variour methods to control pests of brinjal and some tables representing the effect of integrated pest management

1. Submitted by
Kurumashetty mahesh
M.Sc Horticulture
IIIrd SEMISTER

2. INTRODUCTION
 Vegetables are an important source of carbohydrates,
protein, vitamins and minerals.
 Vegetables are rapidly becoming an important source
of income for the rural population.
 At the same time, vegetable cultivation is becoming
more costly due to the increasing use of purchased
inputs such as pesticides and fertilizers.
 smallholder vegetable farmers rely almost entirely on
pesticides for control of serious pest.

3. Brinjal
Scientific name : Solanum melongena L.
Family : Solanaceae
 popular vegetable grown as poor man’s crop in India.
 Eggplant is especially important in South Asia
(Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka).
 China ranks first with production of 24.5 mt. in an
area of 7,31,500 ha.
 India ranks second with production 11.89 mt. in an
area of 6,80,000 ha.

4.  Among the major constraints in economic cultivation
of brinjal, pest infestation causes heavy losses.
 Among pests brinjal shoot and fruit borer is highly
monophagous and destructive which necessitates the
grower to go in for 30 - 40 rounds of sprays.
 Chemical control is widely used means of managing
insect pests in brinjal.
 Use of chemicals excessively resulted in
environmental contamination, toxic residues in
produce, disturbance in ecological balance.

5. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT:
 intelligent selection and use of pest control tactics that
will ensure favourable economical, ecological and
sociological consequences (Luckmann and Metcalf,
1994).
 a system that, in the context of associated
environment and population dynamics of the pest
species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in
as compatible a manner as possible and maintains pest
populations at levels below those causing economic
injury (FAO, 1967).

6. Need for Pest Management:
 Development of resistance in insects against insecticides
e.g. OP and synthetic pyrethroid resistance in Helicoverpa
armigera.
 Out break of secondary pests e.g. Whiteflies emerged as
major pest when spraying insecticide against H. armigera.
 Resurgence of target pests e.g. BPH of rice increased
when some OP chemicals are applied.
 When number of application increases, profit decreases.
 Environmental contamination and reduction in its quality.
 Killing of non-target animals and natural enemies.
 Human and animal health hazards.

7. Objectives of pest management:
 To reduce pest status below economic injury level.
 To manage insects by not only killing them but by
preventing feeding, multiplication and dispersal.
 To use eco-friendly methods.
 To make maximum use of natural mortality factors,
apply control measures only when needed.
 To use component in sustainable crop production.

8. Pests of brinjal:
1. Shoot and fruit borer
Scientific name : Leucinodes orbonalis
Family : Pyraustidae
Order : Lepidoptera
 Guenée in 1854 first described egg plant fruit and shoot
borer as Leucinodes orbonalis.

9. Distribution and status:
 India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Thailand, Burma,
Srilanka, Laos, South Africa and Congo.
 Major pest causing damage to even 30 -50% of fruits
or more.
Host range:
 monophagous, feeding principally on eggplant.
 Also feed on plants belonging to family solanaceae
like tomato, potato, selected nightshades (S. nigrum
and S. indicum) and turkey berry.

10. Biology:
Eggs:
 about 150-350 creamy white eggs laid singly on
leaves, tender shoots, flowers and developing fruits.
 Oviposition takes place during the night.
 Eggs are flattened, elliptical, and 0.5 mm in diameter.
 changes to red colour before hatching.
 Egg period is about 3-4 days.

11. Larva:
 Larva is stout, pink coloured with sparsely distributed
hairs on warts on the body and brownish head.
 larva go through 5 instars (Atwal, 1976).
 Larval period is about 12-15 days in summer and 22 days
in winter.
 A full-grown larva measures 18to 23 mm in length.
Pupae:
 A full-grown larva measures 18to 23 mm in length.
 Cocoons are boat shaped.
 Sometimes cocoon can be found at soil depth of 1 to 3 cm.
 Pupal period is 6-17 days depending on temperature.

12. Adult:
 medium sized with white wings, flashed with
triangular brown and red markings on forewing.
 females are slightly bigger than males.
 moth measures 20 to 22 mm across the spread of
wings.
 Longevity of adults was 1.5 to 2.4 days for males and
2.0 to 3.9 days for females.
Total life cycle is 17-50 days.

14. Nature of damage:
 Larva bores into the nearest tender shoot, flower, or fruit
within one hour of hatching.
 young plants, caterpillars are reported to bore inside
petioles and midribs of large leaves. As a result affected
leaves may fall (Butani and Jotwani, 1984).
 Larval feeding inside shoots result in wilting of the young
shoot.
 The damaged shoots ultimately wither and drop off. This
reduces plant growth, which in turn, reduces fruit number
and size.
ETL: 1-5% of fruit damage.

16. MANAGEMENT:
Cultural methods:
 avoid ratoon cropping.
 avoid continuous cropping of brinjal.
 Avoid crops which may act as alternate hosts.
Host plant resistance:
 no commercial cultivar has been developed with
appreciable level of resistance.
 varieties like Annamalai, Pusa purple round, Arka
Kusumakar, Doli-5, Chaklasi Doli, Pusa purple Long,
Pusa Purple Round, SM 67, SM 68, Pant Samrat are some
what resistant.

17.  a landrace of eggplant in Taiwan, EG058 was some
what resistance to both fruit and shoot borer (AVRDC,
2000).
 Some of the wild Solanum species such as
S.anomalum, S. gilo, S.incanum, S. indicum, S.
integriifolium, S. khasianum, S. sisymbriifolium, S.
xanthocarpum, etc were reported to possess high
resistance.
 Turbo, a commercial F1 hybrid grown in Thailand
also exhibited significant resistance to EFSB in
Thailand and Taiwan (Alam et al., 2003 and
Srinivasan et al., 2005).

18. Mechanical control:
 Hand picking of larvae and adults.
 erecting mechanical barriers.
 cleaning of planted areas prior to, during or after the
cropping season.
 destruction of the EFSB infested shoots and fruits.

19. Effect of mechanical barriers and sanitation on the
damage of EFSB
DAMAGED SHOOTS
Treatment BARI GAU HORDI AVRDC - ARC
Dam
age
%
Redu
ction
%
Dam
age
%
Reducti
on %
Damag
e %
Reducti
on %
Damag
e %
Reducti
on %
Barrier +
Sanitation
8.6 55.6 13.3 52.4 0.6 57.6 2.8 85.0
Barrier only 16.8 12.9 18.3 34.5 0.8 47.2 11.5 39.2
Sanitation
only
16.1 16.7 17.6 37.3 1.0 27.8 7.3 61.3
Check 19.3 28.0 1.4 18.9
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU) Horticultural Crops
Research and Development Institute (HORDI) SRI LANKA. Asian Regional Center of AVRDC (AVRDC-ARC)
at Kamphaengsaen in central Thailand.

20. Damaged fruit
Treatment BARI GAU HORDI AVRDC-ARC
Dama
ge %
Reduc
tion %
Dama
ge %
Reduc
tion %
Dama
ge %
Reduc
tion %
Dama
ge %
Reduc
tion %
Barrier +
Sanitation
44.3 40.8 6.6 52.7 44.3 15.6 41.4 24.43
Barrier only 51.3 31.5 8.4 39.8 41.3 21.3 37.7 21.2
Sanitation only 66.9 10.5 12.0 13.7 50.0 4.8 50.1 8.4
Check 74.8 13.9 52.5 54.7
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU) Horticultural Crops
Research and Development Institute (HORDI) SRI LANKA. Asian Regional Center of AVRDC (AVRDC-
ARC) at Kamphaengsaen in central Thailand.

21. PHYSICAL METHODS:
 Use of light traps @ 1/ha.
 Use of sex pheromones such as (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate
(E11-16:Ac) @ 300 – 500ug / trap.
 E11-16Ac and (E)-11-hexadecen-1-ol (E11-16:OH) @10:1 or
10:0.5 are used for attracting male moths.
 Delta and funnel traps are used @ 100/ha.
 Traps placed at 0.5 m above crop canopy.

22. Biological control:
 Predators such as Campyloneura sp., Cheilomenes
sexmaculata, Coccinella septempunctata, Brumoides
suturalis have been identified.
 Parasitoids such as Pseudoperichaeta sp, Phanerotoma sp,
Trathala flavoorbitalis, Itamoplex sp, Eriborus
argenteopilosus, Diadegma apostata, Goryphus nursei
can be used.
 egg parasitoids Trichogramma chilonis @1.0 lakh/ha
 Entamopathogens: Bipolaris tetramera (Fungus),
Baculovirus, Nuclear polyhedrosis virus.
 Spray Bt formulations of B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki
such as Dipel @ 1.5 to 2 ml /L of water is also effective

23. CHEMICAL CONTROL:
 Spray Avoid synthetic pyrethroids as they cause resurgence of
sucking pest.
 any one of the insecticide starting from one month after
planting at 15 days interval.
 Carbaryl 50 WP 2 kg + wettable sulphur 50 WP 2 kg
 endosulfan 35 EC 1.5 L + Neem oil 1.5 L
 Quinalphos 25 EC 1.5 L + Neem oil 1.0 L
 NSKE 5%, Azadirachtin 1.0%
 Fenpropathrin 30 EC 250-340 ml
 Thiodicarb 75 WP 625-1000 g
 Flubendiamide 20 WG, 375 g with 500 – 750 L water/ha.

24. GENETICAL OR BIOTECHNOLOGICAL METHODS:
 BT genes cry1Ab, cry3B are effectively used.
 Bt has been known to be reservoir of several
insecticidal proteins, such as d-endotoxins, cytolytic
proteins, vegetative insecticidal proteins etc.
 Among these, d-endotoxins have been more
efficiently utilized.

25. Effect of IPM strategy on control of EFSB, crop yield
and parasitism of EFSB in two villages in Gujarat.
IPM items Location
Gutal Dharampura
Moths trapped/week for 18
weeks
12.35 3.22
Shoot damage %
IPM field 1.62 0.39
Check field 2.84 0.83
% reduction in IPM 42.90 53.01
Fruit damage
IPM field 9.42 11.87
Check field 27.15 26.83
% reduction in IPM 65.31 55.71

26. IPM items Location
Gutal Dharampura
Marketable yield (t/ha)
IPM field 26.12 27.13
Check field 14.71 17.16
% increase in IPM 77.60 58.80
Parasitism (%)
IPM field 6.07 10.72
Check field 5.71 9.29
% increase in IPM 6.30 15.39

27. 2. Stemborer
Scientific name : Euzophera perticella
Family : Phycitidae
Order : Lepidoptera

28. Distribution and status:
 Insect is limited in distribution.
 It is found mostly on the Indian subcontinent.
 Although it is not a serious pest, infestations
occasionally can be severe.
Host range:
 Oligophagous insect feeds mainly on eggplant, and
sometimes on other solanaceous Plants such as brinjal,
potato, and chillies, potato.

29. Damage symptoms:
 Soon after hatching, Larva bores into main stem of
young and old plants and move downwards.
 Mostly they bore in the branching area or in leaf axils,
and seal the entry holes with excretory materials.
 Top shoots of young plants crump and wither.
 Older plants become stunted.
 Fruit bearing capacity is adversely affected.

30. Larva Adult

31. Biology:
Egg:
 cream-colored eggs are laid either singly or in groups on
the tender leaves, shoots, and petioles.
 eggs are elongate and flat (scale like).
 egg period varies from 3-10 days.
Larva:
 larva is white or yellowish white in colour with several
bristly hairs and an orange brown or red head.
 full-grown larva is 1.5 to 2 cm long.
 larval period is about
 26-58 days depending on the temperature.

32. Pupa:
 pupate within silken cocoons inside the feeding tunnel
in the stem or in the soil.
 pupal period is about 9-16 days depending upon the
temperature.
Adult:
 medium-sized moth is pale in colour.
 forewing is pale yellow or greyish brown in colour,
with black lines in the middle.
 hind wings are white.
 Life cycle is completed in 35-76 days.

33. Management:
 Collect and destroy the damaged and dead plants.
 Use light traps @ 1/ha to attract and kill the moths.
 Conserve larval parasitoids Pristomerus testaceus, P. euzopherae
 Spray any one of the insecticide starting from one month after
planting at 15 Days interval.
 Carbaryl 50 WP 2 kg + wettable sulphur 50 WP 2 kg,.
 endosulfan 35 EC 1.5L + Neem oil 1.5 L.
 Quinalphos 25 EC 1.5 L + Neem oil 1.0 L.
 NSKE 5%, Azadirachtin 1.0% 1.0-1.5 L.
 Fenpropathrin 30 EC 250-340 ml, Thiodicarb 75 WP 625-1000 g
 Avoid using synthetic pyrethroids as they cause resurgence of
sucking pests.

34. 3. Hadda / spotted beetle
Scentific name : Henosepilachna dodecastigma
H. vigintioctopunctata
H. demurille
H. implicata
Family : Coccinellidae
Order : Coleoptera

35. Distribution and status:
 distributed in South Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala,
Africa and South East Asia.
Host range:
 Polyphagous pest, known to infest crops like brinjal,
potato, tomato, cucurbitaceous plants, wild solanaceous
plants.

36. Damage symptoms:
 grub and adult have chewing mouthparts.
 Both adult and grubs scrap the lower epidermis of leaves
in characteristic manner leaving behind stripes of uneaten
areas.
 severe infestation all leaves may be eaten off leaving only
the veins intact (Skeletonization).

37. Skeletonization

38. Biology:
Egg:
 The females lay eggs mostly on the lower leaf surfaces.
 Each female lays about 120-460 eggs in cluster of 10-40
 egg is spindle-shaped or cigar shaped and yellowish in
colour.
Grub:
 Grubs are creamy white or yellowish in colour with black
spiny hairs.
 grub period is 10-35 days.

39. Pupa:
 Grubs pupate on the leaves and stem.
 pupa resembles the grub but is mostly darker in colour,
although it sometimes is yellowish in colour.
 pupa bears spiny hairs on the posterior, but not the
anterior, part of the body.
 The pupal period is 5-6 days.

40. Adult:
 subfamily Epilachninae contains plant-feeding ladybird beetles
because most other ladybird beetles are predators, not plant
pests.
 brownish or orange- colored, hemispherical beetles are larger
than other ladybird species.
 E. vigintioctopunctata has 28 black spots on the forewing.
 E. dodecastigma has 12 black spots on the elytra.
 beetles with 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 or 26 spots have been
observed under field conditions, due to mating between
females of E. dodecastigma and males of E.
vigintioctopunctata

41. Grub Adult

42. Management:
 Collect and destroy adult beetles, grubs and pupae.
 Shake plants to dislodge grubs, pupae and adults in a
pail of kerosenated water early in the morning.
 Parasitoid Pediobius foveolatusis used effectively used.
 Predators like Rhinocoris fuscipes, Eocanthecona
furcellata have been identified
 Emulsify 1 lit of Neem oil with 60 g of soap dissolved in
½ litre of water, dilute emulsion by adding 20 lit of water,
then mix about 400 g of well crushed garlic and spray.

43.  Mix diflubenzuron invariably with endosulfan 1.5 L,
chlorpyriphos 1.0 L /ha and spray on the crop which
reduces the population by nearly 95% in field.
 Spray carbaryl 50% WP 2 kg + wettable sulphur 2 kg
or endosulfan 35 EC 1.5 L, malathion 50 EC 1.5L or
Azadirachtin 0.03% 2.5-5.0 L in 500 - 750 L of water

44. 4. Brown leafhopper
Scientific name : Cestius phycitis
Family : Cicadellidae
Order : Hemiptera

45. Distribution and status:
 Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, North Africa, Pakistan,
Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Taiwan.
 Relatively dry (mean temperature around 32°C) and
humid (RH around 70%) weather favours population
build-up.

46. Damage symptoms:
 It is a vector of little leaf of brinjal.
 Nymphs and adults suck cell sap from ventral side of
leaf.
 inject toxins into the plant tissues and cause reduction
in size of leaves, shortened petioles, excessive growth
of branches general stunting of plants, conversion of
floral parts into leafy structures and give the plants a
bushy appearance.

47. Little leaf of brinjal adult

48. Biology:
Egg:
 Adult females lay eggs along the midrib and lateral veins of the
leaves.
 Egg period is 4 to 11 days.
Nymph:
 nymphs resemble the adults, but lack wings.
 They are pale green in colour.
 The nymphal period varies from one to four weeks.
Adult:
 adults are wedge-shaped, pale green in colour.
 They have fully developed wings with a prominent black spot
on each forewing.
 The adults may live for one to two months

49. Management:
 Rogue out infested plants as soon as they appear in the
field.
 Parasitoids like Anagrus flaveolus, Stethynium
triclavatum have been identified.
 Spray 3-4 times at 10 days interval with methyl
parathion 750 ml or dimethoate 500 ml or
monocrotophos 500 ml or endosulfan 1.0 L or
imidacloprid 125 ml in 500 -750 L of water /ha.

50. 5. Ash weevils
Scientific name : Myllocerus subfasciatus
M. discolor
M. viridanus
M. maculosus
Family : Curculionidae
Order : Coleoptera

51. Damage symptoms:
 Notching of leaf margins by adults.
 Grubs feeds on roots resulting in wilting and death of
plants.

52. Biology:
 EGGS: An adult lays about 500 eggs in soil. Eggs hatch
in 6-7 days.
 Grub: The period is about 30-45 days.
 Pupa: Pupates in soil in earthern cocoons.
 Adult: An adult emerges from pupa within 10-12 days.
M. maculosus: Greenish white with dark lines on elytra
M. subfasciatus: Brown
M. discolor: Brown and white spots
M. viridanus: Small light green weevil

53. Management:
 Collect and destroy adult weevil.
 Apply lindane 1.3 D before planting @ 25 kg/ha
 In endemic areas apply carbofuran 3G @ 15 kg/ha, 15
days after planting. Spray carbaryl 50 WP 2 kg +
wettable sulphur 2 kg or endosulfan 35 EC 1.5 L or
Malathion 50 EC 1.5 L.

54. 6. Mealy bug
Scientific name : Coccidohystrix insolitus
Urentius ectinus
U. hystricellus
Family : Pseudococcidae
Order : Hemiptera

55.  cottony in appearance, small oval, soft-bodied sucking
insects.
 Adult mealy bugs are found on leaves, stems and
roots and are covered with white mealy wax.
 They suck sap from leaves and stems.

56. Hosts:
 Malvaceae, Solanaceae and Leguminaceae family.
 grape, fig, date palm, apple, avocado, banana, citrus, okra,
tomato, brinjal, cotton,
 Chrysanthemum, citrus, coconut, coffee, cotton, corn,
Croton, cucumber, guava, Hibiscus, peanuts, pumpkin,
rose, and mulberry.

57. Biology:
 Reproduction is mostly parthenogenetic but some
species such as M. hirsutus are biparental.
 Eggs are minute, varying from 0.3 to 0.4 mm in
length.
 Egg development takes between 3 and 9 days.
 mature female lays eggs in an egg sac of white wax,
usually in clusters on the twigs, branches, or bark.
 Each egg sac may contain as many as 600 eggs.

58.  Nymphs called crawlers and are very mobile.
 Nymphs of both sexes resemble female adults.
 three nymphal instars in female and four in
 males which lasts for 22–25 days.
 mealy bugs may take as long as 30 days to grow.
 There may be as many as 15 generations per year.

59. NATURE OF DAMAGE:
 Heavy clustering of mealy bugs can be seen under leaf
surface giving the appearance of a thick mat with waxy
secret.
 They excrete copious amount of honey dew that attracts
ants and help in development of black sooty mould.
 Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves causing
withering and yellowing of leaves.

60. Management:
 Without the ants, mealy bug populations are small and
slow to invade new areas.
 management of mealy bugs often includes the control
of ant species.

61. Cultural and mechanical Control:
 All crop residues in previously infested fields should
be removed and burnt.
 Remove alternate host plants like Hibiscus, okra,
custard apple, guava, etc.
 In case of perennial crop remove loose bark and swab
stem with dichlorvos 76 EC @ 2 ml + 2 g of fish oil
resin soap in a litre of water.

62. Biological Control:
 coccinellid beetles such as Cheilomenes sexmaculata,
Rodolia fumida, Scymnus coccivora and Nephus regularis
are important predators.
 Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Australian Ladybird),
Anagyrus pseudococci, Leptomastix dactylopii, Hypoaspis
sp., Verticillium lecanii and Beauveria bassiana are
effective in managing the infestation.
 Foliar spray of Verticillium lecanii or Beauveria bassiana
(2 × 108 cfu/ml) @ 5 g/ml per litre of water is effective.

63. Chemical Control:
 Locate ant colonies and destroy them with drenching of
chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5 ml/l or apply 5% malathion
dust @ 25 kg/ha.
 Spray dichlorvos 76 EC 2 ml/l, monocrotophos 36 WSC
1.5 ml/l, methyl demeton 25 EC 2 ml/l, chlorpyriphos 20
EC 2 ml/l, imidacloprid 200 SL 1ml/l, malathion 2.5ml/l
of water at 15 days intervals.
 In case of perennial crop remove loose bark and swab
stem with dichlorvos 76 EC @ 2 ml + 2 g of fish oil resin
soap in a litre of water.

64. 7. Aphid
Scientific name : Aphis gossypii
Family : Aphidiae
Order : Hemiptera

65.  a cosmopolitan pest and highly polyphagous.
 It prefers to feed on cotton, cucurbits, eggplant, and
okra.
 Aphids occur during the cool dry season.

66. Biology:
Adult:
 Most aphids do not lay eggs.
 They usually reproduce through parthenogenesis and
are viviparous.
 Adult colour is highly variable and it varies from light
green to greenish brown.
 Female produces about 20 nymphs a day, which
become adults in a week

67. Damage symptoms:
 Occur in large numbers on the tender shoots and lower
leaf surfaces, and suck the plant sap.
 Slightly infested leaves exhibit yellowing.
 Severe aphid infestations cause young leaves to curl and
become deformed.
 Aphids also produce honeydew, which leads to the
development of sooty mould.

68. Management:
 It can be managed by release of first instar grubs of
Chrysoperla carnea @ 10,000/ha.
 spraying methyl demeton 25 EC, dimethoate 30 EC
500 ml, Fenvalerate 20 EC 375-500 ml,
Phosphamidon 40 SL 625-750 ml, Thiometon 25 EC
1000 ml also effective

69. Thank you