FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT is a health condition in which the normal function of a part of the body is less then the full capacity.

1. FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMANT AND
DISABILITY

2. FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT
 Impairment was define as “any loss or abnormality of
psychological , physiological or anatomical structure
or function.”
 FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT is a health
condition in which the normal function of a part of the
body is less then the full capacity.
 The type of impairment that may be sustained rang
from mild situation that involve only a slight loss in
function to total impairment that is often considered a
full DISABILITY.

4.  The sign of functional impairment typically include
manifestation of some sort of decrease in ability that
is noticeable to do others.
 It usually the result of diseases , illness or injury.
 One of the define characteristics of functional
impairment is that the reduction in physical or mental
capacity is sufficient to interfere with managing day to
day task.
 Ex. If an individual experiences a severe nervous
illness that in turn leads to the development of
AGORAPHOBIA that individual ability to work outside
the home or participate in activities may be significant
diminish.

5.  Functional impairment is a neutral one
encompassing all body functions, activities
and involvement in life situation.

6. DISABILITY
 The term “disability” broadly describes an impairment
in a person’s ability to function ,caused by changes in
various systems of the body or to mental health.
 Disability is consequence of impairment that may be
physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional,
developmental and some combination of these.
 A disability present from birth , or occur during a
person’s lifetime.

7.  Disability is an umbrella term, covering impairments,
activity limitations, and participation restrictions.
Disability is a complex phenomenon , reflecting an
interaction between features of a person’s body and
features of the society in which he or she lives.
 An individual may also qualify as disable if they have
had an impairment in the past or is seen as disabled
based on a personal or group STANDARD or NORM.
 Such disability may include physical, sensory,
cognitive or developmental.
 Mental disorder (psychiatric or psychosocial disability)
and various type of chronic disease may also qualify
as disability.

8. Conditions causing disability are classified by the
medical community as:
 Inherited (genetically transmitted)
 Congenital, meaning caused by a mother’s infection
or other disease during pregnancy , embryonic or fetal
development irregularities , or by injury during or soon
after birth.
 Acquired such as condition caused by illness or injury.
 Or unknown origin.

9. Type of Disability
1. Physical disability
2. Sensory disability
3. Intellectual disability
4. Mental health and emotional disability
5. Developmental disability
6. Non visible disability
7. Psychiatric disability

10. PHYSICAL DISABILITY
Any impairment which limits the physical
function of limbs , fine bones or gross motor
ability is a physical impairment , not
necessarily a physical disability.

12. SENSORY DISABILITY
It is an impairment of one of the senses. The
term is used primarily to refer to vision and
hearing impairment but other sense can be
impaired.
(A) VISION IMPAIRMENT: is vision loss to such a
degree as to qualify as an additional support
need through a significant limitation of visual
capability resulting from either disease
trauma or congenital or degenerating
condition that can’t be corrected by
conventional means, such as medication or
surgery.

13.  HEARING IMPAIRMENT: hard of
hearing or deafness refers to condition
in which individuals are fully or partially
unable to detect or perceive at least
some frequencies of sound which can
typically be heard by most people. Mild
hearing loss my sometime not be
considered a disability.

15. (C) OLFACTORY AND GUSTATORY IMPAIRMENT: sense
of smell and taste are commonly associated with aging
but can also occur in younger people due to a wide
variety of causes.
Olfactory disorder:
(i) Anosmia: inability to smell
(ii) Dyosmia: things do not smell as they “should”
(iii) Hyperosmia: an abnormal acute sense of smell
(iv) Hyposmia: reduce ability to smell
(v) olfactory reference syndrome: psychological
disorder which causes patients to imagine they have
strong body odor
(vi) Parosmia: things smell worse then they should

16. (D) SOMATOSENSORY IMPAIRMENT:
insensitivity to stimuli such as touch , heat,
cold, and pain are often an adjunct to a more
general physical impairment involving neural
pathway and is very commonly associated
with paralysis.
(E) BALANCE DISORDER : is a
disturbance that causes an individual to feel
unsteady , for ex: when standing or working.

17. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
formerly known as “mental retardation” .these
deficiencies can be assessed by various
intelligence quotient tests(IQ). It can be defined
by an IQ below 69. but this tool does not
distinguish more specific impairment of cognitive
function : language disorder or other.
MENTAL HEALTH AND EMOTIONAL DISABILITY
Mental disability or mental illness is a
psychological or behavioral pattern generally
associated with subjective distress or disability.

18. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY
Is any disability that result in problems with growth and
development. Developmental disability in certain areas of
life, especially in language, mobility , learning, self-help.
NON VISIBLE DISABILITY
Like diabetes, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease,
epilepsy and some sleep disorder, brain injury, mental
health, learning disability.
Psychiatric disability
These disorder concern mainly social relationship ,
communication and behavior such as autism and
childhood psychosis.

19. LEARNING DISABILITY
What is learning disability?
 Neurologically –based information processing
difficulties.
 Occur in individuals with average to above
intelligence
 While learning disability, learning disorder and
learning difficulty are often used interchangeably ,they
differ in many ways.
 It refers to significant learning problem in academic
area.
 When the term “learning disorder” is used , it
described a group of disorders characterized by

21. Characteristics of Individuals
with Learning Disabilities
 Hyperactivity
 Perceptual-motor impairments
 Emotional liability
 Coordination problems
 Attention disorders (ADHD)
 Impulsivity
 Memory disorders
 Academic difficulties
 Social skills deficits
 Information processing difficulties
 Lack of cognitive strategies for success
(metacognition)
 Language (reading, writing, speaking) and
math deficits

23. TYPE
 Learning disability can be categorized by either the type
of information processing affected by the disability or by
the specific difficulties caused by a processing deficit.
By stage of information processing
learning disabilities fall into broad categories based on
four stages of processing used in learning : INPUT ,
INTEGRATION , STORAGE AND OUTPUT .
* INPUT: information perceived through senses, such as
visual and auditory perception.
Difficulties with visual perception can cause problem
with recognized shape, position, or size of items. There
can be problems in sequence. Some children appear to
be unable to process tactile input. For ex: they may seem
insensitive to pain or dislike being touched.

25.  INTEGRATION: this is the stage during which perceived
input is interpreted , categorized, placed in a sequence,
or related to previous learning.
 Students with problem in these area may be unable to tell
a story in the correct sequence, unable to memorize
sequences of information such as the days of the week.
 A poor vocabulary may contribute to problems with
comprehension.
 STORAGE: problem with memory can occur with short-term
or working memory ,or with long-term memory.
 Difficulties with visual memory can impede learning to
spell.
 OUTPUT: information come out of the brain either through
words, that is , language output , or through muscle
activity, such as gesturing, writing, or drawing. It also
create problem with spoken language.
 They may also have trouble running, climbing, or learning

26. By functionimpaired:
 Deficits in any area of information processing
can manifest in a variety of specific learning
disability.
 READING DISORDER: most common LD. Of all
students with specific learning disabilities, 70-
80% have deficits in reading.
 “developmental dyslexia” is often used as a
synonym for reading disabilities. It can affect any
part of the reading process, including word
recognition, or both word decoding, reading rate,
and reading comprehensions.
 Its also called “word blindness”.

27.  Disorder of written expression:
this difficulty must also cause significant
impairment to academic achievement
and task that require composition of
writing skills.
 Poor writing expression as evidenced by
grammatical and punctuation errors
within sentence, poor paragraph
organization, multiple spelling errors.

28. MANAGEMENT
Intervention include:
(I) Mastery model: learners work at their own level of
mastery.
* practice
* gain fundamental skills before moving onto the
next level.
(II) Direct instruction: scripted lesson plan
* correcting mistake immediately
* achievement- based grouping
* alternative or modified assignments
*quiet environment

29. (III) Special equipment: word processors with spell
checkers and dictionaries.
*computer-based activities
* talking calculators
(IV) Classroom assistants: note –takers
* readers
*scribes
(V) Special education: prescribed hours in a resource
room
* placement in a resource room

30. Assessment of Students
with Learning Disabilities
 IDEA requires a multidisciplinary
evaluation:
Tests are administered by trained
professionals
Tests are reliable and valid
Tests are not discriminatory
Tests are administered in the student’s
native language
A single measure cannot be used to
determine eligibility

31. THANK YOU