gender issues and Gender based violence and Vioence against women are included in this. recent data of NDHS 2011 and prevention of VAW.

1. Reshma KC
Nepalgunj, Banke

2.  So-called “natural differences” have been used to
justify unequal opportunity in education,
employment, politics, and more
 Women were once thought incapable of
succeeding at college because of their
biological makeup
 Our cultural suppositions are more rooted in our
social constructions of what is natural than in
biological limitations

3. Sex: biological differences between males
and females
 Refers to who we are as males and
females
Gender: the social and cultural significance
we attach to those presumed biological
differences
 Refers to what we become as men and
women, which occurs through
socialization

4. Gender and Power
• Patriarchy is a form of social organization in which
males dominate females.
 In general, women fare better in rich nations than in poor
countries.
• Matriarchy is a form of social organization in
which females dominate males. No matriarchal
societies are known to exist or to have existed.

5. • Sexism
is the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other. It
underlies patriarchy and harms men, women, and the society
as a whole.
Patriarchy is not inevitable because modern technology has
eliminated most of the historic justifications for it.

6. Gender and Socialization.
 Gender roles are attitudes and activities that a culture
links to each sex.
• Parents treat male and female children differently
from birth.
• Peer groups reinforce these differences.
 Boys and girls play different kinds of
games and learn different styles of moral
reasoning from games.
• Curricula in schools further reinforce a culture’s
gender roles.
• The mass media, especially television, also serve
this function.

7.  In industrial societies, women working
for income is now the rule rather than the
exception.
 Sixty-two percent of U.S. married couples
depend on two incomes.
• Women continue to enter a narrow range of
occupations almost half in clerical or service
work.
 The greater a job’s income and
prestige, the more likely it is that the
position will be held by a male.
 Working has not substantially reduced
women’s dominance in housework as
men have failed to increase helping
more at home.

8. • The average female full-time worker earns about 76
cents for every dollar earned by a male full-time
employee.
 Most of this results from the different kinds
of jobs held by men vs. women.
 The greater responsibility for family and
childcare tasks that our society has
traditionally assigned to women is another
factor explaining the earning differential.
 Discrimination is a third critical factor.

9. • Our society still defines high-paying professions as
masculine;
• this helps to explain why an equal number of women and
men begin most professional graduate programs, but women
are less likely to complete their degrees.
• Female involvement in politics is also increasing,
although very slowly at the highest levels.

10. • As technology blurs the distinction between combat and
noncombat personnel, women are taking on more
military assignments, though equality has not yet been
achieved.

11. • Violence against women:
 Family violence is frequently directed against women.
• Female genital mutilation is practiced extensively in
parts of Africa and the Middle East as well as Asia.
• Sexual harassment refers to comments, gestures, or
physical contact of a sexual nature that is deliberate,
repeated, and unwelcome.
• Women are more likely to be sexually harassed than
are men.
• Some harassment is observable but much of it is
delicate.
 Feminists define pornography as a form of sexual violence
against women, arguing that it demeans women and promotes
rape.

12.  Women give birth to babies, men don’t
 Little girls are gentle and timid, boys are tough and
adventurous
 In many countries, women earn 70% of what men earn
 Women can breast feed, men can’t
 Women are in charge of raising children
 Men are head of the household and make important
decisions
 Boys voices break at puberty, girls’ do not
 Women shouldn’t work in dangerous jobs such as mining

18.  the privileges to a person based on their
practice of granting or denying rights or
gender.

19.  Local level
 Simple case if a boy asks to go out, he easily gets permission but when a
girls asks…….
 you are not powerful enough because you are a women
 ( As a girl….)this and that in society
 Looks of people on street
 Unsocial words (Chiss chiss)
 (Swasnimanchhe )(words makes difference)
 Mental torture through mails, letters, telephones leading females to
reach to the decision of suicide
 Misbehaviour at work place
 Discrimination and dominating of interest
 What are they going to do studying, at last they are gonna go others
house

21.  Regional level
 Girls trafficking
 Prostitution
 Domestic violence( especially by husband)
 Early marriage(is there any boy of 14 years
getting married to 40 year female??)
 Economic difference(salary)

22.  Female themselves
 The senior female member played a
commanding role within the family by
controlling resources, making crucial planting
and harvesting decisions, and determining
the expenses and budget allocations

23.  Attitudes
 Male dominating society
 Egoism
 Generation gap
 Culture, political, historical
 Economic difference
 Educational difference

24.  The present status of women is said to be
strong than the past but it is the same.

25.  1. Women and Poverty
 2. Women and Education
 Only 17.9 % of the females have achieved the
secondary level education
 3. Women and Health
 Women are said to live more then that of men yet the
mortality rate is 170 per 1000,000 (2010)
• 4. Women and Violence
 Many stories…dowry, for not giving birth to male child,
naming witches, deuki, jhuma etc

26.  5. Women and Armed Insurgency
 In the Nepalese Army there are a total of 1776
female personnel in all ranks, which makes 1.91%
of the total army strength
 6. Women and Economy
 More than 80% are in labour force
 7. Women and Policy Making
 Lack of meaningful participation of women in
power and decision making

27.  8. Women and Institutional Structure
 House of Representative 12(5.8%) and National
Assembly 9(15%) Civil Service 7713 out of
98,689(7.8%)
 9. Women and Human Rights
 Prevailing socio -economic and cultural biases
 10. Women and Environment
 Inadequate knowledge and skills on the part of
the staff of the implementing agencies.

28.  11. The Girl child
 Children (0-14) constitutes about 40%(9.2million)
of the 23 million population of Nepal. Out of this
49% is girls
 12. Women and Media
 Radio Nepal(17%), Nepal Television(16%), The
GorakhaPatra Sansthan(14%) Total percentage of
women working in the media sector is 12%

29.  In medical
 In engineering
 Business
 Military:
 Although in the past we see no such relevant
participation of females but now there are several
females working as apart of Nepalese Army. In the
Nepalese Army there are a total of 1776 female
personnel in all ranks, which makes 1.91% of the total
army strength

30.  It is true that until and unless we do not walk
up to make our stand in the society, the
differences between male and female will
always exists. This is not only the society
that makes us weak, but its us who let
them make us weaker.

33.  Change will not always be easy or conflict
free but change will occur as women and
men push for it together.

34.  In Nepal what customs and cultural beliefs
affect gender?
 Identify them and discuss and present

35.  The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence
Against Women, adopted by the United Nations
General Assembly in 1993, defines Violence
Against Women as:
 “Any act of gender-based violence that results
in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or
psychological harm or suffering to women,
including threats of such acts, coercion or
arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether
occurring in public or private life”

36.  Nepali women and girls are vulnerable to
both
 domestic and
 public violence, such as rape, sexual abuse in the
workplace, and
 human trafficking.

37. • Moreover, harmful traditional practices, such as
– dowry-related violence,
– Deuki (offering infant girls to temples where
they live without education or proper care),
– Chhaupadi (keeping menstruating women in a
shed away from the home), and
– accusations of witchcraft, can also be life
threatening.

38. • Surveys also indicate that 23 percent of women and
20 percent of men in Nepal believe that domestic
violence is acceptable

39. 1. Based on place of occurrence
• Domestic
• Custodial
• Public violence & trafficking
• In conflict situation
• Special form of violence in Nepal

40. 1.1 Domestic violence
• Most common form of GBV.
• Violence between two intimately linked
partners of opposite sex.
• Physical, verbal, emotional, psychological
and/or sexual battering of women/men by
her/his partner or spouse.
– Examples: threats or intimidating words;
hitting, using a weapon, rape, imprisonment,
financial control, abusive or demeaning
language

41. 1.2. Custody
• The protective care or guardianship of
institutions/people or system (laws, policies
etc.)

42.  Most common form of custodial violence
• Imprisonment-By authority people
• By colleagues.
• Refugee camp
• Rehabilitation centre

43. Public violence & Trafficking
• Ranges from teasing to forced prostitution
& mass rape.
• Public places-vehicle, street, school,
working places, hat bazaar etc.
• Trafficking of women and children

44. • Conflict increases all forms of GBV.
• Mass displacement leading to more
vulnerability of women and children.
– Examples: Mass rape, military sexual
slavery, forced prostitution, forced marriage
and pregnancy.
• Women forced to offer sex for survival, or in
exchange for food, shelter or protection.

45.  Especial form of VAW in Nepal
• Culture is not only supporting GBV but also aggravating
it.
Examples:
• Bonded family
• Deuki
• Kumari
• Badi
• Jhuma
• Bhatti pasal
• Kamalari
• Polygamy

46. • Near half (47%) of the ever-married women aged 15 - 49 have
experienced some violence (less severe 23%, severe 10% and
sexual 14%) in their lifetime. lifetime prevalence of violence
against women is 47 percent in Nepal.
• Prevalence of violence segregated by women’s age shows high
prevalence of violence for aged (40 - 49) women with respect to
young (15 - 19) women.
• The prevalence of “less severe violence” is 16 percent for
evermarried women of age 15 – 19 while this is 26 percent for
evermarried women of age 40 - 49.
• Likewise, the prevalence of “severe violence” and “sexual
violence” is six and 12 percent respectively for ever-married
women of age 15 - 19 and 15 percent respectively for ever-
married women of age 40 - 49.

47. • This higher prevalence for aged women may be due to the
cumulative effect of violence experienced by woman throughout
her lifetime.
• Category wise, prevalence of violence is 70 percent for employed
women and 67 percent for divorced, separated or widowed
women.
• Those women having more number of living children experienced
more violence in Nepal.
• Prevalence of less severe violence is 15 percent for women with
no children, and this is 34 percent for women with five or more
children
. • Similarly, the prevalence of severe violence is only seven
percent for women with no children and 19 percent for women
with five or more children.

48.  As far as prevalence of sexual violence is
concerned, this is 12 percent for women with
no children and 23 percent for women with
five or more children. This indicates that all
the three types of violence is higher for
women having more children (five or more).
The prevalence of all the three types of
violence is high for women of the Terai
region (51%) than women of other regions,
viz. hill and mountain.

49. • Prevalence of violence is high among uneducated
women compared to educated women. Thus, it
can be said that the education of women will
reduce the occurrence of violence. Prevalence of
less severe violence is high among women from
medium wealth quintile (30 percent) and less
among women from richest wealth quintile(12
percent).

50. • Prevalence of severe violence is more among
women from poor wealth quintile (13
percent) and less among women from richest
wealth quintile (4 percent). Likewise,
prevalence of sexual violence is also high
among women from poor wealth quintile (17
percent) and less among women from rich
wealth quintile (10 percent).

51. - Launch awareness program about the superstitions of
witchcraft practices
- Strong enforcement mechanism in regards to combat
violence against women should be made
- Conduct women empowerment and skill
development training
- Alert civil societies and encourage them to
disseminate the issue of Gender Based Violence
- Strong Laws and Policies to combat violence against
women should be made
- Institute fast-court to provide speedy remedy to
victims of violence against women