1) Between 1800-1900, the population of Europe doubled due to declining death rates from improved nutrition, medicine and public health advances like vaccinations and pasteurization of milk. 2) Major figures like Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch and Florence Nightingale helped fight diseases through identifying their causes, vaccinations and introducing sanitary measures in hospitals. 3) Growing cities featured urban renewal, infrastructure like sewers and sidewalks, and new building types such as government buildings, department stores and skyscrapers, though many still lived in poor conditions.

1. The Rise of Cities and TechnologyThe Rise of Cities and Technology
Changing Ways of LifeChanging Ways of Life

2. Medicine
Fight Against Disease
 Between 1800 and 1900 the population of
Europe doubled and not due to growing
families but to the death rate falling.
 Nutrition and medical advances led to less
deaths
 Louis Pasteur
 Developed vaccinations
 Developed pasteurization which killed the
bacteria in milk

3. Medicine
• Fight Against Disease
– Robert Koch
• Identified the bacteria that caused TB
which claimed about 30 million lives
• As people understood how germs caused
disease they bathed and changed their
clothes more often
– Hospital Care
• Anesthesia used during surgery
• Florence Nightingale
– Nurse who introduced sanitary measure in
hospitals
– Opened first nursing school

4. City Life
• Growing wealth and
industrialization led to the building
of streets lined with government
buildings, department stores and
theaters
• Urban renewal (rebuilding of poor
cities) took place in Paris in 1850
• Cities also had sidewalks, sewers
and skyscrapers
• Many families though still lived in
poor conditions

5. Working Class Advances
• Protest low wages, long hours and unsafe
working conditions.
• Initially business owners try to silence
protestors but worker soon make progress
– Main tactic was to go on strike
• Mutual Aid Societies
– Groups that helped sick or injured

6. A New Social Order
• Three Social Classes Emerge
– Upper Class
• Rich business families
– Middle Class
• Middle level business people and professionals
(doctors, scientists etc)
– Workers and Peasants
• Made up 30% of population

7. Middle Class Values
• Rules for how to dress and
behave
• Cult of domesticity
– Ideal home is one where the
man worked and woman
stayed at home
What was the social
order like in the
1800’s?

8. Women Work for Rights
• Women campaigned for fairness in marriage,
divorce and property laws
• Women supported temperance movement
– Limit alcoholic beverages
• Women were banned from most schools and
had little protection under the law and all
their property was controlled by her father or
husband

9. Women Work for Rights
• Famous Women
– Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony
• Women’s Suffrage
– Women’s right to vote
– Sojourner Truth – African American suffragette
– 19th
Amendment – gave women the right to vote
in 1920

10. Public Education
• Industrialized societies saw
the need for a literate
workforce
• Schools taught punctuality,
obedience to authority,
disciplined work habits and
patriotism
How did
industrialization
impact public
education?

11. Science Takes New Directions
• Darwin and Natural Selection
– Argued that all forms of life had evolved into their
present state over millions of years
– Said species compete to survive and only the
fittest ones do.
– Social Darwinism
• People applied this to society and said that those who
were successful were because they were superior to
others which encouraged racism

12. Religion in the Urban Age
• Religion continued to be a major force in
Western Society
• Religious groups worked to help the poor
• Social Gospel
– Urged Christians to take up social service and
campaign for reforms such as housing, healthcare
and education
List five ways life had
changed after
industrialization?