Week 6 day four cold war

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Kennedy’s Foreign Policy

• Explain the steps Kennedy took to change
American foreign policy.
• Analyze the causes and effects of the Bay of
Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis.
• Assess the results of the Berlin Crisis and
other foreign policy events of the 1960s.
Objectives

Terms and People
• John F. Kennedy – a Democratic senator who was
elected President in 1960
• Richard M. Nixon – former Republican vice
president under Eisenhower who ran for President in
1960 and lost
• Fidel Castro – communist leader of Cuba
• flexible response – a defense policy in which the
U.S. military is prepared to fight any type of conflict

• Peace Corps – a U.S. program that sent volunteers
to developing countries to assist in education,
healthcare, and economics
• Alliance for Progress – a U.S. policy that aimed to
renew the former Good Nation Policy toward Latin
American nations by providing economic aid
• Bay of Pigs invasion – 1961 failed invasion of Cuba
by a CIA-led force of Cuban exiles
• Nikita Khrushchev – the Soviet Union’s prime
minister during Kennedy’s presidency
Terms and People (continued)

• Cuban missile crisis – 1962 conflict between the
United States and the Soviet Union resulting from the
Soviet installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba
• hot line – a telephone line between the White House
and Moscow to improve communication between the
United States and the Soviet Union after the Cuban
missile crisis
• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty – 1963 agreement limiting
nuclear testing between the United States, the Soviet
Union, Great Britain, and thirty-six other countries
• Berlin Wall – a wall built by the Soviet Union to
separate East Berlin from West Berlin

How did Kennedy respond to the
continuing challenges of the Cold War?
When John F. Kennedy took office, he
faced the spread of communism abroad
and the threat of nuclear war.
His enthusiasm and commitment to change
offered hope that the challenges of the
Cold War could be met.

John F. Kennedy
won a close
presidential
election in
1960, defeating
Richard M. Nixon.

Kennedy launched a new Cold War strategy.
• He built up both conventional and special military forces.
• He created a flexible response defense policy.
• He developed the Alliance for Progress to improve
relations with Latin American countries.
• He created the Peace Corps.

As ambassadors of
American goodwill,
the Peace Corps
sent American
volunteers
to developing
nations to assist
with such services
as education and
health care.

The sudden threat of Castro and Communism in
nearby Cuba led to two major confrontations.
• Bay of Pigs invasion
• Cuban missile crisis

Kennedy took responsibility
for the mission’s failure.
The President said,
however, that he would
continue to resist efforts
by the communists to
control other countries in
the Western Hemisphere.
In April 1961 the United States
invaded Cuba’s Bay of Pigs.
The invasion, conceived by the CIA to overthrow
Fidel Castro, involved Cuban exiles who had fled
Castro’s rule and settled in the United States.
The Bay of Pigs mission failed.

In 1962, American
intelligence agencies
photographed Soviet
nuclear missile
installations in Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis

The missiles at
these Cuban sites
threatened major
cities in the
United States.

In Public Behind the Scenes
In a television address,
Kennedy blamed Soviet
Prime Minister Khrushchev
for reckless action that
threatened world peace.
Kennedy initiated a U.S.
naval blockade of Cuba.
Kennedy told the Soviets
that the United States
would remove U.S.
missiles from Turkey and
Italy if the Soviets
removed their missiles
from Cuba.
Kennedy worked to resolve the Cuban missile crisis.

After six tense days, the Soviets backed off.
Nikita Khrushchev agreed to honor the
blockade and removed the missiles.
The crisis prompted the two leaders to establish
a period of détente. They set up a hot line
between Washington, D.C., and Moscow to
improve communication.

This treaty ended
aboveground
nuclear testing.
As a result of the
crisis the United
States, Great Britain,
the Soviet Union,
and thirty-six other
countries signed the
first Nuclear Test
Ban Treaty in 1963.

The United States also clashed with the
Soviets over Berlin.
In 1961 Khrushchev
insisted the United States
end its military presence in
West Berlin.
In 1961 Khrushchev
insisted the United States
end its military presence in
West Berlin.
Kennedy refused.Kennedy refused.
Khrushchev ordered the building of the Berlin
Wall to separate communist
East Berlin from democratic West Berlin.

In response to Khrushchev’s actions, Kennedy
requested a large increase in military spending.
He also sent 1,500 more U.S. soldiers to West Berlin.
The Berlin Wall became a symbol of the split between
the communist Eastthe democratic West and the communist East

Origins of the Vietnam War

• Describe the reasons that the United States
helped the French fight the Vietnamese.
• Identify ways in which the United States
opposed communism in Southeast Asia.
• Analyze how the United States increased its
involvement in Vietnam.
Objectives

Terms and People
• Ho Chi Minh − a Vietnamese leader who
demanded Vietnam’s independence from France
• domino theory − the idea that if a nation fell to
communism, its closest neighbors would follow
• Dien Bien Phu − a French military base besieged
by Vietminh troops until the French surrendered

• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
− defensive alliance aimed at preventing
communist aggression in Asia
• Vietcong − South Vietnamese guerrilla fighters
supported by communists in North Vietnam
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution − 1964 congressional
resolution that authorized President Johnson to
commit American troops to South Vietnam and
fight a war against North Vietnam

Why did the United States become
involved in Vietnam?
Presidents Kennedy and Johnson shared a vision
that the United States would emerge victorious
from the Cold War.
As part of this battle, the United States
established a new line of defense in Vietnam.

• The United States
wanted France as an
ally in the Cold War.
• The United States also
wanted to support any
government that was
fighting communism.
The United States became involved in Vietnam
for several reasons.

French colonial governments
had ruled most of Indochina
since the 1800s.
The French exploited Indochina’s
wealth by owning plantations,
claiming mineral rights, and
imposing high taxes.

Vietnamese leader
Ho Chi Minh worked
to free Vietnam from
colonial rule.
Unable to get support
from western nations,
he embraced communism
and received support
from Soviet communists.

In 1954, President Eisenhower introduced the
domino theory, which said that if Vietnam became
communist, its closest neighbors would follow.
If communism spread
throughout the region,
Eisenhower feared, it could
threaten Japan, the
Philippines, and Australia.

The Vietminh hammered at
French forces and laid siege to
the base for 55 days.
After suffering more than
15,000 casualties, the French
surrendered on May 7, 1954.
Despite U.S. financial support, the French were
defeated by Vietminh forces at Dien Bien Phu.
In the peace accord that followed, Cambodia, Laos,
and Vietnam gained independence from France.

Vietnam was divided into
two countries.
Ho Chi Minh’s communist
government ruled North Vietnam.
An anticommunist government,
supported by the United States,
ruled South Vietnam.

South Vietnam’s president, Ngo Dinh
Diem, was not a popular leader.
A group of rebel guerilla fighters formed
the National Liberation Front (NLF) to
oppose the Diem government and unite
Vietnam under communist rule.

The United States supported
South Vietnam in several ways.
• formed the Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization, which opposed communism
• gave economic and military aid
• sent Special Forces soldiers to “advise” South
Vietnamese troops

In 1961, President Kennedy sent Special Forces
troops to help fight the Vietcong, the guerilla
fighters of the National Liberation Front.
The Diem government
remained unpopular, however,
and the Kennedy administration
worked behind the scenes to
remove Diem from power.

In 1964, President Johnson faced his first crisis
in Vietnam.
North Vietnam
attacked an
American
destroyer in
the Gulf of
Tonkin.
Johnson
ordered an
airstrike
against North
Vietnam.
He then asked
Congress to
authorize the
use of force to
defend U.S.
troops.
In response, Congress passed the
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

The Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution
gave Johnson
tremendous war
powers.
• It allowed him to
commit U.S. troops
to South Vietnam.
• It enabled him to fight
a war against North
Vietnam without
asking Congress for a
declaration of war.

Nixon's Foreign Policy

• Explain the thinking behind Richard Nixon’s
foreign policy.
• Define Nixon’s foreign policy toward China
and the Soviet Union.
Objectives

Terms and People
• Henry Kissinger − President Nixon’s leading
adviser on national security and international
affairs
• realpolitik − the belief that political goals should
be defined by concrete national interests instead of
abstract ideologies
• Zhou Enlai − Premier of China when Nixon made
a state visit to China in 1972

• Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) −
1972 treaty between the United States and the
Soviet Union that froze the deployment of
intercontinental ballistic missiles and placed limits
on antiballistic missiles
• détente − flexible diplomacy adopted by Richard
Nixon to ease tensions between the United States,
the Soviet Union, and the People’s Republic of
China

How did Richard Nixon change Cold
War diplomacy during his
presidency?
After the Vietnam War, President Nixon developed
a new approach to the Cold War.
His bold program redefined America’s relations
with the Soviet Union and China.

President Nixon redefined U.S. foreign policy.
• He did not divide the world into
“us” (democratic countries) and
“them” (communist countries).
• He practiced realpolitik — foreign policy
based on concrete national interests rather
than ideology.
• He concluded that there was no united
worldwide communist movement.

Henry Kissinger was
President’s Nixon’s
leading adviser on
national security and
international affairs.
Together they
altered America’s
Cold War policy,
improving the
country’s relations
with China and the
Soviet Union.

• Diplomatic relations with
China would bring economic
opportunities to the United
States.
• An improved relationship
with China would weaken
China’s ties to the Soviet
Union.
A political
realist, Nixon
wanted to
establish
diplomatic
relations with
China.
The United States stood to gain
much by recognizing China.

China invited an
American ping-pong
team to play in a
tournament.
Kissinger used that
opportunity to work
behind the scenes,
talking with Chinese
leaders and ironing
out sensitive issues.Chinese and American
players training together

In February 1972,
President Nixon
visited China
and met with
Chinese Premier
Zhou Enlai.

Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev invited
President Nixon to visit Moscow.
• Trade thrived between the United States
and China.
• American tourists began to visit China.
Nixon’s visit to China resulted in several
benefits for the United States.

In May 1972, Nixon met with Brezhnev
in Moscow.
• They signed SALT 1, the Strategic Arms
Limitation Treaty, a major step towards ending
the nuclear arms race.
• The two leaders agreed to reduce pollution and
undertake a joint U.S.–Soviet space mission.

Nixon’s policy of
détente, the easing
of Cold War
tensions, replaced
the old policy based
on suspicions and
distrust.
His foreign-policy
breakthroughs
moved the world
closer to the end
of the Cold War.

Week 6 day four cold war

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