Disability types

1. DISABILITY
PRESENTED BY – MAYURI ZANWAR
MODERATOR-DR. DOSS PRAKASH

2. Disability
The World Health Organization (WHO 1976) draws on a three–fold
distinction between impairment, disability and handicap:
• Impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or
anatomical structure or function.
• Disability is any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the
manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.
• Handicap is a disadvantage, for a given individual, resulting from
impairment or a disability, which prevents the fulfilment of a role that is
considered normal (depending on age, sex and social and cultural factors)
for that individual.

3. HOW TO DEFINE DISABILITY???
According to the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities,
Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995, "Person with
disability" means a person suffering from not less than 40% of any disability
as certified by a medical authority (any hospital or institution, specified for
the purposes of this Act by notification by the appropriate Government).
As per the act "Disability" means -
(i) Blindness;
(ii) Low vision;
(iii) Leprosy-cured;
(iv) Hearing impairment
(v) Loco motor disability;
(vi) Mental retardation;
(vii) Mental illness

4. MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE
 Disability has
been classified
by the WHO as
part of a
continuum of
stages of disease
impact that
include:

5. DIFFERENCE
Impairment Disability Handicap
Any loss or abnormality of
psychological, physiological
or anatomical structure or
function.
Any restriction or lack
(resulting from an
impairment) of ability to
perform an activity in the
manner or within the range
considered normal for a
human being.
A disadvantage for a given
individual that limits or
prevents the fulfillment of a
role that is normal
Impairment refers to a
problem with a structure or
organ of the body
Disability is a functional
limitation with regard to a
particular activity
Handicap refers to a
disadvantage in filling a role
in life relative to a peer
group.

6. Impairment Disability Handicap
Cataract: Prevents the
passage of light and
sensing of form, shape,
and size of visual stimuli
Inability to read or move
around
Exclusion from school
Delayed speech language
development
Inability to speak clearly
enough to be
understood
Defective communication
with others
Motor deficits,
imbalance, joint
stiffness
Inability to perform
activities of daily living
such as dressing,
feeding, walking
Dependence, immobility

7. CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS OF
DISABILITY
The most common causes of impairment and disability include chronic diseases such as
 diabetes,
 cardiovascular disease,
 Cancer,
 road traffic crashes,
 conflicts,
 falls,
 landmines,
 mental impairments,
 birth defects,
 malnutrition,
 HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases.

8. TYPES OF DISABILITY

10. Physical Disabilities
 Includes physiological, functional and/or mobility impairments
 Can be chronic, progressive or stable, visible or invisible
 Some involve extreme pain, some less, some none at all
 Characteristics of “Progressive” conditions and examples:
 These disabilities get worse over time but can fluctuate.
 Multiple Sclerosis – neurological deterioration
 Muscular Dystrophy – muscular disorders
 Chronic Arthritis – inflammation of the joints

11.  Characteristics of “Non-Progressive” conditions and examples:
 These disabilities are non-progressive and remain stable.
 Cerebral Palsy – neurological condition
 Spina Bifida – congenital malformation of the spinal cord
 Spinal Cord Injury – neurological damage resulting from trauma
 These disabilities are non-progressive but can fluctuate.
 Fibromyalgia – chronic pain condition
 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome – chronic fatigue condition

12. Visual Disabilities
 “Legally Blind” describes an individual who has 10% or less of normal vision.
 Only 10% of people with a visual disability are actually totally blind. The other 90% are
described as having a “Visual Impairment.”
 Common causes of vision loss include:
 Cataracts (cloudy vision – treatable)
 Diabetes (progressive blindness)
 Glaucoma (loss of peripheral vision)
 Macular Degeneration (blurred central vision)
 Retinal Detachment (loss of vision)
 Retinitis Pigmentosa (progressive blindness)

13.  Hearing Disabilities
 “Deaf” describes an individual who has severe to profound hearing loss.
 “Deafened” describes an individual who has acquired a hearing loss in adulthood.
 “DeafBlind” describes an individual who has both a sight and hearing loss.
 “Hard of Hearing” describes an individual who uses their residual hearing and speech to
communicate.
 The Canadian Hearing Society Awareness Survey of 2001 states that almost 1 in 4 (23%) of
Adult Canadians report having a hearing loss.

14.  Mental Health Disabilities
 Mental health disabilities can take many forms, just as physical disabilities do.
 Unlike many physical illnesses though, all mental illnesses can be treated.
 They are generally classified into six categories:
 Schizophrenia – The most serious mental illness, schizophrenia affects about 1% of
Canadians.
 Mood Disorders (Depression and Manic Depression) – These illnesses affect about 10% of
the population. Depression is the most common mood disorder.

15.  Anxiety Disorders – These affect about 12% of Canadians. They include phobias and panic
disorder as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder.
 Eating Disorders – They include anorexia nervosa and bulimia and are most common in
men and women under the age of 30.
 Personality Disorders – There are many different personality disorders. People with these
disorders usually have a hard time getting along with other people. They are the most
difficult disorders to treat.
 Organic Brain Disorders – These disorders affect about 1% of people. They are the result of
physical disease or injury to the brain (i.e., Alzheimer’s, Stroke, Dementia).

16.  Intellectual Disabilities
 Characterized by intellectual development and capacity that is significantly below average.
 Involves a permanent limitation in a person’s ability to learn.
 Causes of Intellectual (or Developmental) Disabilities include:
 Any condition that impairs development of the brain before birth, during birth, or in childhood
years
 Genetic conditions
 Illness affecting the mother during pregnancy
 Use of alcohol or drugs by pregnant mothers
 Childhood diseases
 Poverty — Children in poor families may become intellectually disabled because of malnutrition,
disease-producing conditions, inadequate medical care, and environmental health hazards.

17.  Learning Disabilities
 A learning disability is essentially a specific and persistent disorder of a person’s central nervous system
affecting the learning process.
 This impacts a person’s ability to either interpret what they see and hear, or to link information from
different parts of the brain.
 One of the most common indicators of a learning disability is a discrepancy between the individual’s
potential (aptitudes and intellectual capacity) and his or her actual level of achievement.
 Having a learning disability does not mean a person is incapable of learning; rather that they learn in a
different way.
 Many people with a learning disability develop strategies to compensate for or to circumvent their
difficulties.


18.  "Blindness" refers to a condition where a person suffers from any of
the following conditions,
(i) Total absence of sight.
(ii) Visual acuity not exceeding 6/60 or 20/200 in the better eye with
correcting lenses;
(iii) Limitation of the field of vision subtending an angle of 200 or worse;
 "Person with low vision" means a person with impairment of visual
functioning even after treatment or standard refractive correction but
who uses or is potentially capable of using vision for the planning or
execution of a task with appropriate assistive device;

19.  "Leprosy cured person" means any person who has been cured of
leprosy but is suffering from-
I. Loss of sensation in hands or feet as well as loss of sensation and paresis
in the eye and eye-lid but with no manifest deformity;
II. Manifests deformity and paresis; but having sufficient mobility in their
hands and feet to enable them to engage in normal economic activity;
iii. Extreme physical deformity as well as advanced age which prevents him
from undertaking any gainful occupation, and the expression "leprosy cured"
shall be construed accordingly.

20.  "Hearing impairment" means loss of 60 dB or more in the better ear
in the conversational range of frequencies;
 "Loco motor disability" means disability of the bones, joints muscles
leading to substantial restriction of the movement of the limbs or any
form of cerebral palsy;
 "Mental retardation" means a condition of arrested or incomplete
development of mind of a person which is specially characterized by
sub normality of intelligence;
 "Mental illness" means any mental disorder other than mental
retardation;

21. The disability manual by National Human Rights Commission elaborately
describes various indirect causes of disability (NHRC 2005).
 Malnutrition: is a major cause of disability in India as well as a contributory
factor in other ailments that increase susceptibility to disabling conditions.
Common micro-nutrient deficiencies that affect disability include:
• Vitamin A deficiency – blindness
• Vitamin B complex deficiency – beriberi, pellagra, anaemia
• Vitamin D deficiency – rickets
• Iodine deficiency –learning difficulties, intellectual disabilities, goiter
• Iron deficiency – anaemia, which impedes learning and activity
• Calcium deficiency – osteoporosis

22. AUTISM
• Developmental disability significantly affecting verbal
and nonverbal communication and social interaction,
generally evident before age three, that adversely
affects a child’s educational performance.
• Other characteristics often associated with autism are
engaging in repetitive activities and stereotyped
movements, resistance to environmental change or
change in daily routines, and unusual responses to
sensory experiences.

23. DEAF-BLINDNESS
• Means concomitant [simultaneous] hearing and visual
impairments, the combination of which causes such
severe communication and other developmental and
educational needs that they cannot be accommodated
in special education programs solely for children with
deafness or children with blindness.

24. MULTIPLE DISABILITIES
• Means concomitant [simultaneous] impairments (such
as intellectual disability-blindness, intellectual disability
orthopedic impairment, etc.), the combination of which
causes such severe educational needs that they
cannot be accommodated in a special education
program solely for one of the impairments. The term
does not include deaf-blindness.

25. OTHER HEALTH IMPAIRMENT
• Means having limited strength, vitality, or alertness, including a
heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in
limited alertness with respect to the educational environment,
that—
(a) is due to chronic or acute health problems such as asthma,
attention deficit disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia, lead
poisoning, leukemia, nephritis, rheumatic fever, sickle cell
anemia, and Tourette syndrome; and
(b) adversely affects a child’s educational performance.

26. SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITY
 Means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological
processes involved in understanding or in using language,
spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect
ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do
mathematical calculations.
 The term includes such conditions as perceptual disabilities,
brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and
developmental aphasia.
 The term does not include learning problems that are primarily
the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; of intellectual
disability; of emotional disturbance; or of environmental,
cultural, or economic disadvantage.

27. SPEECH OR LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT
• Means a communication disorder such as stuttering,
impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice
impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational
performance.

28. TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
 Means an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external
physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability
or psychosocial impairment, or both, that adversely affects a
child’s educational performance.
 The term applies to open or closed head injuries resulting in
impairments in one or more areas, such as cognition;
language; memory; attention; reasoning; abstract thinking;
judgment; problem-solving; sensory, perceptual, and motor
abilities; psychosocial behavior; physical functions;
information processing; and speech.

29. VISUAL IMPAIRMENT INCLUDING
BLINDNESS
• Means an impairment in vision that, even with
correction, adversely affects a child’s educational
performance.
The term includes both partial sight and blindness.

30. Acid Attack Victim
 According to RPWD Act 2016, an acid attack victim means a person
disfigured due to violent assaults by throwing of acid or similar
corrosive substance.
 Injuries often caused by acid attacks:
1. The skull is partly destroyed/deformed and hair lost.
2. Ear cartilage is usually partly or totally destroyed; deafness may
occur.
3. Eyelids may be burned off or deformed, leaving the eyes extremely
dry and prone to blindness. Acid directly in the eye also damages
sight, sometimes causing blindness in both eyes.

31.  The nose can become shrunken and deformed; the nostrils may close
off completely due to destroyed cartilage.
 The mouth becomes shrunken and narrow, and it may lose its full
range of motion. Sometimes, the lips may be partly or totally destroyed,
exposing the teeth. Eating and speaking can become difficult.
 Scars can run down from the chin to neck area, shrinking the chin and
extremely limiting range of motion in the neck.
 Inhalation of acid vapors usually creates respiratory problems,
exacerbated restricted airway pathways (the esophagus and nostrils) in
acid attack survivors.

32.  PWD Act 2016, allows 4% reservation for persons with disabilities in
government jobs. For the job quota purpose, acid attack survivors are
clubbed under the locomotor disability category which gets 1%
reservation.
 The 4% disabled job quota is divided as below:
 1% for people affected with blindness and low vision;
 1% for people affected with deafness and hard of hearing;
 1% for locomotor disability including cerebral palsy, leprosy cured,
dwarfism, acid attack victims and muscular dystrophy.
 1% for people affected with autism, intellectual disability, specific
learning disability and mental illness, it said.

33. Disability demographics in India.
Courtesy: indiability.org (2012)

34. Children with disabilities by age groups
across India. Courtesy: UNESCO, 2011

35. Thanks you