Definition of landscaping, basic principles and components

1. Definition of landscaping, Principles of gardening,
garden components and adornments
Lecture No. 2 and 3

2. Definition of landscaping
Refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area
of land, including nature, living elements, such as flora or
fauna; Natural elements such as landforms, terrain shape and
elevation, or bodies of water; Human elements such as
structures, buildings, fences

3. Landscape Architecture
Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor public
areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve
environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic
outcomes

4. PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPING

5. SIX BASIC
PRINCIPLES OF
LANDSCAPE
DESIGN

6. Balance
• Symmetrical balance is used in formal landscapes when one side of the
landscape is a mirror image of the opposite side.
• These landscapes often use geometric patterns in the walkways, planting
beds and even how the plants are pruned into shapes.
• Asymmetrical balance, also known as informal balance, differs from one
side to the other and appears to be relaxing and free flowing.

7. BALANCE
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BALANCE
SPACES

8. SYMMETRICAL BALANCE
• Symmetrical balance is where
there are more or less equally
spaced matching elements of in
gardens designs like mirror image
• Formal balance- repeats the
same left and right, giving
stability and dignity.
• It is need high maintenance
keep both side similar.
CENTRAL AXIS
SHOWN BOTH
SIDE EGUAL
BALANCE

9. ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE
Asymmetrical balance, also known as
informal balance, differs from one side
to the other and appears to be relaxing
and free flowing
lambaassociates.wordpress.com
http ://www.gardendesignexposed.com
Central axis
showing
assymetrical
balance in the
images

13. Rhythm
• Rhythm in a landscape is about repetition and the strategic
placement of elements that contribute to a garden’s
underlying structure.

17. Unity
• Unity in design simply means all the separate parts of the
landscape work together to create a great total design.
• Colors, shapes, sizes, textures and other features work
together to create a combined space.
• Forms and colors are often repeated.
• Lighting, special features, bed shapes and hardscapes such as
walk ways all need to work together to create a pleasing look
and a unified landscape.

18. UNITY
Creation of
unity
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20. VAREITY
• Vareity adds spices and interest in landscape from the helps of Lines,
forms , textures and colors
• Vareity is diversity and contrast in form, texture and colors preventing
monotony
• It has oftentimes been said that ‘variety’ is “the spice of life”
• It is essential in order to achieve an significant interest in landscape
• For variety, fill in with other landscape material.
• Too much vareity creates confusion but the lack of variety is boring
• Without vareity in both the use of hard and soft landscape material, this
can be lead to unfaourable results.

21. VAREITY
•
•
•
•
•
•
Using variety of
flower and
shrubs to create
the line of sight
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22. SIMPLECITY
• Achieved by the repetition of ideas or material.
• Simplicity is the concepts of reducing or eliminating extras
features to avoid a messy look.
• Reduce the different numbers of themes
• The reduction of a design to its simplest, its avoids unnecessary
cost and maintenance.
• Simplicity in the limitation of changes
• One of the most common problem in landscape is trying to do “too
much”
• Simplicity is the essential for the landscape design.
• Plants and the other materials of designing in landscape
components in to a simple, unified scheme is always an existing
challenges

23. SIMPLECITY
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Simplicity
shown in
images from
the repetition
of
landscape
elements

24. • Simply refers to the size of elements in relation to each other that is “scale”.
• A feeling of balance can also be achieved by having equal proportions of
open space and planted
• Proportion is the sense or requirement that the size of the individual
components or groups of components in a landscape fit into the whole
landscape.
• Proportion is the relationship with width or length of an area to the
relationship to parts of an organization.
• Special consideration and study should be given to proper plant selection to
avoid using plants that are out of proportion.
• Scale usually bears references of size of a thing or object that appears to have
a pleasing relationship to other things or to the design as a whole.
PROPORTIONS

25. PROPORTIONS

26. SEQUENCE
Sequence of trees, grass and
shrubs
Lines, rows, and columns can be
used to connect and define a space.
Utilize bold, straight lines or even
wavy curves.
A sequence can be created with a
formal or informal balance of
elements.

27. ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN
1. COLOUR
2. FORM
3. LINE
4. SCALE OR BALANCE
5. TEXTURE
• The 5 basic
elements of
landscape
design are:

28. Color wheel
Color theory is often used in landscape design by
dividing the color spectrum into 4 categories:
1.Primary: reds, yellows and blues.
2.Secondary: greens, violets (purples) and oranges.
3.Tertiary: Mixtures of the primary and secondary
categories.
•Neutral: White, grays and silvers.
All the images follows the principle of
landscaping like unity vareity etc

29. FORM
• In landscape design terminology, form
is the shape of a plant.
• Upright
• oval
• Columnar
• Spreading
• Broad spreading
• Weeping
• Tall plants create a vertical look,
drawing the eye upward
• Low spreading plants draw the eye
to the horizon.
• Use individual specimen plants
to break monotony and create
interest.
• A mixture of a variety of form
becomes confusing

30. LINE
• The line of sight is the viewer's eye movement or
flow being influenced by the arrangement of
plants and their borders.
• Eye movement is unconsciously affected by the
way plant groupings fit or flow together, both
on the horizontal and vertical planes.
• Hedges or rows of plants direct the attention
to a focal point or specific Area.
• Meandering lines or curves slow movement
and create a natural, undisturbed feeling.

31. SCALE AND BALANCE
• The visual relationship of the Landscape
components, relative to size.
• Equal sizes on both sides of the
landscape gives balance
• Symmetrical – the repeating of the
elements on either side of an
axis(an imaginary central line)
• Asymmetrical – equal size or weight
on both sides of the axis, without
repeating specific elements

32. TEXTURE
• Texture is the touch or visual
surface quality of an object, or
plant
• The texture of a plant's foliage or
bloom can be viewed as coarse,
medium or fine.

33. Water
• Water has been used by landscape architects as a
key aesthetic factor.
• It was implemented for breaking the monotony caused
by the solid materials used by architects or artists
Introduction
• Water is an important design element.
• Like plants, water has qualities that change over
time and in different light and weather conditions
• Its capable of producing a wide variety of effects,
from that of a still pond, to the excitement of a great
cascade.
Role of water in landscape aesthetics
Water related landscape values
1.Sound of water or water birds
2.Movement of rivers, waterfalls or waves
3.Colours of water and coasts
4.Reflections on water surface
5.Possibility of expanding biotopes of certain species.
6.Water creates a sculpturing effect.

34. ROCK
• “Rock” could be boulders, cobbles, stone and
gravel as paving, or building walls as
groundcovers and surfacing.
• Can be used in its natural state or as cut stone,
sliced stone or polished stone.
• It is more expensive than most artificial
materials but it is very durable, with interest
texture.
Granite
pavers
Flag stone
Pabbles
Gravels in several
Colors

35. COMPONENTS OF LANDSCAPES AND GARDENS
Living components
• 1. Lawn
• 2. Shrubs and shrubberies
• 3. Climber and creepers
• 4. Trees
• 5. Flower beds and borders
• 6. Ornamental hedges
• 7. Edges (or) Edging
• 8. Carpet beds
• 9. Topiary
• 10. Trophy

36. Lawn
• Lawn is a natural green carpet of a garden
• It is a ground cover made of perennial fine grass which is
maintained by continuous and close mowing
• It is a basic feature for home ground development and an essential
feature for any other type of garden

37. Grasses suitable for lawn making
Common Name Scientific name
Buffalo grass or shade grass Stenotaphrum secundatum
Korean grass Zoysia japonica
Bermuda grass or Doob grass Cynodon dactylon
Korean velvet grass Zoysia centifolia

40. Shrubs and shrubbery
• Shrubs are much branched woody
perennials and has several branches
arising from the base
• They form a boarder on the sides of
footpath
• Shrubs are not grown for shade
• Structurally , they provide bulk and
mass in the landscape
• It is useful as single specimens, mixed
borders, beneath the tall trees, and as
a ground covers

44. In gardens, the shrub boarder is created with
more than two kinds of shrubs . Such a shrubby
growth is called shrubbery

46. Foliage Shrubs
• Copperleaf or Copper plant- Acalypha wilkesiana tricolor
• Fire croton or Garden croton- Codium variegate

48. Climbers and creepers
• Climbers and creepers are
used to grow against or over
walls , trellis , arches ,
pergolas , pillars , or any
large trees
• Climbers may be weight or
light depending upon the
wood it produces
• Creepers are those plants that
are unable to climb vertically
on their own because of their
week stems

49. Eg:
1. Bougainvillea
2. Creeping Fig (ficus) or climbing fig- Ficus ripens or Ficus pumila.
3. Rangoon creeper or Chinese honeysuckle- Quisqualis Indica.
4. Asian pigeonwings or bluebell vine or butterfly pea or cordofan
pea.

50. Creeping fig

52. Flame vine or orange trumpet vine: Pyrostegia venusta

53. butterfly pea: Clitoria ternatea

58. Trees
• A tree is a perennial ornamental plant with an elongated stem ,
or trunk , supporting branches and leaves in most species , they
give a mass effect and beautiful look to the localities .
The place where trees are grown
either for landscaping or for
scientific study is known as
arboretum

60. Various forms of ornamental trees are
is good for planning in narrow side yards .
They are good on either Sides of an entrance .
Columnar / erect tree
Eg : polyalthia pendula

61. Spartan Juniper: Juniperus chinensis

62. Global / oval shaped tree
have almost clipped appearance and add formal touch
to the landscape . Eg: Thuja occientalis

63. Vase shaped trees
look beautiful with their grey branches . Many of the deciduous
trees are vase shaped . Eg : Pithecolobium saman (rain tree)

64. Pyramid shaped tree
look better when planned in such a way as to provide a distinct
view from the lawns . Eg : Araucaria bidwillii

65. Weeping / pendulous trees : have drooping branches
and flower spikes are always a favourite in a house
garden .
ex: cassia fistula (golden rain tree)

66. Flower beds and borders
• Several flowering annuals and herbaceous perennials can be
grown in beds and borders
• Flower beds are simple design that can be laid out on the
borders of the lawn along the foundation of buildings , the path
leading to the entrance of the house , and on sides of footsteps
Flower borders are
continuous beds of more
length than width
containing plants of
heterogeneous character
as flower beds which are
composed of plants of
one kind only .

74. Hedges
• Serve the purpose of fencing or screening .
• Give shelter from strong wind
• Help to separate garden components .
• Shrubs or trees planted at regular intervals to form continuous screen is
called hedge
Tall protective hedge – bougainvillea
Tall ornamental – hibiscus
Dwarf protective – opuntia
Dwarf ornamental – lantana , acalypha

75. Tall protective hedge – bougainvillea

77. Edges
• These are materials of any description that is used in gardens
for dividing beds, borders from the roads, walks or paths
defining spaces allotted for particular purposes as flower beds
• Dwarf growing plants up to 20-30cm height such
as Eupatorium
• Alternanthera which should stand frequent trimming.
Lining the borders of
beds , lawn , paths etc.
with low growing
perennials or brick work
or stones

81. Rockery
• This is intended to bring together in a shorter space an idea of
mountain or alpine garden with plants growing in the
crevices of rocks.
• This is an elevated structure resembling a miniature mountain
range or slope of a hill with few dominant peaks or valleys.
Some of the Cacti &
Succulents used in rockery
are Agave, Aloe vera, Sedum,
Yucca.
Ferns: Nephrodium,
Polypodium.
Flowering: Vinca rosea,
Verbena.

87. Topiary
• Certain plants are often trimmed to shapes of animals or birds etc.,
• Shrubs are well suited for bending and withstand frequent trimming for
developing topiary
• Shrubs like Casuarina, Bougainvillea, Cupressus (cypress), duranta
repens , murraya exotica , are suitable for topiary work .

94. Trophy
• Arranging potted colourful foliage or flowering shrubs and
annuals or herbaceous perennials around a tree or any
central object (statue or flag post )
• They are often arranged in tiers.

95. Carpet beds
• In a large public garden close-growing plants
like Verbena or Alternanthera ( joyweeds, or Joseph's
coat) are used to form certain designs or letters
• Foliage plants are better suited than flowering plants as they
stand severe clipping much better
• Carpet beds require constant attention and need not allowing
them to overgrow

99. Non-living components (Garden Adornments)
• Many adornments
/enrichments are provided
in a garden to make it look
more ornamental.
• Selection and positioning
of enrichment items
should add charm and
quality to the landscape.

100. Fountains
• Fountains break the monotony of the garden and add
pleasing sound inside the garden.
• It can be used as a focal point also.
• Musical fountains are gaining popularity nowadays.

114. Statues and wells
• Statues of animate/inanimate objects can be used.
• Made of bronze or stone or copper or concrete.
• Statues can be placed in the middle of a running stream of water, along
the border of a big lawn, at the cross section of two roads, at the end of a
road or near the doorway of the house.
• Sculptures sometimes placed at the edge of water sot that they form
reflections in the water.
• Wells are indicative of the life of a garden, since they are supposed to
supply water.

120. Garden seats
• Should be comfortable, durable, aesthetic and should not look
out of place.
• Can be made of wood, iron, concrete, fibre or plastic.

126. Ornamental stones
• Ornamental stones add beauty to the gardens. Stones of various
colours and designs can be placed near lily pools / along streams
/waterfalls. It improves the look of the area to a great extent.

129. Tubs, vases and urns
• These are useful for plant display. Made of timber, concrete,
terracotta, brass or curved out of stone.
• These can be fixed permanently in a place or sometimes it
can be movable also.

133. Bird bath
• A large bowl-shaped container fixed over a pillar of about 1m height.
• Water is stored in the bowl for the birds to come and drink/bath.
• It should be placed in a quiet place to attract birds.

136. Floral clocks
• Refers to large clocks operated by electricity, having
large arms to show second, minute and hour.
• The dial is made by carpet bedding or flower bed.
• If flowering annuals are used, they should be replaced
every season.
• Eg: Alternanthera, Iresine

141. Sundials
• Used in a garden to know the time. It should be positioned in
a place where shadow from a tree or building does not fall
for a long duration.

142. Lanterns
• Carved out of stone and should be low and decorative.
• Metal lanterns can also be used.

143. Gazebo
• A pavilion structure from which the glimpse of the whole
garden could be viewed is referred to as gazebo.

146. Bridges
• Necessary item in a garden to cross as stream.
• Size, shape and material of bridge depends upon the type of
water barrier.
• Made of wood, stone or concrete.

151. Kiosk
• Usually a structure in the form of an ornamental shed.
• The main purpose is to provide shelter for sitting and taking rest.
• Usually made of brick floor, wooden frame and decorative tiled
roof.
• Placement dimension and design should be in harmony with the
garden features.

154. Garden adornments
• There are several garden adornments and accessories such as fountains,
statues, garden seats, ornamental posts and pillars, arches and pergolas,
trellises, hanging baskets, tubs, vases and urns with plants which make the
garden more enjoyable.
• Playing of a fountain is an interesting feature in a garden and the water in the
cistern should be kept clean.
• Garden seats made up of stones, concrete or metal are placed under the tree.
• Handsome tubs, vessels and urns are utilized to display plants in conspicuous
places.
• Arbours, arches, pergolas and trellises serve as support to several beautiful
plants and to dispel monotony in garden.
• Arbours are usually open in all sides.
• Very often a long wall or the end of a pergola leads to an arbour.
• Arches are generally erected over walks, usually at the entrance and are
usually two meters in height.
• Pergolas are series of arches connected over a walk.

155. THANK YOU