers would pick an organism with a favorable trait or characteristic and would match them with some distantly related species through forced
pollinations (Wilson, 2013). According to Wilson (2013), the speed and accuracy of these changes are the only difference between the traditional ways
of genetically modifying crops and the modern methods of genetically engineering food. Nowadays, genetic modification is defined ... Show more
For the sake of the argument, the process of genetically modified soybeans is going to be explained. GM crop plants contain artificially inserted genes
or transgenes from other unrelated plant or from a completely different species through advanced genetic engineering techniques, (Singh, Ghai, Paul,
Jain, 2006, p. 599). According to Singh et al, (2006) one possible result for a genetically modified Soybean (Glycine maxL.) is as followed: Phenotypic
trait is Glyphosate herbicide resistance, the Transgene is Mutant EPSPS gene, and the Trait introduction method is Agrobacterium tumefaciens–
mediated plant transformation or Micro–particle bombardment of plant cells or tissue (p.599). In order to genetically modify a soybean's genetic make–
up, the gene to be introduced into the soybean is first isolated. In this isolation process a marker gene gets injected to the soybean so the modified cells
and unmodified cells can be distinguished. This marker gene typically converse resistance to a selective agent, often an antibiotic, so the unmodified
cells can simply get killed and consequently leave the modified cells behind, and then the other gene is meant to confer a desirable phenotype, which is
often herbicide and pest resistant and/or has other food qualities such as shelf–life, taste, and/or nutritional value, (Celec, P., Kukučkovác M,
Renczésovác V, Natarajanc, S, Pálffy, R,

A Research Study On Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is using molecular biology methods to modify the genetic information of an organism. Its aims include learning about the biology
of an organism and generating new or improved commercial products. Plant biotechnology is manipulating plants specifically to improve agricultural
needs. GMOs or genetically modified organisms are organisms modified by genetic engineering to express desirable traits. DNA fragments containing
said desirable traits and a means of introducing the DNA to the host plants is required for genetic engineering. Some common methods of introducing
DNA fragments to plants include the use of viruses, chemicals, some means of physical insertion, or the use of agrobacterium.
Mysore et al aimed to study the mechanism of Agrobacterium transformation, DNA transfer, and the possible limits of genetic engineering. A
complementation test of rat5 mutant and Histone H2A (RAT5) showed rat5 mutant is responsible for the mutant phenotype. Transient and stable β–
glucuronidase expression and T–DNA levels of wild type and rat5 Arabidopsis plants showed that the rat5 mutant is deficient in T–DNA integration.
The researchers also thought rat5 could be haploinsufficient and to test this hypothesis they transformed wild type plants with A. tumefaciens
GV3101(pE1553) and found the rat5 mutant does not show dominance in WT plants.1 So, two copies of RAT5 gene are necessary to conduct
Agrobacterium–mediated transformation. This paper examines a protein gene (H2A)

The Pros And Cons Of Genetically Modified Organisms
Most Americans are unaware they are eating genetically modified foods every single day*. According to the US Department of Agriculture, ninety
percent of US soybeans, sugar beets, and corn are genetically modified. Food ingredients made from those crops such as high fructose corn syrup,
dextrose, soy lecithin, and corn starch are found in most processed and packaged foods, sodas, and cereals*. Not only are Americans eating these
genetically modified organisms – we are also producing them. The United States is the largest global producer of GMOs, accounting for forty percent
of the cropping acres planted worldwide*. Monsanto, a publicly traded American multinational biotechnology corporation, controls eighty percent of
the GM corn market and ninety–three percent of the GM soy market in the United States*. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Critics would suggest that the widespread dependence on Monsanto's GM seeds gives the company too much power over the global food supply*.
Critics are also skeptical about the threat GMOs pose on human health. Despite broad scientific consensus that GM foods pose no greater risk than
conventionally grown foods, sixty four countries including the European Union, Brazil, Australia, Japan, and China require foods containing GMO
ingredients to be labelled. The main topics of controversy concerning genetically modified organisms are: their effect on the environment, the
regulations enforced on their production and international trade, their effects on human and animal welfare, those who profit from the GMO
marketplace, and ethical, moral, and religious beliefs. In order to choose a side in the GMO controversy, we must open–mindedly draw out the
strengths and weaknesses presented by both

Persuasive Speech Outline On Gmo
GMO's: What Are They?
Topic: Genetically Modified Organisms
Organization: Topically
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about
I) Introduction
1. Attention getter: Whenever you hear the word genetically modified or genetically engineered, what do you think? Some people think of enormous
fruits and vegetables or huge chickens that can't even walk, but that's not the case.
2. Relevance: Genetically modified organisms, more commonly known as GMO's are the topic of many conversations concerning food safety.
3. Credibility Statement:
4. Central Idea: GMO's are an important part of many people's lives, and they provide millions with the healthy, nutritional food they need to live.
5. Initial Preview: Throughout this speech you will learn about what GMO's are.
II) Body ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Dictionary.com, GMO is an organism whose genome has been altered through genetic engineering so that its DNA contains one or more
genes not normally found there (gmo).
2. GMO's are used to increase crop yields and produce larger crops to be able to feed more people. In fact, many crops commonly in use today are
genetically engineered (Wax 2016). Some of these include soybean, cotton, and corn. These three crops are then use in industrial factories to produce
products such as sweeteners, oils, and starches.
Transition to 2nd Main Point: Now that we know what a GMO is, how are they made?
Point 2: GMO production takes quite the effort.
1. Say you're growing some corn and don't want it to die from a disease that's been spreading around recently. The first thing you're going to want to do
is select a trait you want, which in this case, is disease resistance (Powell 2015).
2. Next, you're going to find a plant that has that disease resistance, and isolate that gene by using a comparative analysis, or looking side by side at the
genes of a plant with the trait and one without it (Powell

The Impact Of Poplar Plantation On The World 's Largest...
Poplar is a versatile tree species that is highly amenable to vegetative propagation (Jiaxing et al. 2014), it has a rapid growth rate, which is a good
model system for the transformation of woody plant species (Ali–Movahedi et al.2014). These trees are highly beneficial to our environment; their
oxygen plays a vital role in the protection of soil erosion in eastern China. They are used as habitat for wildlife, soil carbon sequestration, and
phytoremediation. They are able to grow in lowland and highland forestation (Bernd et al., 2004), which makes them very important to the pulp, paper,
and cosmetic industries (Ferreira et al., 2009). The P. deltoides are one of the fastest growing trees in North America (Haverbeke et al., 2000). They are
the largest North American hardwood tree (Steve Nix, et al., 2001). Poplar plantation plays an important role in eastern China agriculture industries. In
2002, the Republic of China launched the world 's largest tree planting project, within the same year their State Forestry Administration approved
genetically modified poplars for commercial planting. China has over one million genetically modified crops that have been planted (Chris Lang,
2004). Furthermore, they have over 7.0 million hm2 poplars planted, which makes them one of the countries with the largest poplar plantation. As
many countries, The Chinese government is highly interested in poplar plantations for a stronger social, economic,

Benefits Of Genetically Modified Crops
The topic of GM crops is perhaps one of the most exiting and continually growing aspects of genetic science. It has an interesting history, many and
varied applications, well–researched techniques and its own set of issues ripe for debate; this essay will discuss these aspects.
Genetically modified crops have been a large part of the agricultural landscape for thousands of years. Ever since wild crops were domesticated by the
first farmers domesticated wild varieties of grains and tubers. Simply by selecting the most hardy and highest yielding wild strains early farmers began
genetic modification. These plants were then selectively bred for thousands of years so as to further increase their yields and tolerance to damage. In
more recent history efforts to modify the genes of plants using methods other than selective breeding were attempted.
Hermann Muller, in 1926, discovered that dosing organisms with X–rays caused lethal genetic mutations. This technology was proposed to modify
organisms in non–lethal ways using varying doses of x–rays (Carlson, 1983).
But the biggest and most progressing genetic technology was the invention of recombinant DNA splicing in the late 1970's. This technology
revolutionised the way in which genetic modification was thought about, it provided an effective method genetic manipulation and opened the door for
many future advances in genetic science. This advance in technology allowed for the 1987 creation of the first GM crop, a tobacco crop

Genetically Modified Organisms And Stem-Food Report
With reference to a recent news report analyse how genetically modified products are created and evaluate the use of stem cells to combat disease.
Genetic modification is the manipulation of DNA in an organism. It involves extracting a gene from one organism then inserting it into another
organism that is usually of a different species but can be the same. The genes can also be manufactured instead of being extracted from the organism.
Genetic modification can be done to plants, animals and even food. Genetically modified products can benefit humans in many ways such as
genetically modified plants can be used to reduce vitamin deficiency (CGP A2–Level Biology Revision Guide, 2009).
In 2005, UK scientists developed a new strain of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lastly, the agrobacterium tumefaciens insert the genes into the plant cells' DNA which then creates transformed rice plant cells. Now the rice plant cells
grow on a selective medium. Only the transformed rice plants will be able to grow due to them containing the marker gene which is needed to grow on
this medium (CGP A2–Level Biology Revision Guide, 2009).
Although golden rice is great in the way it helps with a vitamin A deficiency and in reducing colour blindness, there are disadvantages, such as there are
concerns that food from genetically modified plants might harm people and fears that it could cross–breed with and contaminate wild rice (BBC
Bitesize, 2017).
Evaluation of stem cells and other methods of genetic modification.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells which can develop into any cell. Stem cells then divide to become specialized through a process called
differentiation. Stem cells in humans are found in early embryos and in a few places in adults (CGP AS–Level Biology Revision Guide, 2008). Stem
cells are found in every human body in limited amounts and can be taken from adult tissues without harm (Thought Co, 2017).
The two main types of stem cells are embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Most embryonic stem cells are from IVF clinics that have been donated
for research purposes with informed consent from the donors. They do not come from fertilized eggs in a woman's body.

Benefits Of Genetically Modified Crops
Genetically Modified Crops Genetically modified crops are an incredibly important issue that everyone should be aware of since it is something we are
exposed to at a daily basis. Genetically modified crops also known as GM crops or Biotech crops has been one of the most heated debates of issues
within our society. The debate about the safety, concerns and disadvantages of GM crops have raged since the mid 1990 's but this is due to the lack of
knowledge of the general public. Many people are unaware of what the GM crops actually are and what they offer. Genetically modified crops are
plants that are used in the agriculture and have been modified to initiate a new trait to plants that does not happen naturally in the species. These plants
are modified using genetic engineering techniques to enhance desired traits. GM crops are made when genes of commercial interest are transferred
from one organism to another.() There are many methods used for the production of GM crops but the two primary used for plant insertion are gene
guns and agrobacterium tumefaciens. There are also three types of modifications which are transgenic, cisgenic, and subgenic plants. However, there
are a number of issues that surround this controversial topic such as environmental, health, and economic concerns. Even though there are some
worrying facts about GM crops people don 't realize the advantages or the ways it has helped humans as well as animals. There are many reasons why
GM crops are proven

The Development And Production Of Golden Rice
Transgenesis is the genetic modification of the traits of an organism through the transfer of genetic material from one species to another [8]. This
method is when a gene is inserted into a different specie so that the organism will attain the desired gene from the foreign (different) specie. These
organisms can express the genes from foreign species because the genetic code for all organisms is similar which results in that particular DNA
sequence that codes for the same proteins and therefore the same trait and will be present in the newly inserted foreign organism containing the desired
gene.
Transgenesis occurs mainly because of human manipulation with the purpose of improving animals and plants, modifying crops and also using these
organisms as bio–factories for human gain/ benefit.
The development and production of Golden Rice is a good example of transgenesis and the method of Agrobacterium which was found due to the work
of two European scientific who discovered the addition of foreign genes of daffodil plant and soil bacterial would produce provitamin– A as a way to
prevent vitamin A deficiencies all over the world, especially in developing counties. The technique of using agrobacterium uses a naturally occurring
soil bacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) that has the ability to change a plant 's genes by invading it through its roots or stem. The end result would
be the production of beta carotene in the rice's endosperm (makes up the majority of the rice grain

DORN1
DORN (Does Not Respond to Nucleotides 1), DORN1, L–Type Lectin Receptor Kinase I.9, LECRK–I.9 are synonymous. According to TAIR database,
LECRK–I.9 is involved in protein–protein interactions with RGD–containing proteins as potential ligands, role in cell wall–plasma membrane adhesion
and involved in Phytophthora resistance. The mutant dorn1 is defective in LECRK I.9. DORN1, binds ATP with high affinity and is required for: ATP–
induced calcium response, mitogen–activated protein kinase activation, gene expression. Ectopic expression of DORN1 increased the plant response to
physical wounding. Choi et.al. (2014) demonstrated that DORN1 is essential for perception of extracellular ATP and likely plays a variety of roles in
plant stress resistance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A. tumefaciens (strain LBA4404) carrying pCAMBIA 1200 35S harboring oxDORN1 gen and A. tumefaciens (strain LBA4404) carrying pCAMBIA
1200 35S empty vector were supplied by Dr. Kiwamu Tanaka. Agro–infiltration on N. benthamiana leaves was made following the procedure of De
Felippes and Weigel (2009) and adapting the O.D. and time of the day for agroinfiltration. Four weeks old N. benthamiana plants were agroinfiltrated.
Three days after agroinfiltration, leaves for inoculated with TSWV. A total of five greenhouse assays were performed in order to determine the better
setup to test effect of oxDORN1 on TSWV levels. The first three were to optimize the experiment, the fourth and the fifth were to evaluate the effect.
The final treatments consisted of a) N. benthamiana inoculated with buffer phosphate; b) A. tumefaciens strain LB4404 pCAMBIA1200 empty
inoculated with TSWV (O.D.600nm 0.40); c) A. tumefaciens strain LB4404 pCAMBIA1200 35s oxDORN1 inoculated with TSWV (O.D.600nm 0.45)
d) N. benthamiana inoculated with TSWV. Three plants per treatment, three leaves agroinfiltrated (# 5, # 6, #7) and three days after were inoculated.
The inoculated leaves were harvested at 3, 7 and 10 days post–inoculation (dpi) and tested by ELISA. The results of the transient expression of
oxDORN1 did not show any differences in the level of N protein

Transgenic Plants And Its Effects Essay
A few years back, the idea of utilizing Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a vector to make transgenic plants was seen as a prospect and a "wish." Today,
numerous agronomically and horticulturally vital species are routinely changed utilizing this bacterium, and the rundown of species that is defenseless
to Agrobacterium interceded change appears to develop day by day.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a gram–negative rod shaped microscopic bacteria firmly identified with nitrogen–fixing microorganisms which abide at
root knobs in vegetables. Not at all like most other soil–staying microscopic organisms, it is pathogenic and contaminates the bases of plants to bring
about Crown Gall Disease. In the wild A. tumefaciens targets dicots, and causes economical harm to plants like, walnuts, tomatoes and roses. Different
remediation strategies, including usage of a strain of firmly related microscopic organisms (Agrobacterium radiobacter) control and restrict its harm,
however it is likewise valuable as a genetic designing instrument in plants. It is well known for exploiting its host by infusing a section of DNA from its
Ti (tumor inciting) plasmid into its host, bringing about the plant to discharge opines that the microbes use as a vitality source. In recent times
researchers have abused thie capacity of this microscopic organism to place DNA into its host to make transgenic plants. A. tumefaciens have risen as a
vital sub–atomic device for controlling plants and making hereditarily

Genetically Modified Organisms Are Safe And Should Be Used
Day in and day out we are beginning to eat more and more foods with genetically modified organisms. A genetically modified organism is living
organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering. Although some see this as a bad thing, I
personally feel that GMOs are safe and should be used routinely. Corn for example, is something that is used daily in the study of genetic
modifications. One large example of the genetic modification is Bt corn.
Corn has been around for many years and has served many useful purposes for humans. About eighty million acres are growing with corn crops
(Capehart 1), Corn is an ingredient in a multitude of food and manufactured products such as starch, sweeteners, corn oil, drinking and rubbing alcohol
(Capehart 1). The first genetically modified corn crop was planted in the United States in 1996 (Thomson 20). From 1996 to present day, the presence
of genetically modified corn has increased considerably. The production of Bt–corn occurs in five steps. The first step is removing the desired gene
from the organism. This step is a highly restrictive step due to the inadequate amount of information known about certain genes needed to enhance the
genetic makeup of plants (Romero 1). Two main functions involved in this step are restriction enzymes and DNA ligase (Romero 1). The DNA ligase
puts the DNA fragments back together. The second step is cloning the desired gene. The gene now undergoes a

Emerge of recombinant DNA technology provided
Emerge of recombinant DNA technology provided an immense potential in the field of plant transformation. Transgenic plants detection in most crop
species in order to minimize regeneration of non–transformed tissues after transformation requires the use of selectable marker genes and selective
agents. The commonly used selectable markers in plant transformation systems are genes conferring resistance to toxic compounds such as herbicides
or antibiotics. The negative selectable marker genes routinely used in Nicotiana tabacum transformation are genes that confer resistance to the antibiotic
kanamycin. However, the presence of these genes or the derived proteins are undesirable in crop plants grown in the field, because of the public
concern ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Phosphomannose isomerase is a key enzyme for mannose metabolism converts mannose–6–phosphate into fructose–6–phosphate, which enters the
glycolytic pathway after isomerization to fructose–6–phosphate, thus allows mannose to become a sole carbon source.
The PMI enzyme is widespread in nature, occur in bacteria, yeast, and mammals (including humans), but there are only a few plant species like
soybeans and several other legumes where the enzyme presence has been reported (Lee and Matheson, 1984). However, PMI expression in plants is
quite variable. While Man is utterly toxic to the growth of plants such as corn and wheat (Wright et al., 2001), measured PMI activity in Nicotiana
tabacum suspension cells is relatively low which bring about slow metabolism of Man. These levels seem likely to be representative of tobacco in
general, being similar to levels found in tobacco leaves (Barb et al., 2003). The PMI/mannose selection system has been successfully used for the
regeneration of transgenic plants from several important crops such as sugar beet (Joersbo et al.,1998), cassava (Zhang and Puonti–Kaerlas 2000),
maize (Negrotto et al., 2000; Wright et al., 2001), wheat (Wright et al., 2001), rice (Lucca et al., 2001), Arabidopsis (Todd and Tague, 2001), pepper
(Kim et al. 2002), sweet orange (Boscariol et al., 2003), pearl millet (O′Kennedy et al., 2004), tomato (Sigareva et al. 2004),

Monsanto Research Paper
MON87705, commercially "Vistive Gold", also known as Improved Fatty Acid Profile Soybean MON 87705, is one of Monsanto's "Round–up ready"
type GMOs. In the soybean, three genes were modified in three different areas. Glyphosate, a competitive inhibitor for phosphoenolpyruvate, is a
commonly used herbicide that increases a farmer's yield. However, this herbicide is fatal to plants if too much is used. Glyphosate interferes with the
biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, which are only synthesized in plants and microorganisms. In
Monsanto's genetically modified soybean, the CP4 EPSPS Agrobacterium gene (5–enolpyruvylshikimate–3– phosphate synthase) is incorporated. The
CP4 ESPS gene is used as a selectable marker to identify transgenic plants during the transformation process. The insertion of this gene ... Show more
Indoor growing has virtually no risk of having any weeds growing in the first place, so herbicides would not be needed in that situation. Also, recently,
there is a new invention called the Harrington Seed Destructor. In Australia, resistant weeds have taken most of Western Australia. Since Australian
farmers turned to using herbicides, the weeds have quickly become multiresistant– to at least four classes of herbicides in a matter of years. The only
herbicide classes, called Photosystem II and long–chain fatty acid inhibitors remain effective everywhere. However, non–chemical ways of disposing
with weeds, such as ryegrass, have been effectively destroying 95% of the ryegrass population, also returning the nutrients from the chaff of the weed
back into the soil. Using these two solutions, farmers can grow Genetically Modified Seeds without trouble, and retain the benefits of the GMOs
without receiving the bad

The Effects Of Population Control And Population Control
Pain comes on a spectrum. Pain can be a piercing pain, like a needle piercing the skin. Pain can be throbbing waves of delirium that come from getting
hit in the head. Pain can be an internal stimulus that inhibits thoughts of bliss. Hunger is the pain or uneasy sensation caused by the want of food, and
affects a large amount of people worldwide. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates about 795 million people of the 7.3
billion people in the world suffer from chronic malnourishment in a 2014–2016 study (worldhunger.org, 2016). The ability for humans to grow
exponentially on a limited amount of land is dangerous, for eventually the amount of resources available will not be succinct enough to allow everyone
to live. This leads to the question on whether population control should be enacted to prevent such an event. But with the world's population projected
to reach 10.1 billion people by the year 2100, it is evident that some change must occur. (Becker, 2011). Actions have been taken by the biochemical
community to better understand human nutritional needs and revolutionized how crops are grown. In order to sustain a large population, measures must
be taken to improve crop efficiency with the limited amount of land we have. The recent development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have
allowed for unstable combinations of plant, animal, bacteria, and viral genes that do not normally occur in nature(livingnongmo.org). These GMOs
allow a

Ethical And Social Problems Of Genetic Engineering
Introduction
Nature of the Problem Genetic Engineering is the process of manipulating the genome of an organism such as bacteria, insulin, brown rice and etc
using biotechnology. Genetic Engineering is developed to make cell growth faster, increase production, and protect against diseases. An organism that
is produced through Genetic Engineering is called Genetically Modified Organism or GMO. The first GMO was a bacterium produced in 1973 in a lab
and in 1982 Insulin became the first GMO commercialized product available to the public. In the 21st century, Genetic Engineering is affecting people
across the world since most products such as corn, rice, insulin, and animal are genetically modified to produce in larger quantities in a ... Show more
Genetic Engineering (GE) refers to the direct manipulation of organism DNA to alter an organism 's specific characteristic in a way for beneficial use
(Nester, 2014). The host ranges from plants, bacteria, animals, and virus. The structure of the DNA includes four nitrogenous bases, including the
Adenine, Thymine, Cysteine, and Thymine (Nester, 2014). The scientist isolates a plasmid from a bacteria or yeast cell, then insert the modified DNA
into the plasmid. Then the plasmid is inserted into an organism DNA with the use of a restrictive enzyme to make the specific characteristic express
(Nester, 2014). Through the process of cell replication, the gene will naturally multiply in future cell generation.
The first genetically modified organism (GMO) was Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil bacterium (Nester, 2014). It entered the plants through wounds
in the stem or root. Once the bacterium has invaded the plants, some of the free–floating portions of DNA called plasmids, inserted itself into the DNA
of the plants (Nester, 2014). "Their normal translation and transcription process produces the enzyme that the A. tumefaciens needs to survive" (Nester,
2014). Research used the natural mechanism of A. tumefaciens by removing the disease–causing genes and adding the desired gene in the plasmid
instead. Then using those

Biology Lab Report
Screening and Cloning Of Bacterial β–Glucosidase Gene That Can Degrade Salicin from NIF and Virulent Bacteria
Hanan H. Ahmed
Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Institute,
Minufiya University Sadat City, Egypt
Abstract
Two β– glucosidase genes in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifloii able to utilize Salicin. SamI fragments (2 and 3 kbp) from Rhizobium
leguminosarum bv. Trifloii were expressed in E. coli HC1061. Transformed clones with β– glucosidase activity were selected by using Congo Red stain
plate assay. Restriction enzyme analysis of recombinant plasmid indicated that the positive clones were contained the 2 and 3 kbp DNA inserts. The E.
coliHC1061 transformed with 2 or 3 kbp fragment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two types of pattern were obtained, the relative ability of each gene to cleave coniferin was assessed. Clones containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens
B3/73 DNA rapidly and completely hydrolyzed coniferin to coniferyl alcohol. Over the same period, type 2 clones were completely inactive. The
different substrate specificities of clones were also evident from their ability to grow on cellobiose Agrobacterium tumefaciens B3/73 was able to use
cellobiose as the sole carbon source. Escherichia coli DH5α and type 1 clones were not able to grow on cellobiose. Other clones were able to utilize
cellobiose, but grew very slowly (Linda et al., 1992). The 5.7–kb HindIlI fragment common to all type 1 clones was purified and ligated into pBR322.
Clones with inserts in either orientation were able to cleave X–glucose, indicating that the entire β–glucosidase gene was probably located within this
insert. An EcoRI, BamHI, BglII, and PstI restriction map of the insert showed that a 3.5–kb BamHI–PstI fragment with an internal PstI site was found
to have the activity to cleave X–glucose when cloned into pUC19. The sequence surrounding the EcoRI site in the pUC19: 3.5–kb BamHI–PstI clone
and the sequence were done. (Linda et al., 1992). Woodward and Wiseman (1982) reported that there are two constitutive, β–glucosidase genes in
Agrobacterium

Genetically Modified Techniques : Gm Crops
Genetically Modified Techniques
GM crops are created by inserting a gene externally from an foreign source into unrelated species. This has granted an ability to overcome many
physiological barriers and to exchange genetic information among all living organisms. The purpose of genetic modification is to create a faster,
efficient, and much more precise way to achieve the same results from artificial selection. Additionally, it can be used in order to introduce a new trait
to the crop that would not be usually naturally occurring.
These GM crops can have many beneficial traits that improves the overall charactderistics of the plant this includes: extended shelf–life, drought–
tolerance, pesticidal/herbicidal resistance, and increased ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These protein products can be enzymes that catalyze reactions in the organism or they can be lead to expression of a specific trait in the crop. First, in
order for geneticists to identify a gene of interest, they start by lookin at other potential organisms.The geneticist has to identify the trait they desire the
organism to have and must find any other organisms that already contain that gene. Finding a novel gene of interest requires intensive research into that
gene as well as luck. As an example, if a scientist wanted a gene that improved the nutrient composition of a plant, they would look through many
organisms that they believed that produces that specific nutrient, additionally if a scientist wanted a crop to have a gene that allows it to survive in
drought conditions, they would most likely look for an organism living in those persistently hotter conditions. Additionally, this also involves testing in
order to find the organism with the most ideal and "worthy" trait.
Secondly, in order to isolate a gene of interest, comparative gene analysis must be done in order to locate and decode the specific organisms gene of
interest. Whole genome alignment is done with plants that have and do not have the gene to pinpoint the regions of difference, and if there are no pre–
sequenced genomes are available to perform comparison tests, scientists will use gene knockouts on the plant genome till the characteristic of interest is
gone,

Evolution Vs Artificial Selection
I would like to respectfully comment that when you say "There is a reason that the original genes did not allow it to survive," it implies that the
naturally occurring genetic information is consciously directing the survival of the organism. Evolution is a natural process, and is not perfect. What
occurs naturally is not necessarily what is best for the organism. Genetic modification is not much different from artificial selection, in which one
chooses which organism or organisms are to reproduce based upon one's desired traits of the offspring. Some common examples are the domestication
of a naturally occurring form of wheat to become the plump corn we know today, and the breeding of wolves to become dogs. Humans were doing this
even before

Effect of Mannose on Shoot Formation of Eplants
Results and Discussion Effect of mannose on shoot formation of explants As pBCAMBIA–PMI contains the pmi gene which confers mannose
resistance, we used the mannose as a selection agent in our transformation experiments. Nine different concentrations and combinations of mannose
and sucrose in shoot regeneration medium were used to evaluate the effect of mannose on the organogenesis of non–transformed tobacco leaf explants
(Fig. 2). After 3 weeks cultivation, we found that no explants produced shoots on media without any tested carbon source (Fig. 2A). When cultivated on
30 gl–1 sucrose (0/30), 100% of the tobacco leaf explants regenerated. The organogenesis response decreased progressively when mannose
concentration was increased in the shoot regeneration medium. A decreasing selectivity of mannose was also seen when 5 gl–1 sucrose was
supplemented to the selection medium. Results show that the inhibitory effects of mannose increases with decreasing sucrose concentration in the
medium, indicating an interaction between mannose and sucrose (Fig. 3). Similar results were described by Sigareva et al. (2004) in tomato as the
addition of sucrose to the selection medium modulated the inhibitory effect of mannose on shoot formation. Earlier studies pointed that the indirect
toxic effect of mannose caused by the conversion to mannose–6–phosphate by endogenous hexokinase increases with decreasing sucrose concentration
in the medium, suggesting an interaction between mannose and

Transgenic Crops : An Introduction And Resource Guide Essay
Nowadays genetic engineering uses so many techniques by the use of living cells and organism that helps to modified commercial products for specific
use (Whittaker, 2013). This biotechnology splices the gene from one species of plant or animal and transfer it into another species to create various new
varieties of plants that has a new characteristics that does not occur naturally.(Whittaker, 2013). Biotechnology involves alteration of DNA by
introducing new DNA artificially that result in to genetically modified organism.
Transgenic crop plant contain several genes that has been introduced to plant in order to modified genetic make up with the use of recombinant dna
technology ("Transgenic crops: An introduction and resource guide," 2004). Transgene that involves transfer of DNA from same species of plant DNA ,
or from completely different species DNA to another plant trait animal DNA artificially into species ("Transgenic crops: An introduction and resource
guide," n.d.). Soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis in corn and cotton that produces its own insecticides and contain gene from a bacterium that serves
as a basic in soil that roots transgenic corn and cotton varieties with an insecticidal protein that are toxic to certain insects and protects the plant till up
to its life. ("Transgenic crops: An introduction and resource guide," n.d.). When pollination occur in plants this transgenic plant inherited transgene with
remaining genes of plant and modified for specific

Plasmid Vs Ampicillin
After analyzing the data recorded for both the agar plates containing ampicillin and those that did not, it can be concluded that the data provides enough
evidence to reject the null hypothesis. There is enough evidence to support the alternative hypothesis stating that there is a correlation between plasmids
coding for an antibiotic resistant gene and bacterial growth in ampicillin. When a bacterial solution containing either pUC18 or the lux plasmid is
transformed in an agar plate containing ampicillin, only those cells which took in the plasmid are able to survive and replicate, forming individual
colonies. Not all cells are transformed though, the chances of a successful transformation were extremely low. In order to see which cell transformed
the cells were tagged according to their plasmid, in the plates containing pUC18 the only ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As expected the higher growth was seen in the E.coli cells growing outside ampicillin environments, this is because they grow freely with only minor
risk, such as contamination. Possible errors in the experiment can have included the difference in the amount of liquid broth added to the E.coli sample
that contained no plasmid and that which contained a plasmid. The sample containing no plasmid received half the amount of liquid broth (150µl) as
that of the other two samples (300µl). Liquid broth can have incremented the growth in the plates containing plasmid twice as much as on the rest of
the plates. Another artifact which can have affected the results was the time each solution spent in both the ice and hot water bath. Uneven sharing may
have also taken place within the E.coli used for each plasmid leading to different amounts of colonial growth in the different agar plates used. More
accurate results would have been possible if there had been more variation in both E.coli and plasmid

Processed Foods
Genetically modified foods are quite prevalent in the United States, in fact its quite difficult finding something on the store shelves that's NOT
genetically modified. Since most all corn, cotton and soybeans in the United States are genetically modified all products arising from them and those
coming processed with canola oil are also genetically modified. (Millstone and Lang, 2008; Black, 2010). Genetic Modification (GM) occurs when the
genome, or genetic make–up of an organism, has DNA from another organism grafted into it. The resulting organism has some desirable traits, such as
herbicide resistance, insect resistance, or disease resistance.
The first product resulting from genetic modification was a tomato with increased shelf ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The list also includes Similac and Infamil, baby formula (True Food Network, 2010).
Since GM is in so many foodstuffs it must be safe right?
Environmentally safe?: Lora A. Morandin1 and Mark L. Winston found it was not safe for bees
Read More: http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/03–5271?journalCode=ecap
Laboratories find that it causes: infertility immune dysregulation accelerated aging dysregulation of genes associated with cholesterol synthesis insulin
regulation cell signalling protein formation changes in the liver, kidney, spleen and gastrointestinal system
http://s3.amazonaws.com/files.posterous.com/zenzoidman/cELebbErnTY82RhVm2egiRheYLqDSLAzbjMoDuxoYqxUR47j4WtKSBEdFBPg/Doctors_W
AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJFZAE65UYRT34AOQ&Expires=1302980734&Signature=eIjZFHg%2BgTYQdLO%2FpQV6uBSQVXc%3D
http://msmagazine.com/blog/blog/2010/06/04/can–gm–foods–modify–your–fertility/
http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/03–5271?journalCode=ecap some good source material:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food Bibliography:
Martineau, Belinda (2001). First Fruit: The Creation of the Flavr Savr Tomato and the Birth of Biotech Foods. McGraw–Hill. p. 269.
Matthew G. Kramer and Keith Redenbaugh Euphytica 1994. Volume 79, Number 3, 293–297,
Millstone, E., & Lang, T. 2008. The atlas of food. Berkeley: University of California Press.

The Experimentation Of Plant And Animal Genes
History of Genetic Modification
Society has been experimenting with genes for thousands of years. To better understand the methods behind modern genetic modification of organisms,
methods from the past will need to be explored in order to have complete understanding on the topic. Throughout history, there have been many reports
on the experimentation of plant and animal genes.
Before the invention of modern technology and tools that helps scientists work with sequences of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), early civilizations used
what many scientists refer to as the "traditional way". The traditional way consists of a more physical way of modifying organisms.
In animals, this type of gene modification is known as selective breeding or artificial selection. Through genetic evidence, scientists have been able to
speculate that artificial selection began with dogs more than 135,000 years ago in East Asia (DeMello 85). At the time, wolves were introduced into
hunting and gathering groups. They were domesticated and later selectively bred for specific tasks such as hunting, herding and protection. Over time,
dogs (descendent of wolves) and other animals such as sheep and horses were domesticated. Civilization used this method of selective breeding to
create the strongest, fastest, and biggest animals – traits preferred to help benefit society.
After artificial selection took root in societies around the world, it was not long before artificial selection was utilized for plants.

Genetic Engineering Is The Precision Of Gene Transfer
As defined by Halford and Shewry (2000), genetic Modification is the manipulation of organism development, structure or composition by the insertion
of specific DNA sequences. This may be for the purpose of expressing a gene that is not naturally found in the plant or to modify endogenous genes
(Halford et al., 2000). In a way, we have been genetically modifying our food for thousands of years. Since the dawn of agriculture, our ancestors were
selecting and breeding plants and livestock with the desired phenotypes, such as bigger cows or plants. One particular difference between conventional
methods of obtaining better crop yields and modern genetic engineering is the precision of gene transfer. Getting a child plant with the desired ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The new DNA found in this genetic plant can be referred to as recombinant DNA. According to Hillis, Sadava, Hill and Price (2013), recombinant
DNA is a single DNA molecule containing DNA sequences from 2 or more sources.
History
According to Woosley (2012), genetic engineering as we know it today relied on our knowledge of DNA. DNA was discovered by Russian scientist
Andrei Nikolaevitch Belozersky in 1935. In 1973 a student at Stanford came up with revolutionizing idea that DNA could be man–made (rDNA). In the
1970's–80's a conference was held to create guidelines for the safe use of genetically modified DNA and a genetics engineer gained a patent on a living
organism, a bacterium that eats crude oil (Woosley, 2012). In 1982 the first GMO was approved by the FDA; Humulin, insulin which is produced by
genetically engineered E. coli bacteria (Woosley, 2012).
How GMOs Are Created
In order to make a genetically engineered or transgenic organism, scientists must first find the desired trait, be it frost–resistance or salinity tolerance,
and identify an organism with this trait. Scientists then take a sample of the plant or organism and use genome mapping technology to find where the
trait is located within the DNA. Restriction enzymes are used by scientists to cut the DNA into fragments that can then be manipulated in the

Do Genetically Modified Crops Have A Place? Society?
The Growing Debate; do Genetically Modified Crops Have a Place in Society?
It has been over twenty years since genetically modified crops were initially commercialised. And the debate over if they are good for society or not
still rages. It is a polarising topic, wrapped in propaganda and biased attitudes. It has divided the opinions of nations and brought the USA and Europe
to the brink of a trade war. The acronym 'GM' is weighted down with cultural baggage and, in general society, has come to mean the unnatural mixing
of genes by scientists who are playing God. However, genetically modified crops are actually defined as the manipulation of a plant through the
insertion of specific DNA sequences to produce a desired trait. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main methods of DNA insertion are through Agrobacterium tumefaciens and use of a gene gun. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a common form of
bacteria found in soil (Gelvin, 2003). It causes crown gall disease in a variety of plants (Gelvin, 2003). It is mainly used by scientists to genetically alter
dicotyledons, specifically oilseed rape and sugar beet (Gelvin, 2003). Agrobacterium tumefaciens works by transferring a specific strand of T–DNA
located on a Ti plasmid into the recipient plant (Gelvin, 2003). A commonly used Ti plasmid is pBIN 19; it contains the transgene (Lee et al, 2008). The
transgene is composed of the gene the scientists are trying to insert, a gene switch to control the gene and a marker gene for identification (Lee et al,
2008).
The second method of inserting specific genes into plants is to use a gene gun. A gene gun was designed to pierce plant cell walls, and to allow specific
genetic material to enter the plant (Gan and Carol, 1989). Gold or tungsten particles are coated with plasmid DNA; these particles are then transferred
to large macro projectiles (Gan and Carol 1989). Using air pressure, the projectiles are fired at a petri dish containing plant tissue (Gan and Carol 1989).
Through the use of a perforated plate only the smaller golden or tungsten particles enter the plant cells (Gan and Carol, 1989). This method of gene
insertion is mainly used on monocotyledon plant species like wheat and maize (Gan and Carol 1989). However, the use

Monsanto Glyphosate Resistant Soybean (40-3-2
Monsanto producer created a glyphosate–resistant soybean crop called GTS 40–3–2, commonly known as Roundup Ready soybeans. The crop is
produced by inserting a CP4 5–enolpyruvylshikimate–3–phosphate ( CP4 EPSPS) gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a common soil bacteria. CP4
EPSPS facilitates the soybeans survivability by allowing the crop to become resistant to extreme temperatures, ensuring higher survival rates and
successful harvests. Initially, Monsanto used electroporation to achieve maximum cell viability and transient gene expression, however, the high
voltage required for the electroporation technique (400 V) caused instability in cell wall synthesis and cell division. Monsanto were then able to inject
the CP4 EPSPS gene into the cell wall of soybeans by using particle bombardment to penetrate through the cell wall with minimal damage and
produced stable progeny that expressed resistance to glyphosate. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This particular promoter is vital for the survival and success of the soybean, which is why it considered to be a dependable promoter not only for
soybeans, but for other genetically modified crops such as maize and beans. Monsanto used β–glucuronidase (GUS) as a selectable marker, to be the
vehicle to transport the promoter and insert the CP4 EPSPS through transcriptional replacement (Jefferson, 1987). The GUS gene served as evidence of
transformation; the GUS enzyme converts 5–bromo–4–chloro–3–indolyl β–D–glucuronide into a blue precipitate (Agricultural Group of Monsanto
Company, 1993). Soybeans that were not transgenic would not produce this blue color when exposed to the aforementioned substrate, indicating that
transformation did not take

Are They Safe For The Environment And Human Consumption?
Are they safe for the environment and human consumption? A genetically modified crop is a plant whose D.N.A has been altered through genetic en–
gineering methods in order to introduce a new trait to a plant species not already in the plants original building block. (GMO) is bad for the
environment and puts human health at risk. Introduction Due to climate change and overpopulation foods have been introduce into the global
marketplace that has been genetically modified by altering the plants original D.N.A to make the plant more drought resistance, pest resistance or give
it added nutritional benefits. This action creates food for human consumption that in is bad for the environment and puts human health at risk. Some
familiar genetically modified foods that we consume daily have been in use for years they are corn, soybean, and potatoes. As researchers look for ways
to continue the world's food supply in the United States and around the world due to population growth, and unpredictable weather patterns, researcher
are hoping genetically modified foods will be the solu–tion to the demands of food shortages now and generations to come. Two of the main organism
used in genetic modification is Escherichia Coli and Agrobacterium Tumefaciens (Nigel, 2011, p. 26), these bacterium have been known to infect a
wounded plants in nature and cause the disease known as Crown Gall produces an unusual sugars, and amino acid derivative that are known as opines
(Nigel, 2011, p. 27). The

Description Of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens Essay

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Description Of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens Essay

Similar to Description Of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens Essay (10)

More from Lindsey Campbell

More from Lindsey Campbell (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Description Of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens Essay