Tikal Temple I: A Mayan Pyramid in Guatemala

Tikal and the Mayan Civilization
Photo 1: Tikal Temple I
This temple was one of the major structures at Tikal. Tikal is one of the largest cities during the Mayan civilization. This temple is also known as the
Temple of the Great Jaguar. It was called this because it shows a king sitting upon a jaguar throne. This specific temple was limestone pyramid
structure. It was created around 732 AD. This building was created on the east side of the Great Plaza inTikal.
The structure was a funerary temple for a ruler during the classical period. The tomb of the ruler has been located in side of the structure. This type
of temple raised nine stepped levels. This is supposed to symbolize the nine levels of the underworld. The pyramid was a shrine of the ruler and a
cared wooden lintel.
The lintels were carved from a sapodilla wood and painted red. The front had stone blocks carved to represent the figure of the king. This was a royal
tomb for Jasaw Chan K'awiil I. The tomb was discovered in a large chamber within the pyramid and below the level of the Great Plaza. Tikal was once
a city with around 90,000 people. This civilization was created during the "Classical" period of the Mayan civilization.
Photo 2: Waist pendant of a Queen Mother, fromBenin, Nigeria
The Queen mother was also known as Queen Idia. She was the mother of Esigie, who ruled from 1504 to 1550. Idia played an important role in the
rise and reign of her son. Idia was a strong warrior. As the mother of the king she had no other children. This
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The Art of Benin Essay
Why is the ownership of Benin Art so controversial?
The ownership of Benin Art could have been so controversial for a number of reasons. Most notably I would say, is due to the Anthropologists
seeing it as a cultural insight into the history of Benin however when people were introduced to start looking at the artefacts from also a more artistic
approach, this, for the anthropologists was taking the cultural effect away from it. Some people may have felt hostile to how these artefacts were
obtained from Benin to start with. We are informed that they were forcibly removed from their origin by the Westerners and therefore, the natives,
especially, felt that this was and is where they belonged and not in a European Gallery. Some see it... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main issue lies in the fact that these are key artefacts for Benin and hold a huge part of the culture and history, which for obvious reasons, make
these Sculptures more than just an art piece for outsider people to look at. These all hold meaning to the people of Benin and Africa, yet they have been
taken away.
Everybody sees art from a different perspective; it will signify something to one person that won't necessarily be the same as the next person who
observes it. However, the problem here is that to the Africans, these artefacts have more or less the same meaning and explanation to them all,
symbolising the same things, and cultural events, changes, a description of their history almost. Which therefore really makes you feel where they
belong is back in Africa, their true home with representing their true meaning. On the other hand, the debate lies in those who believe the artefacts can
be represented in Western countries. Note they do not at any point say they are in the right place by being in the Western side but they do believe that
their presence in national galleries throughout much of Europe is and will only be a positive thing for the Africans and the Europeans
This view is highlighted by the situation of which we find ourselves in today, for example, very prejudice, biased and unfounded opinions cause much
conflict between races, cultures religions and countries and this is

Benin Research Paper
Benin is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by the country of Togo, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and Niger. The country's capital is Porto
–Novo,
although the government is based in Cotonou, which is the country's city. Benin is run by its president, Thomas Boni Yayi.
In the country of Benin, the president is both the head of state and head of government, and of a multi–party system. The executive and legislative
power is exercised in the government, although the legislative power is also vested in the legislature. The judiciary power is independent from both of
these branches. The new constitution was adopted in 1990 so that the government could open up and liberalize to political system and economy.
Economic growth was created by all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This religion takes up about 42.8% of the nation's total population. Other religions throughout the country include Catholic, Muslim, Vodoun, and
Protestant. Most adherents of the Yoruba religious group are located in the south, whereas the other African Religion beliefs are found more in the
north and southeast.
The culture of Benin has changed throughout the years. Before the year of 1975, there was no Republic of Benin. Instead it was known as Dahomey.
The name was shortened to the Republic of Benin after the collapse of the Kerekou government in 1989. Most of the cooking in this country is done
outside or in a separate shelter. There is not much refrigeration, so trips to the market are made several times a week. Staple starch with sauce that
contains vegetables and meat or fish is the basic meal in the country of Benin.
The Peace Corps plays a big role in the health system in Benin. There highest priority is maintaining good health and safety in the country. There is a
medical unit located in Cotonou which is staffed by two full–time doctors. There is limited laboratory testing and radiographic studies are available at
local facilities. They are very up to date of the medical issues of everyone is the country. You must notify the Office of Medical Services any time
there is a change in your

Benin Slavery Analysis
To be announced slavery is very twisted and abusive way to treat a human being. In both passages they talk about the history of the slave trade.
Slavery is a very greedy burden to do to a person. There are numerous similar and contrasting fact about slavery.
I thoughts slavery has interrupted long time ago but in reality it still asitest to day. Slavery has ended "in 1864 in America and as stop sensed"(New
Orleans). This shows that slavery has ended across america in 1846 and ended sensen. "But the groups in Benin that sold slaves still exist
today."(paragraph 5 line 1–2) (West Africa). This shows that in Benin slavery still exist today but in America it has stop in the 1800s. One of the
passage took place in Africa and the other passage

Benin,Burkina Faso and CГґte dвЂ™Ivoire Immunization Services
CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1.Benin,Burkina Faso and CГґte d'ivoire Immunization services. In Benin, Burkina Faso and CГґte d'Ivoire immunization services are provided
through the expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). The main EPI targeted diseases are Diphtheria, Hepatitis, Measles, Pertussis Tetanus, Polio,
Tuberculosis, and Yellow fever.The main delivery strategies are three folds; fixed, mobile and outreach services. The mobile strategy has been stopped
due financial difficulties in Benin and Burkina Faso (Burkina Faso EPI external review, 2008). The fixed method refers to the delivery of vaccination
services inside the health facility on specific days of the week and hours of the day. In larger facilities vaccination is given... Show more content on
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Previous studies by Bicaba (2009), have also accounted for disparities of immunization coverage in Burkina Faso in 2003for example, the Nouna
health district had an immunization coverage rate of 31.5%, compared to the national rate of 52 percent. 1.3.3 CГґte d'ivoire In CГґte d'ivoire, the
disparities in immunization services are due to period of crisis which started with a coup in 1999 followed with a period of war in 2002
(International Monetary Fund, 2009) this conflict lead the country to be split into two zones with the North and North West controlled by the New
Rebel Forces where health services were completely closed down and health facilities used as military bases and South for the Government where
there was still some health services. The internal displaced people which included mothers and children moved from the North, New Rebel Forces held

Physical Geography Of Benin
Physical geography
Benin is one of the smallest country in Africa. It is a key–shaped country. It lies in West Africa and is between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. It
is surrounded by the countries Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, and Togo (see Figure 1). The coordinates of the country is 9В°20'N 2В°15'E.Benin is
about the size of Tennessee. Benin is located near the equator which makes the temperature to be higher than average. The area of Benin is 44,310
mi2. Benin is 98.2% land and 1.8% water. Benin is a relatively elevated throughout. The physical geography is south Benin is a sandy coastal area,
and north of Benin is a marshy land that have lagoons that rise into La Terre de Barre Plateau (see Figure 6). The sandy coastal area is 2 to 5
kilometers wide which are bounded by lagoons. The climate of Benin is hot and humid in the south and is partially arid in the north. Annual rainfall
that occurs in the coastal area averages about 1,360 mm.
The capital of Benin is Porto–Novo located near the coast. The city is located near the Gulf of Guinea which connects to the Atlantic Ocean.The sea
coast is about 75 miles long. The Niger River serves as a northern border (see Figure 3). The major rivers in Benin is the Kouffo, the Mono, the Niger,
and the Oueme. The largest city in Benin is Cotonou. Cotonou is a chief port and is a de facto administrative capital. The French have taken over
Benin and made it into a colony in the 19th century until 1960.
The natural hazards that

Essay about The Benin Bronzes
This essay deals with the nature of a cross cultural encounter between the Benin people and Portuguese traders in the 15th and 16th centuries, which
resulted in the depiction of Portuguese figures in Benin brass plaques. It will propose that this contact between people with different cultures was on
the basis of 'mutual regard' (Woods, K. 2008, p. 16), and although the Portuguese had qualms about idolatry in Benin it will show that assumptions by
Europeans up to the 20th century of the primitive nature of tribal African societies was inaccurate with regard to the Benin people, who had a society
based on the succession of the King or 'Oba', a Royal Family and Nobility. The essay will finally suggest that Benin's increase in wealth following ...
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2008, p. 8), then resold them further along the coast, using the proceeds to buy gold.
According to Joseph Eboreime, a Nigerian historian, the bronze heads are a visual history of the Benin Royal Family from before 1440 until 1897
(Woods, K. 2008, p. 12). It appears that the bronzes were seen only by the Oba and Royal Court with access to the royal compounds and rooms, during
ceremonies commemorating their ancestors (Ben–Amos in Woods, K. 2008, p. 12) . It is also unlikely they were seen in situ by the Portuguese traders
either (Pereira, D. P. also Pina, R. both in Woods, K. and MacKenzie, R. 2008, p. 33).
Finally, the plaques are clear evidence of a mutually beneficial cultural encounter with Portuguese traders in which both parties gained. It could be
speculated that the rectilinear form of the plaques arose from Benin craftsmen seeing Portuguese oil paintings, but there is no evidence of this. The
plaques, however, do first appear after contact with the Portuguese, following which there was a resurgence in bronze sculptures, probably as a result
of the increased wealth and confidence of Benin.
How and why have European attitudes to the display of Benin art in museums and galleries changed?
It is proposed to show that the ethos of European colonial expansion largely defined and classified Benin art and dictated how it should be interpreted
and displayed when first seen in European

Ben Amos's 'The Bird Of Prophesy'
Much of Benin's ancient history is "encoded" in the beautiful art it prolifically produced. The iconography of the clappers on which a carving of
the Bird of Prophesy is usually attached, for example, can only be understood in its own historic context. The bird is said to prophesy the future
and emit a distinctive cry foretelling good or bad fortune. Esige, a Benin king who ruled from 1504 to 1550, was once advised by the Bird of
Prophesy not to engage in war against the Ibo people, who posed a great threat to the kingdom. The king decided to ignore the warning, ordered the
bird to be killed and went on to defeat the Ibo in battle. His triumph in spite of the warnings of the bird shows his power in overcoming the prophecy.
As a result of his... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These idiophones are sounded at Ugie Oro court festivals. Each time a chief physically strikes the figure of the bird, he does so on the beak, which
is its vehicle for delivering prophesies. This ritual is highly symbolic. By hitting the beak, the chief is metaphorically silencing the bird and with
that, fate. Because Esigie proved to be able to "master" destiny, his subjects automatically fall under his protection. The king's dutiful subjects do not
have to fear fate if they have earned the king's favor. The land acquired after Esiege's victory was also tied to the image of the Bird of Prophesy. The
king, who had authority over fate and destiny, also brought wealth to his people. The bird became a symbol of the wealth an Oba could bring to the
kingdom through the use of his occult

African Art Collections at Museums: The Bronze Heads of...
While I was unable to attend the museums in New York I was able to go to the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston and The Smithsonian Natural History
Museum in Washington D.C. While I was at both museums I saw that both African art collections had a number of bronze heads of leaders and kings. I
noticed that both museums had almost the identical bronze head of the king, so I decided to dedicate this paper on the bronze heads of the Benin
kingdom, and the Edo peoples.
The bronze head to the upper left is the commemorative head of a neighboring leader, the artist of this artwork is an unidentified African it is made of
copper alloy, iron. The creation of this sculpture is said to be around the late 15th century to the early 16th century. In 1897 it was removed from the
Benin Royal Palace by Captain Guy Burrows, and then sold to Lt. General Augustus Henry Pitt–Rivers it was then passed on to generations of the
Pitt–Rivers, then sold to Robert Owen Lehman, in which he then gave to the MFA as a promised gift. The head to the upper right is a
commemorative head of a king (Oba), the artist is also an unidentified African, and it is made of copper alloy, iron. The creation of the sculpture is
said to be in the late 16th century. The artwork belonged to Armand Rateau in 1932, sold to L. Hope in 1968; it was then kept in the family until it
was sold to Alexander Martin, who gave it to Robert Owen Lehman, who promised it as a gift to the MFA. All the Benin artworks at theMuseum

West African American Slavery In The 1800s
Slavery has been around for thousands of years, but suddenly in the eighteen hundreds people started to oppose it. The New York Tribune wrote "Time
Machine 1846,"and the Washington Post published "West African Country struggles to come to terms with its slavery past"; two articles that
investigate the topic of slavery in the nineteenth century. In west Africa there is a small country along the coast called Benin. The whole country is in
controversy over the country's history and whether or not they should support their slavery past. In 1846, a man by the name of Northrup witnessed a
slave auction and the cruelty of buying slaves. These two articles have similarities but are also quite different. The most common attribute that both the
articles

The Declaration Of Universal Museums
In December 2002, the directors of 18 museums located throughout Europe and the United States issued the Declaration of the Importance and Value of
Universal Museums. The declaration is an attempt, by the directors of major Western museums, to defend against demands for restitution of museum
objects by defining themselves as "universal museums" which are of value to all of humanity. This document fails as a convincing defence against
restitution claims for several reasons. First, it dismisses circumstances of older acquisitions without considering the ethics or legality of surrounding the
acquisition. Second, while it pronounces these museums "universal," it approaches this from a distinctly Western perspective and perpetuates colonial
and imperialist ideas. Finally, it ignores important debates that are occurring between and within scholarly, professional, and activist communities. The
declaration begins with both a condemnation of current illicit trafficking of artefacts and a dismissal of objections regarding the circumstances of
historical acquisitions. In stating that "objects acquired in earlier times must be viewed in the light of different sensitivities and values, reflective of
that earlier era," the directors dismiss the sometimes highly unsavoury circumstances that led to the acquisition of certain museum objects. (Declaration
on the Importance and Value of Universal Museums, 2004) The ethical and legal aspects of acquisition are important considerations when

How The Ghana Is Influenced By African Art
In this assignment we look at how the Benin is able to concept the uncivilised nature of African societies. We will also look at the relationship between
the Benin Bronzes, as African art, rather than modern art in the west. We know that the Benin bronzes are known to be of 'aesthetic', 'spiritual' and
'sentimental' value due to its symbolic appraisal of civilisation. They are also one of the most sophisticated pieces of art.
When looking into the African heritage, we can note it has a vast impact on the modern art world – artists such as Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse sustain
this. Artists in the 1920's and 30's were known to be influenced by African arts, they would experiment with adjoin effects after witnessing original
African art in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1971). Ruskin believes that the lexis 'art' is retained for European and Christian traditions. We know that 'fine art' is a representation of pre recovery
tradition within Europe as paintings were able to give off the depiction illusion of objects/ people in reasoned environments. Although, the Benin
Bronze is able to become symbolic of idolised bodies, Western Societies did not see this as 'art', due to its 'primitive' nature.
The Benin Bronze is seen to give off the illusion of life–like through the academic modelling of: light and shadow gradations upon features around the
eyes, mouth and ears, the smooth finishes upon the softer areas such as the lips and rounded forms in spaces such as the chin and inner eyes. Rather
than depicting emotions, the Benin bronze is able to use distorted forms to express them through emphasises on certain areas of the artefact such as the
fine detail within the headpiece and neck. The Benin bronze is also able to give the illusionistic imitation of feelings, such as: worship, dread and
concern – depending on how the viewer deceives it. It is known that the idea of forming and feeling emotion within art, was central to the late
nineteenth century – The historic impact of this is indisputable.
The artwork of the Benin Bronzes were seen transported to anthropological museums in Germany, France, England and other nations following the
imperialism at the end of the nineteenth century. The

Cotonou Research Paper
Cotonou my city
Situated in West Africa, "with an area of 112,622 kmВ
І to some extent larger than Bulgaria, or somewhat smaller than the U.S. state Pennsylvania",
(Nationalonline.org) my country Benin a French colony from the late 19th century until 1960 with Cotonou the largest city as its capital, is the place
where I grew up. Not very well–known around the world certainly because of its tranquility, and its uniqueness that I am about to show you in the rest
of this essay, Benin is one of the best West African itineraries you should include in your travel plan if you ever wish to visit Africa.
A deep influence on all facets of cultural life has been left on the country particularly among the cultivated parts of the inhabitants and in the cities in
the south part of the country after French colonization. Each ethnic groups has their own old traditions, which itself mixes with the French impact
often. Cotonou which is undeniably the best city in the country to shop and have fun, has Quite a lot of movie theatres , hotels, cafes, discotheques that
offer entertainment to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
also be sure to visit the biggest, the spot–on heart of the city exposed– air marketplace in west Africa which is the "Grand Marche De Dantopka",
literally everything under the sun can be found there. Slowly wander in the middle of the numerous strands in the never–ending labyrinth passageways
of the market, with the high–spirited ladies traders of nicely handmade jewelries commonly called "Mama Benz", feel free to bargain your items.
Consume delicious fruits; buy African handmade fascinators for your boy or girlfriend and fabrics as

The Master Of The Leopard Hunt Analysis
1.I think Gus Caseley Hayford would respond to Julian Bell's discussion on the bronze panel from the Kingdom of Benin by the Master of the
Leopard Hunt (illustrated on p. 207), short on the technic and how the Benin civilization has done. Compare to Bell's description on the Master of the
Leopard Hunt, Hayford's discussion is more elaborate on the technic, tradition and evolution of Beni artworks. A short paragraph could not explain all
those details. Bell explores more the influence of European on the artwork. Versus Hayford explains that for the British, it was difficult to believe that
these artworks were from Africa. A population they thought was "primitive" was able to achieve such bronze relief panel as the same stander as the
European.

Resilience Of African Art In The Colonial Age
During the colonial age the governmental policies and the spread of Islam along new forms of education often restructured the political system.
Education had been the context for creating and using art in Africa. Art forms and cultural practices adapted to the new circumstances as the artists
began to introduce and improved materials; like the way Malick Sidibe did with his photography by giving these images a completely different
meaning. These innovations symbolize resilience of African art and culture that explains the story of adapting to change while showing appreciation.
Contemporary African Art are works of art created by African artist across the continent to reflect the histories, religion, society of people, and even
language. Since Africa was not fortunate to know how to read or write, they expressed their history to reflect artworks and architectures. For
example, some of the early works were discovered in Namibia with animals found on rocks. Animals on rocks shows an accurate depiction of change
from grasslands to land conditions that we know of today land where people reside. I think Malick ultimately captured this photo to depict the life in
Malia along with transitioning overtime to new customs such as pop culture. Malick Sidibe was a Malian Photographer famous for his black and white
photos that reflect popular culture in the 1960s. Sidibe was from a small village in Mali called Soloba. It appears that Sidibe has always had a passion
for photography. In

Ivory Helped Bring Wealth To The Benin Culture
An important piece of art and history that symbolizes the legacy of a dynasty is held at the British Museum in London. This pendant mask was
believed to have been created in the early 16th century for king of Benin, King Esigie, to honor his mother. In the Benin culture images of women
were not common. In many of the different African cultures, art was used in rituals, this piece of art may have been worn by the King at rites to
celebrate his mother. Ivory represents many different things among the Benin culture, it is used both in art and is the the principle commercial
commodity. Ivory helped bring wealth to the Benin culture as it attracted Portuguese traders. Ivory has several purposes and meanings for this culture,
it has properties like

Water Scarcity And Water Pollution
A Basic Necessity
Introduction
The amount of available fresh water is very limited in Benin, Africa. Much of this is a result of under urbanization, at one end of the spectrum, and
poor government and infrastructure, at the other end. The population of Benin is roughly 10,160,556. It is estimated that each individual produces
about 77 pounds of excrement and 132 gallons of urine a year (George 2008). This is "waste" that is typically flushed down a toilet and into a sewer
system. However, this is not the case in many of these communities. Many homes in this part of the world do not have the luxury of indoor plumbing
or even a indoor toilet. These people must utilize fields for their means of eliminating human waste. It is astounding to think of the infinite uses of
water, and the need that some countries have for it.
The current predicament Africa is facing is dealing with water scarcity and water pollution. So where do we go from here? Composting "Chemical"
toilets or dry systems as they are sometimes known are waterless toilets that use microorganisms to break down human waste. While the story behind
composting toilets has been around for a long time, the composting toilets of today have evolved to include a variety of features that make it even
more appealing to these rural areas than a flushing toilet. Without any type of sewer system in place a flushing toilet is not seen to be placed in these
homes in the near future. The point of a composting toilet is very clear;

Oba And Attendant Analysis
The two palette are alike but different. Two different period and cultures: predynastic period and the Benin dynasty has shape different beliefs and
cultures ideals. These palette reflect the beliefs and ancient culture by the subject matter, layout and material
The artwork Equestrian Oba and Attendants, depicts Oba, a king with his attendants dated in between 1550–1680. Equestrian Oba and Attendants was
created in the Benin Empire present–day located in Nigeria.The other palette, Palette of King Narmer, depicts Narmer,a king with a series of different
scenes dated from the Predynastic period 2000–2920 B.C.E. The Palette of King Narmer was created from Hierakonpolis Egypt.
The Palette of King Narmer reflects ceremonial purposes and the

The Challenges Of Cultural Encounters In Western West Africa
Culture is the set of shared attitudes, ideas, values, aims, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization. That transfer from one
generation to the next generation through learning or practice. For example: social organizations, religions, language, art and social practice. With the
extant of the board of any human culture it becomes big and knowing. This lead to contact with other culture in the same region or far and this call
Cultural Encounters. Cultural Encounters is about what happening when two different cultures had met together. And this contract start to develop and
effect on the society and man. For instance, when the Greek cultures met with Roman culture, or African culture met the western European. How they
was communicate ? What happen between them ? Which culture was more benefit from this contract ? The first culture encounters between Europe and
kingdom of Benin was on fifteenth century. Carry with it a lot of changes. One of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was run by a king. The most successful king was Ewuare. During his reign, Benin established many commercial and diplomatic relations with
Portugal. Portuguese traders were the first of Europeans who knows about Benin City. These traders valuable commodities were to be come from
Benin. The kingdom participated in a lot of trades with Europe. Included pepper, tusk and ivory and what Benin famous with. Another industry Benin
took place in slave trade. In Western Europe, gold regarded as most precious material which was bring to Europe from the West Africa, what they call
it "Gold coast". The famous brass sculpture that made in Africa is come from the kingdom of Benin, and knows as Benin Bronzes. Other things
including tools, bronze sculptures and weapons have also been found, each hand cast with brass. Which can conclusion from this that Benin culture is
rich of art and craftsmanship who's have skills that not compare with Western Europe art

Brazil Revolt Research Paper
The MalГЄ Revolt that happened in Bahia, Brazil 1835 occurred a unique fashion. During the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) in the region known as
Central Sudan modern day Nigeria local political systems were attacked by aggressive Islam as the preceded downward. As a result, a large number
of prisoners of war, many Muslim became enslaved and were sent to the nearest port the Bight of Benin and traded to Brazil. Bahia, Brazil received a
bulk of the Muslims due to a trade agreement with the Bight of Benin. The Muslims soon became protagonists in several revolts. The last largest revolt
was the MalГЄ Revolt of 1835. MalГЄ was used to denote Muslims brought to the Bight of Benin. 23 The revolt was led by Islamic clerics. The plan
called for the conspirators

How Did Imperialism Affect Benin
French Imperialism had a negative impact on Benin because its economy and education did not improve during imperialism. The French controlled
Benin which is why Imperialism has an affect on Benin today. Benin is a country that once prefered child labour over education because of
imperialism. Nowadays, kids are getting an education, but are not receiving support or any help from their uneducated parents. The population of
Benin is 11,176,000 people and the literacy rate is only 38.4%. According to care2.com, 49.9% of males have an education and only 27.3% of females
have an education. "Here in Benin most of the parents are uneducated and don't know how to read and write. But they want to know how their child is
performing", Saka Jonas: Headmaster

Benin Home Chapter 19 Summary
In chapter 19 memories and experiences play a role in transitioning from one place to another. Chapter 19 starts off with Ishmael transitioning from
Benin Home to live with his uncle Tommy and his family. This transition would seem effortless and simple to the naked eye because Beah is now
connected with a part of his family. However for Ishmael it was more difficult than it would appear. On page 182 Ishmael describes his first night, "I
sighed sitting alone on the verandah. I was no longer nervous, but I missed Benin Home." (Ishmael Beah 182). 1. How do Ishmael's memories and
experiences hold him back from now being happy in his new home and life? Ishmael has a tough time with his new life because there is so much the
others don't know about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On page 184 he says, "A memory of a town we attacked during a school dance had been triggered. I could hear the terrified cries of teachers and
students, could see the blood cover the dance floor." (184). Also on 190 he describes, "Standing next to a tree with red frozen sap on its bark
would bring flashbacks of the many times we executed prisoners by tying them to the trees and shooting them. Their blood stained the trees and
never washed off." (190). While Ishmael has been rehabilitated certain parts of life now trigger his gruesome memories. Such as getting firewood
with his cousins and seeing the trees with red frozen sap, and being on the dance floor with Allie. Ishmael while he does still get flashbacks is for
the most part fully recovered. In this chapter the transition to the United States was frustrating for Ishmael. Many people made him aggravated by
the things they said or did. On page 187 he says after his interview to go to the U.N, "I still wondered why the man who had interviewed me had
smiled. I meant what I said and it was not a funny matter." (187). 2.Why does Ishmael become so frustrated with people who are unaware and just
trying to do their

Cultural Similarities Between Benin And The Usa
Using the Hofstede model of comparison, I will be comparing the culture of my home country, that is, the Republic of Benin and the United States
of America. First, I will do a little background of Benin and the USA. Benin is located in West Africa and is in between Togo and Nigeria. Its
official language is French mainly because it was colonized by France during the colonial period. Its population is 10 million and it is considered a
developing country. On the other hand, the USA is located in North America. Some of its neighbors are Canada, Mexico and the Bahamas. Its
population is 321 million and English is its official language. The USA economy is the world's largest national economy. The location, population,
national language and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Benin maintains a strong link to its past and traditions. It is suspicious of changes that disrupt the historical heritage and culture of the society. As
for the USA, the mentality is different. There is limited regard tradition as the society constantly seeks to innovate and improve the way of life.
These differences in long term orientation is in part based on the tolerance level of uncertainty in each society. Since Benin has a low level of
tolerance, it makes it difficult for it to let go of its traditions and embrace new ones, which are filled with uncertainty and doubt. Finally, in terms of
indulgence, Beninese like to take long breaks and relax as much as they can. For example, elementary, middle, and high school students go to
school from 8am to 12 noon, take a break and come back at 3pm and stay until 5pm or 7pm depending on the classification. These three hours
break, that is, 12 noon to 3pm is observed in most offices and businesses. However, in the USA, emphasis is placed on hard work. People use their
time wisely because each hour equals to a certain dollar amount. It is frequent to hear people say things like, "I just wasted two hours of time. I could
have made $18 if I was working." In summary, the Benin culture and the USA culture is different in various ways. This is what makes each culture
unique and memorable. I think there are things that both cultures could learn from each other. For example, the Benin culture could learn to embrace
technology and let go of some of its traditions, especially those that are outdated. The USA culture could become less individualistic and more group
oriented. It will foster more interpersonal relationships and community

Read Carefully the Following Piece of Text. What Does It...
Assignment 5
Part1
Option B
Read carefully the following piece of text. What does it tell us about cross cultural encounters?
In 1892 the new vice–consul for the Benin river section Captain Henry Gallwey visited Benin and signed a treaty which made Benin a British
protectorate, but as far as the British were concerned the treaty proved disappointing and by 1896 many British traders and officials were calling for
military intervention, although the foreign office seemed reluctant to do this.
On January 2nd 1897 the acting consul–general of the protectorate James Phillips set off without permission for Benin accompanied by a large armed
party. When news of the oncoming invaders reached Benin it caused alarm and messengers were sent... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Benin art works were brought back and sold to a variety of private collectors and museums alike, including The Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford and
the British Museum. Competition to acquire these unusual objects was fierce.
The view from Victorians concerning the artwork was that they were obtained from" brutal and unruly savages from Benin" (The Times, 25th
September 1897, p12) but it was also thought that the quality and workmanship of the pieces was exceptional.
Originally when the pieces were put on display at museums such as The Pitt Rivers they were just piled up in what seemed a chaotic manner in glass
cabinets, not displayed in any order or reference to religious or cultural beliefs, they were just grouped in terms of use with no thought to artistic value.
In the British Museum the Benin plaques were originally displayed in an area known as the Assyrian Basement that was not even known that well to
the general public and have since shown to have no relevance to the rest of the contents of that room. The storage of the pieces in that way suggests
that they were uncertain as to how to categorise these works of art.
In museums today various pieces are displayed in such a way as to show people that these pieces are what they are and to explain their original uses
etc. In Paris for example, a new museum was built in 2006 called Quai Branly and it displayed a collection of Benin pieces including

The Mourning Athena And Attendants Analysis
Pericles with the Corinthian Helmet, Head of an Oba, The Mourning Athena and Plaque: Warrior and Attendants are the art pieces in ancient Greece
and west Africa that will be compared and contrasted in this essay. The creative art pieces were symbolic depictions of cultural history. Greek Sculptors
and West African tribes were inspired by various eras, capturing cultural, social and political norms. Even though the artists were from different
countries, there are certain aspects of their creations that connect them to one another (characteristics, era, culture and ideology). Author Mark
Cartwright stated the characteristics of ancient Greek sculptures as authentic and three–dimensional pieces that depicted the realism of the human body
and anatomy, especially the male physique. Greek sculptors were specifically focused on the geometric... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The pillar below her is rumored to be a memorial or a list of Athenian warriors who have died in the city. Warrior and Attendants display the visual
depiction of "hierarchical proportions." The largest figure, who is a warrior chief, wears a coral–studded helmet and collar, a lavish wrap and a brass
ornament on his hip. A sword is held in the left hand, with a spear in the other hand. (met museum) The hands that created the plaque The Mourning
Athena used the subtractive method and was carved into Marian marble. The art piece Plaque: Warrior and Attendants used the casting technique,
formed by melted brass. Brass and Bronze casting technique are still used today which has allowed many of the art pieces from the Classical period to
still be preserved today in modern museums. The Mourning Athena and Plaque: Warrior and Attendants were both created during the peak of their
society, which flourished in many aspects of creativity. The court of Benin allowed many artworks to show the progression of their

Benin Art
To answer the questions in Primary source assignment 4, I will look at the Benin plaque, the oba with Europeans, and compare and contrast it to art
encountered in primary source assignment 2. I will then consider what role isolationism played in relationships between Portugal and communities in
the East and West African coasts. Finally, I will look to answer the question on who discovered whom, and conclude by looking at the long term effects
of Portuguese contact with Africa. When taken out of its specific region, and time period, what can the Benin plaque the oba with Europeans tell us
about its people and culture? An effort to impress the King of Benin was a likely motivation for the production of this work of art. His central
placement and diminutive imprint of the Europeans was likely intended to stroke his ego. This observation is supported by Neil MacGregor's podcast
where he observes that Benin art was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
West African reception of Portuguese was generally good, Portuguese sailors and traders accounts of fair treatment are a testament to this view. In
contrast, reception in East Africa was less hospitable, and in many instances, hostile. What could have been the course of this? I would offer Isolation
is a likely cause. East Africa was less isolated. Contact with the outside world had made the region suspicious of strangers, especially those who didn't
share a similar culture and religion. Trade with partners in the Indian Ocean had made the region wealthy, negating the need to find new trading
partners, which further complicated the outreach efforts made by the Portuguese. In contrast, Vasco Da Gama found communities West African that
had made no direct international trading partners or alliances. Isolation allowed their curiosity towards the new visitors to overcame caution, which led
to trade, co–operation and initially, a relationship based mutual

Benin Art in Museums and Galleries Essay
The display of Benin art in museum and galleries reflect the attitudes and perceptions of Europeans towards non–western artefacts, especially African.
Thus as European attitudes change towards non–western art since the discovery of Benin art in 1897, Benin art has been revaluated and re–categorised.
Initially there was a great deal of debate about Benin art and its display, as it did not equate with the perceptions then held about Africa. Until the British
conquest of Benin in 1897, little was known about Benin and its culture apart from brief interaction with other Europeans in the sixteenth century. The
perception of Africa was of a primitive, savage and uncivilised land, full of 'abuses and fetishes and idolatries', (Hodgkin, 1975, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This posed a display problem to exhibitors including the British Museum as they tried to fit them into the ethnological museum to explain the
emergence of 'civilisation from prehistory' (Loftus, 2008). The predominating attitude towards the Benin artwork was that it was the exception and lost
treasure from an ancient, African civilisation. This resulted in the display of the Benin bronze plaques in the British Museum as a 'collective wall
decoration, halfway up the main stairs, one more element in the eclectic mosaic of artefacts' (Wood, 2008, p72). The rest of the display of various
antiquities of art and functional items like weapons and transport displayed jumbled together in glass cabinets with little or no detail as to the function
or cultural value of the artefacts often misrepresenting ideas about primitive life.
The primitive nature of African art attracted many artists looking for new inspiration and expression as urban modernity lost its vitality in the late
1880's and 90's (Wood, 2008). In adopting primitive African art as the catalysis for their expression of modernity, avant
–garde artists created a more
positive perception of the primitive rather than the negative barbaric perception. Wood (2008) quotes the early twentieth century, avant–garde critic
Carl Einstein in that the Benin artworks were of no decisive significance. In fact, the western artists reduced their sophisticated beauty of the artwork as
seen in

Voodoo Children Essay
When I first picked the film Voodoo Children, based off the title I assumed it had to do something with voodoo dolls that were made in the image of
a child. The Film started off a lot more different than what I'm use too, it actually frightened me a little when they lady started screaming, there were
little kids dancing as well as some drinking liquor. The narrator then tells us that in the small town of Benin which is located in West Africa, voodoo is
swindling thousands of people into poverty and starting some families to sell their children into captivity to repay voodoo debt. Benin is thought to be
the home of voodoo. The earliest animist certainty was engaged by slaves from this small West African country toHaiti and New Orleans. The narrator
then states an interesting fact saying, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Seen by its members as an old–fashioned belief, they feel as if it make them one with their land, culture and descendants, voodoo is an intricate set
of beliefs and commitments that it is claim to have helped implement religious and social command for more than four thousand years. However,
the narrator and his team realize voodoo is repeatedly continued by intimidations, distress and even the abduction of the young children. At one
point in the film they travel to a place called Abomey, which was at one point in time the original capital of the Kingdom of Dahomey, which is
also known as the ancient center for voodoo worship. While they made their visit to the center they discovered that children as early as two years
old have been acknowledged by priests as the next group to be initiated into undisclosed religious rites. One lady in particular who made the travel
with narrator and his team, told us her story of how she lost her child to voodoo because she owed them some money and that it could take up to five
years to pay them

An Essential Part Of Ghana African Culture
Waist pendants were an essential part of the Benin African culture. Benin was located in modern day Nigeria, and they had a very advanced culture
with various resources. The Benin Kingdom mainly existed between the years 1440–1897 before the invasion from British soldiers, and is the capitol
of the former Edo Kingdom. The city of Benin still exists today. The head of the Benin kingdom was called an oba, which translates to King, and
was highly revered.1 Many brass and ivory carvings of the oba were made. Along with the oba, another highly revered figure in Benin culture was
Iy'oba, or the queen mother. She was the oba's mother and was almost as revered as the king oba himself. Benin also enjoyed great wealth from its
trading of coral beads. The Benin traded greatly with the Portuguese, who in turn would protect the Benin. The relationship with the Portuguese is
reflected in many pieces of art, including the pendant I choose to analyze. In the pendant the oba is wearing pendants around his waist, some of
which portray Portuguese soldiers. Now that we know a little bit of background about the Benin kingdom, we can now talk more specifically about
the pendant picture above. These pendants were often made to commemorate an important event or person. It was a way for the obas, or kings, of
Benin to wear a piece of their cultures history and to remember important figures in their life. The pendant I have chosen tells the event of the oba
Ovonramwen and his priests when they

Kingdom Of Benin Essay
Unusually for a European country the Portuguese, the first nation to reach Benin's shores, were not interested in colonising the Kingdom of Benin,
wishing instead to establish trade links with the Oba (the title of the reigning monarch) trading opulent items and firearms for pepper, ivory and
palm oil. Portugal only had a small population and the idea of an overseas empire was not a popular one. The European visitors were willingly
enmeshed into the folklore regarding Olokun, god of the sea and earthly wealth, as they had travelled over the sea to get to the west coast of Africa. The
Portuguese were impressed with the well–organised and highly civilised urban centre similar to those in Europe, as were the Dutch after them who
likened the size ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He carries a flintlock musket and a long sword, weapons strange to this new land. Portuguese mercenaries along with muskets and crossbows helped
the Oba extend and maintain his borders. Modern versions of these weapons were used by the Edo and Yoruba in their stand against the Imperial
British power which resulted in the British launching a punitive expedition against Benin in 1897. British officials (Vice–Consul James Robert Phillips
and Captain Gallwey) pushed for the annexation of the territory, this resulted in the massacre of the British army presence there, which in turn resulted
in the destruction of Benin in 1897, led by Rear–Admiral Harry

Igae Masks Throughout History
This mask depicts Idia, the mother of the 16th century Beninese leader Esigie. Produced some time in the sixteenth century, this mask is not the
only one of its kind. Composed of iron, elephant ivory and bronze, the mask was mostly ceremonial (MM). Masks of this nature were worn either
on the hip or around the neck of the Oba, or ruler among Edo peoples (MM). The precious nature of the materials used in these masks indicates their
royal status. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Portuguese pushed into the Atlantic World in search of laborers and luxury goods, both of which
they found in West Africa (AW 54). Initially these "adventurers", as they were called, would simply kidnap people for labor from the coasts (AW 58).
However, after

Waist Beads In African Culture
Perles, Mgbaji, jigida, Giri–Giri, Yomba, Jel–Jelli, Bin Bin, Ileke idi and Djalay are all different names for waist beads throughout western Africa.
This custom of wearing waist beads in the African women culture is not in secrecy, but hidden were normally women would show their jewelry.
Small beads in many colors on a small string layered as thin as two or three or as many as the hips can hold. Waist beads are can be made by women
or men and sold in market areas for as little as five cents to fifteen dollars. These femininity is shown to each generation and carried out around the
world. The diaspora of African women have continued to share this custom of wearing waist beads through identifying gender, spiritual rituals, sexual
communication, and expressing art. Identifying Gender From birth female babies are given gift of jewelry of precious stones, metals, and beads in
most cultures.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Human Adjustment states "sexual communication is both verbal and nonverbal."(Sanstrock, p404) showing that the women can move or shake their
hips to create sound with the beads. This sexual communication is normal in African culture. The waist beads are hidden under clothing and on top of
the panties. This hidden jewelry would only typically be seen by the other spouse, Fatou states "the only person allowed to remove them was her
husband on her wedding night. Some strings of beads were adorned with bells, which was a signal to let a partner know that the woman was clean–
meaning she is at the proper stage where sexual intercourse is allowed." (African Beads, afrostlyemag.com) Creating a positive socialculture in means
of sexual communication to form good communications amongst African couples. According to Human Adjustment men sensory system are
stimulated by what they see. (Sanstrock, p 397) The women can generate cognition thoughts through visual stimulation and sexual arouse their

Visual and Cultural Art
For my visual and cultural arts essay I visited the James E Lewis museum at Morgan State University. For my essay I have selected key pieces of
art that I believe express the African experience in terms of their social, ethnographical and theological beliefs. This paper will also attempt to draw a
comparison to key themes features in the African Creation myths, which will further elucidate the meanings hidden in these various works of art. It
is my belief that this paper will not only serve as a guide into the philosophical ideas of the African peoples but will help to juxtapose these ideas with
the often false premise purported by certain groups of society, which would like to view Africans as primitive and uncultured. My first piece is the
Benin bronze leopard. Situated in the African art section of the James E Lewis museum, if stands out not only as a true testament to workmanship
but also as a sort of conveyor of nobility, this nobility which references the monarchy of the Benin Kingdom. The Benin Kingdom is ruled by a
king names the Oba. This reverence for the Oba can be noted as a special style of ancestor worship, more specifically ancestor reverence. The idea
of the society is that the Oba is divine, and as such the lives of all those who live under his rule revolve around his divinity. This divinity is
represented by the various bronze plaques. The leopard has been regarded as a symbol of strength and fortitude for many years in the Benin Kingdom.
This bronze cast

It is prohibited to discriminate based on race, gender, disability, language, and social status. Even though women and the disabled are continuously
discriminated against with little to no help from the government. Benin's constitute and laws guarantee freedom of speech and of the press but those
rights have been denied. The ORTB has banned any reporting on broadcasts of slander towards the government. There have been many times the
Office of Radio and Television (ORTB) has blocked the media from spreading news of impeachment of the president to corruption cases getting
thrown out. Although there are laws in this country you as a traveler must not get in any grey areas of the law to ensure a safe easy trip threw. The
climate of Benin... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most common diseases that are acquired by food or that are waterborne are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, and Typhoid fever. Hepatitis A effects the
function of the liver; symptoms are diarrhea, jaundice, and high fever. If you come down with symptoms of fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain and
dark urine you most likely have been infected by Hepatitis E. Typhoid fever is spread by food and water that has been infected by fecal matter or
sewage, you usually come down with a high fever that does not go away. The Center of Disease Control recommend that you are up to date on
your regular vaccines and then some for your travel to Benin. The recommended vaccines are Hepatitis A, Malaria, Typhoid, Hepatitis B,
Meningitis, and Rabies. Ask your doctor for and medications you can get just in case you do fall ill to food. There are ways you can protect
yourself when it comes to food on this travel such as, make sure your food is cooked thorouly and served hot, fruit and vegetables washed in clean
water and peeled by you. Don't eat "Bushmeat" unwashed fruit/vegetables, soft raw meat or food from street venders. Only drink sealed bottle water,
pasteurized milk, tea and coffee are fine as well. Stay away from ice cubes and tap/well

Museum Artwork Analysis
When I started this project I had a strong feeling that I knew what exactly I wanted, I had planned all the needed steps made all the necessary calls
before submitting my proposal. The start of the project seemed like all was going perfectly well until I had certain issues which I had always
challenged myself with. My main aim was to create canvas images to represent and keep the history created around the 16th century by sculptors from
the Yoruba and Benin cultures in Nigeria. The first question that created a major problem for me was picking the typeface for the project, I needed to
pick a typeface that did not have that much representation with the western culture and also was legible and could flow well with the imagery and the
designs... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A lot of folk stories tell the origin of the Benin empire but stories are said to say that the people of Benin empire are related to Oranmiyan who is the
last child of Oduduwa. It is said that Oranmiyan left his son Eweka in Benin to rule over them before he returned back to Ile–Ife which shows the
connection between the Benin and Yoruba culture. I decided to represent the two strong culture by using shades of black and white and I used two
major languages Yoruba and English which are the language spoken by both the Benin empire and the people from Ile–Ife and also English is the
official language spoken by the people from Nigeria, not forgetting the audience we are trying to reach the young generation of Nigeria who have
forgotten or have no idea of their culture. My typeface Ubuntu played a major role in the finishing of this particular art because I wanted to show
how intriguing the story of the Benin empire was and still keep sure the design was simple which the typeface did make sure of, the typeface was
overlaid and distorted on the Iyabosa's visage to depict the fact that she can't be trusted because of the tales that follow her victories, tactics and name
around as she was a warrior known for her diabolic

Benin is a French–speaking country in West Africa. It is a fascinating place and is the birthplace of the vodun or "voodoo" religion. It's also home to
the former Dahomey Kingdom dating from 1600 – 1900. Even though it is a small country it does have a few large cities and beckons to tourist to
explore its impressive architecture, museums and markets. A trip here will bring you many adventures, a look at amazing wildlife and relaxing on
great beaches.
Visit the city of Cotonou with lovely beaches full of golden sand and palm trees. It's a large port city on the south coast of Benin. Some of its highlights
include the huge Dantokpa Market at the eastern end of Boulevard St. Michel. There is the 19th century Cotonou Cathedral with an impressive ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This city is where you can learn a great deal about African history. It has museums that exploreslavery and voodoo. There are many stunning beaches
as well. Among the highlights are The Slave Route which is a track down which slaves were taken to the ships and is lined with monuments. It leads to
the Door Of No Return, a memorial arch on the waterfront. There is the Ouidah Museum of History based on an 18th century Portuguese fort,
chronicling the city's slave–trading past.
Porto Novo is the capital city of Benin and the former French capital of Dahomey. Highlights here include the Royal Palace and gardens and the
Museum of Porto Novo kings. It is known for its colonial buildings such as The Musee da Silva, recounting Benin's history and celebrates
Afro–Brazilian culture. The Honme Museum was King Toffa's 19th century royal palace.
Abomey was once the capital of Ancient Dahomey. The main highlight here is that this is the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Abomey Royal
Palaces. Even though most of the palaces are now in ruins there is still much to be seen. It is home to 12 palaces. The surviving palaces of Ghezo and
Glele form the Historical Museum of Abomey, which features bas–reliefs on the palace walls and a throne mounted on human

Voodoo In West Africa
Topic:
Voodoo in west Africa and its spread Via the slave trade
Thesis:
Vodun or Voodoo is common practice in Western Africa. People across West Africa. Togo, Ghana and Nigerian peoples hold similar beliefs. In
Benin it is recognized as an official religion, followed by some 40% of the population. Over 60 million people practice Voodoo worldwide. Religions
like Voodoo are found throughout South America, America, and Haiti. This is no accident. Voodoo traveled to these areas from West Africa on the
boats carrying slaves who practiced these beliefs.
1.Voodoo can find its origins in west Africa
a.The exact origins of voodoo are unknown. Is generally agreed that its roots are in West Africa.
1.Modern day Benin is regarded as the birthplace of this religion and the name voodoo itself means "spirit" in the local Fon language.
2.It has been surmised that Voodoo in West Africa evolved from the ancient traditions of ancestor worship and animism.
3.The forms of Voodoo practiced today are the results of theAfrican slave trade during the 16th through 19th centuries. (Brandstotter, 2015)
b.Slaves were captured from many different tribes throughout West Africa. These tribes shared several common core beliefs.
1.worship of the spirits of family ancestors; the use of singing, drumming and dancing in religious rituals.
2.belief the followers were possessed by immortal spirits.
2.Captured Africans were brought to the slave market where their belief in Voodoo was used to control

Disadvantages Of Colonialism
Throughout history there are many accounts of civilizations being taken over or colonized. Colonialism is defined by Dictionary.com as, "the control
or governing influence of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people." Another source says that colonialism is the maintenance and
establishment of rule over an outside group of people seperate from the original ruling people. Basically, when one government takes over and sets up
their own ruling government in an area previously inhabited by another group, colonies are formed. There have been many historical instances where a
culture's identity has been stripped by another group of people. There are also instances where a culture as benefited from colonization.
In one area of the world, during the 1800's one such situation generated a lot of attention because of colonization in Nigeria. The Kingdom of Benin
was in power when a tragedy struck their culture. According to Khan Academy, Great Britain caused an uproar among the Nigerian people:
So in 1897 the British sent an armed expedition which captured the king of Benin, destroyed his palace and took away large quantities of sculpture
and regalia, including works in wood, ivory and especially brass. Some of these things came from royal altars for the king's ancestors, but among
them were a large number of cast brass plaques made to decorate the wooden pillars of the palace. (1)
The British, in response to an envoy being slaughtered, came in and killed the king of Benin. Because they destroyed the precious artifacts, some of the
Benin Kingdoms' culture was lost to memory. The novel, written by Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart, follows the tragedy of a hero from the Ibo
culture of Nigeria. "Obierka, who had been gazing sadly at his friend's dangling body, turned suddenly to the District Commissioner and said
ferociously: "That man was one of the greatest men in Umuofia. You drove him to kill himself; and now he will be burned like a dog..." (Achebe 208)
At this point in the novel the main character, Okonkwo, has hung himself because he feels that there is nothing he can do in regards to the Europeans
settling in their village. This supports the notion that colonialism strips a people of their culture.

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