The document defines and describes various physical, mental, and intellectual disabilities. It discusses locomotor disability, cerebral palsy, dwarfism, muscular dystrophy, acid attack victims, visual and hearing impairments, speech and language disability, intellectual disability, specific learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, mental illness, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, haemophilia, thalassemia, sickle cell disease, and multiple disabilities including deaf blindness. Causes, symptoms, and treatments are provided for several conditions.

1. The RIGHTS. OF PERSON WITH
DISABILITIES , ACT 2016
By KUNAL
IDD 2ND YEAR

2. 1.Physical disability.—
 A. Locomotor disability (a person's inability to execute
distinctive activities associated with movement of self
and objects resulting from affliction of
musculoskeletal or nervous system or both),
including—
 (a) "leprosy cured person" means a person who has
been cured of leprosy but is suffering from—
 (i) loss of sensation in hands or feet as well as loss of
sensation and paresis in the eye and eye-lid but with
no manifest deformity;
 (ii) manifest deformity and paresis but having
sufficient mobility in their hands and feet to enable
them to engage in normal economic activity;

3. “LOCOMOTOR DISABILITY” means a person’s inability to
execute distinctive activities associated with movement of self and
objects resulting from affliction of musculoskeletal or nervous system or
both.
SIGNS Paralysis, Unsteady movements of limbs, poor muscle control and
loss of limb.

4. "CEREBRALPALSY"
means a Group of non-progressive neurological condition affecting body
movements and muscle coordination, caused by damage to one or more
specific areas of the brain, usually occurring before, during or shortly
after birth;

5.  Many persons with Cerebral palsy have normal
intellectual levels. The manifestation of special needs
depends on many factors including the environment.
The general cause of Cerebral palsy is Birth Asphyxia
which is fully preventable with better maternal/Child
care health services at the community level.
 Signs: Muscles that are very tight and do not stretch.
They may tighten up even more over time. difficulty
in walking Joints are tight and do not open up all the
way. Muscle weakness or loss of movement in a group
of muscles. The symptoms may affect one arm or leg,
one side of the body, both legs, and both arms and
legs.

6. "DWARFISM"
means a medical or genetic condition resulting in an
adult height of 4 feet 10 inches (147 centimeters) or less;

7. "muscular dystrophy"
"muscular dystrophy" means a group of hereditary
genetic muscle disease that weakens the muscles that
move the human body and persons with multiple
dystrophy have incorrect and missing information in
their genes, which prevents them from making the
proteins they need for healthy muscles. It is
characterised by progressive skeletal muscle weakness,
defects in muscle proteins, and the death of muscle
cells and tissue;

8. "muscular dystrophy"
 There are nine main categories of muscular dystrophy
that contain more than thirty specific types. The most
common type is Duchenne muscular dystrophy
(DMD) which typically affects males beginning around
the age of four. Other types include Becker muscular
dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy,
and myotonic dystrophy. They are due to mutations in
genes that are involved in making muscle proteins.
This can occur due to either inheriting the defect from
one's parents or the mutation occurring during early
development. Disorders may be X-linked recessive,
autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant. Diagnosis
often involves blood tests and genetic testing.

9. "muscular dystrophy“
Courtesy- association for muscular dystrophy

10. "ACID ATTACK VICTIMS"
 "ACID ATTACK VICTIMS" means a person disfigured
due to violent assaults by throwing of acid or similar
corrosive substance.
 Acid throwing, also called an acid attack, a vitriol
attack or vitriol age, is a form of violent assault defined
as the act of throwing acid or a similarly corrosive
substance onto the body of another "with the
intention to disfigure, maim, torture, or kill."

11. "ACID ATTACK VICTIMS"

12. B. Visual impairment
 (a) "blindness" means a condition where a person has
any of the following conditions, after best correction—
 (i) total absence of sight; or
 (ii) visual acuity less than 3/60 or less than 10/200
(Snellen) in the better eye with best possible
correction; or
 (iii) limitation of the field of vision subtending an
angle of less than 10 degree.
 (b) "low-vision" means a condition where a person has
any of the following conditons, namely:—
 (i) visual acuity not exceeding 6/18 or less than 20/60
upto 3/60 or upto 10/200 (Snellen) in the better eye
with best possible corrections; or

13. Visual impairment

14. C. Hearing impairment
 (a) "deaf" means persons having 70 DB hearing loss in
speech frequencies in both ears;
 (b) "hard of hearing" means person having 60 DB to
70 DB hearing loss in speech frequencies in both ears;

15. "speech and language disability"
 D. "speech and language disability" means a
permanent disability arising out of conditions such as
laryngectomy or aphasia affecting one or more
components of speech and language due to organic or
neurological causes.
 There are many kinds of speech and language
disorders that can affect children. we’ll talk about
four major areas in which these impairments occur.
These are the areas of:
 Articulation-speech impairments where the child
produces sounds incorrectly (e.g., lisp, difficulty
articulating certain sounds, such as “l” or “r”);

16.  There are many kinds of speech and language
disorders that can affect children. we’ll talk about
four major areas in which these impairments occur.
These are the areas of:
 Articulation-speech impairments where the child
produces sounds incorrectly (e.g., lisp, difficulty
articulating certain sounds, such as “l” or “r”);
 Fluency-speech impairments where a child’s flow of
speech is disrupted by sounds, syllables, and words
that are repeated, prolonged, or avoided and where
there may be silent blocks or inappropriate inhalation,
exhalation, or phonation patterns;
 Voice- speech impairments where the child’s voice
has an abnormal quality to its pitch, resonance, or
loudness; and

17. speech and language disability

18. 3.INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
 Intellectual disability, a condition characterized by
significant limitation both in intellectual functioning
(reasoning, learning, problem solving) and in adaptive
behavior which covers a range of every day, social and
practical skills, including—
 The most common are causes of intellectual
disabilities.
 GENETIC CONDITIONS. Sometimes an intellectual
disability is caused by abnormal genes inherited from
parents, errors when genes combine, or other reasons.
Examples of genetic conditions are Down syndrome,
fragile X syndrome, and phenylketonuria (PKU).

19.  PROBLEMS DURING PREGNANCY. An intellectual
disability can result when the baby does not develop
inside the mother properly. For example, there may be
a problem with the way the baby’s cells divide as it
grows. A woman who drinks alcohol or gets an
infection like rubella during pregnancy may also have a
baby with an intellectual disability.
 PROBLEMS AT BIRTH. If a baby has problems
during labor and birth, such as not getting enough
oxygen, he or she may have an intellectual disability.
 HEALTH PROBLEMS. Diseases like whooping cough,
the measles, or meningitis can cause intellectual
disabilities. They can also be caused by extreme
malnutrition (not eating right), not getting enough
medical care, or by being exposed to poisons like lead

20. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
courtesy- muskaanthengo.org

21. SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITIES
 "specific learning disabilities" means a heterogeneous
group of conditions wherein there is a deficit in
processing language, spoken or written, that may
manifest itself as a difficulty to comprehend, speak,
read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations
and includes such conditions as perceptual disabilities,
dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, dyspraxia and
developmental aphasia;

22. SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITIES

23. “AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER"
 "AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER" means a neuro-
developmental condition typically appearing in the
first three years of life that significantly affects a
person's ability to communicate, understand
relationships and relate to others, and is frequently
associated with unusal or stereotypical rituals or
behaviours.
 SIGNS: Autism may result in sensitivity to sight,
hearing, touch, smell, or taste. Echolalia and difficulty
for meaningful interaction are noticeable symptoms.

24. “AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER“
Courtesy- World Autism Awareness Day in 2009 Photo: S. Subramanium THE HINDU

25. 3. MENTAL BEHAVIOR
 "mental illness" means a substantial disorder of
thinking, mood, perception, orientation or memory
that grossly impairs judgment, behavior, capacity to
recognize reality or ability to meet the ordinary
demands of life, but does not include retardation
which is a condition of arrested or incomplete
development of mind of a person, specially
characterized by sub normality of intelligence.

26. "MENTAL ILLNESS"
 John Forbes Nash Jr.-Noble prize winner

27. 4. Disability caused due to
(a) chronic neurological conditions
 (i) "multiple sclerosis" means an inflammatory,
nervous system disease in which the myelin sheaths
around the axons of nerve cells of the brain and spinal
cord are damaged, leading to demyelination and
affecting the ability of nerve cells in the brain and
spinal cord to communicate with each other;
 THE MAIN SYMPTOMS INCLUDE:
 fatigue
 difficulty walking
 vision problems, such as blurred vision
 problems controlling the bladder

28.  numbness or tingling in different parts of the body
 muscle stiffness and spasms
 problems with balance and co-ordination
 problems with thinking, learning and planning


29. "PARKINSON'S DISEASE"
 (ii) "parkinson's disease" means a progressive disease of
the nervous system marked by tremor, muscular
rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement, chiefly
affecting middle-aged and elderly people associated
with degeneration of the basal ganglia of the brain and
a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine.

30. "PARKINSON'S DISEASE"

31. (b) Blood disorder—
 (I) "HAEMOPHILIA" means an inheritable disease,
usually affecting only male but transmitted by women
to their male children, characterized by loss or
impairment of the normal clotting ability of blood so
that a minor would may result in fatal bleeding;

32.  SYMPTOMS INCLUDE:
 Excessive bleeding
 Excessive bruising
 Easy bleeding
 Nose bleeds
 Abnormal menstrual
bleeding

33. "THALASSEMIA"
 (ii) "thalassemia" means a group of inherited disorders
characterised by reduced or absent amounts of
haemoglobin.
WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF THALASSEMIA?
 Thalassemia is caused by variant or missing genes
that affect how the body makes hemoglobin, the
protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. People
with thalassemia make less hemoglobin and have
fewer circulating red blood cells than normal, which
results in mild or severe microcytic anemia.

34. "THALASSEMIA"

35. "SICKLE CELL DISEASE"
 (iii) "sickle cell disease" means a hemolytic disorder
characterised by chronic anemia, painful events, and
various complications due to associated.
 With sickle cell disease, an inherited group of
disorders, red blood cells contort into a sickle shape.
The cells die early, leaving a shortage of healthy red
blood cells (sickle cell anaemia), and can block blood
flow causing pain (sickle cell crisis).
 Infections, pain and fatigue are symptoms of sickle cell
disease.
 Treatments include medications, blood transfusions
and rarely a bone-marrow transplant.

36. "SICKLE CELL DISEASE"

37. Multiple Disabilities
 Multiple Disabilities (more than one of the above
specified disabilities) including deaf blindness which
means a condition in which a person may have
combination of hearing and visual impairments
causing severe communication, developmental, and
educational problems.
Other causes can include:
 Chromosomal abnormalities
 Premature birth
 Difficulties after birth

38.  Poor development of the brain or spinal cord
 Infections
 Genetic disorders
 Injuries from accidents