Transgenerational Trauma Informed Care

Transgenerational Trauma Informed Care
Australia boasts much multicultural diversity, embracing various ways of life and promoting an
egalitarian society. However, Indigenous Australians represent the most disadvantaged peoples in
this country. Many Indigenous Australians exhibit poorer physical and mental health and longevity
(Bramley, Hebert, Jackson, & Chassin, 2004). Some of these issues stem from the impact of
transgenerational trauma created by European colonisation (Nutton & Fast, 2015). Subsequently,
there has been some effort to create awareness of these facts and turn these statistics around.
Nevertheless, while there have been many strategies aimed at improving the overall wellbeing of
Indigenous populations, progress remains slow and a substantial gap still exists (Australian ... Show
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Yarning is an important part of Indigenous culture extending beyond casual conversation, comprised
of four main types including social, research topic, collaborative and therapeutic (Walker,
Fredericks, Mills, & Anderson, 2014; Bessarab & Ng'andu, 2010). While difficult to define under
one meaning, the concept of yarning is a process of connection and exchange (Walker et al., 2014).
As such, the possible applications for this type of approach include individual and group therapy,
educational cultural programs and physical and mental health awareness and education (Beltrán &
Begun, 2014). Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that this form of response to
transgenerational trauma can result in validation of emotions and experiences, as well as feelings of
interconnectedness, safety, freedom and acceptance (Beltrán & Begun, 2014). Additionally, yarning
can be used as a research tool to help respond to important community issues by creating a
culturally safe, relaxed and unintimidating environment for Indigenous Australians (Bessarab &
Ng'andu, 2010). Therefore, the method of yarning is an appropriate and effective means for both
communities and service providers to respond to the impacts of post–colonial transgenerational
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Anth 368 Essay examples
Anth 368
Midterm
1.What roles do plate tectonics play in the geomorphology of Pacific Islands?
The earth's crust is made out of plate tectonics. Each plate has a defined boundary and direction it
moves. The plates in Earth's crust perform two actions; they submerge under each other or they
spread out. The Pacific Plate is the largest plate and it borders around many plates. The Pacific Plate
moves northwest. New crust is formed from magma outpours, which are a result of the zones
spreading. The tectonic plates created the islands. When the tectonic plates move, it creates the
change in geography. Active volcanoes together shape the way islands are build. The magma from
the volcano and the deposits from the plate are needed to create ... Show more content on
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Islands that are closer to another big island have more vegetation than islands more remotely in
location. "On some islands, the lower and middle elevations are dominated by grasslands or
fernlands, especially over large parts of Viti Levu in Fiji (Ash 1992) and on New Caledonia, as well
as some smaller islands such as Futuna, Mangaia, or Mangareva "(Kirch 2000: 54). The islands that
experience great diversity were the Near Oceania. Near Oceania is a geographic term that includes
the areas of Solomon Islands, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago. Fruit bats were the few that
travel to the Remote Oceania. However other mammals and fruit bats were able to travel to Near
Oceania. There was more diversity presented in Near Oceania.
2. What criticism has been offered of the typical characterization of the "Lapita cultural package"?
Artifacts explain a lot about a civilization. It gives information about when a civilization exist. The
Lapita culture is seen to have developed in various islands as seen through the goods of pottery.
Criticism of the Lapita culture is that their change in settlements throughout the time periods was
not as striking as it appeared.
Across the Pacific Islands, a similar pottery style is found consistently. This pottery style has been
coined as part of the Lapita culture. For a widespread of an area to feature similar pottery, it can be
concluded that trade existed. Trading allowed the pottery itself to

Teaching History And Culture Of Indigenous And Non...
Reflection 1– Week 2 Reading (Chapter 2) When completing week two's readings on Indigenous
knowledge perspectives: making space in the Australian centre, the opportunity was provided to
learn about the shared history of Indigenous and non–Indigenous people which, are retold through
significant events such as the arrival of the first fleet, federations and settlers perspectives. The
chapter also unpacked Australian culture, multiculturalism and teaching history and culture in the
classroom. After reading through this chapter, the most significant issue to me personally was the
shared history of Indigenous and non–Indigenous people. Throughout my schooling life, I was
taught a very minimal amount, if at all, about Indigenous culture and their perspectives. When
reflecting on my schooling, I was taught the biased opinionated story on the 'settlement' and the sad
thing is I believed it. When thinking about it today, it makes me question the things I was taught.
There was no discussion involved about the way Indigenous people were treated or how they felt, it
revolved around the non–Indigenous. This makes me feel embarrassed and disappointed in myself,
for not considering the Indigenous perspective. I became more aware of the situation as I grew older
due university education. I believe others from my school did not care about the Indigenous due to
none attending our school, suggesting that learning about their perspective during this historical
event was pointless. As

Australia and Oceania.
Main economic–geographical regions of the world. A complex set of social, economic, cultural,
political criteria is usually used to classify the geographical regions. The regions are distinct in terms
of size, population, development, potential of growth. Some are representative for the recent
industrialization (south East Asia), others for economic and human backwardness (sub–Saharan
Africa), others for economic supremacy and political hegemony (North America) or others for
profound and radical transformations in the recent years (Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union).
Due to the macro–scale of analysis, the most important criterion is general functionally; the
uniqueness and homogeneity come second. The typology of main regions of the ... Show more
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On 1 January 1901, the six colonies became a Federation, and the Commonwealth of Australia was
formed. Since federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and
remains a Commonwealth Realm. The capital city is Canberra, located in the Australian Capital
Territory. The current national population is around 20.6 million people, and is concentrated mainly
in the large coastal cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide. Demographics.
Australia. Most of the estimated 20.6 million Australians are descended from nineteenth– and
twentieth–century settlers, the majority from Great Britain and Ireland. Australia's population has
quadrupled since the end of World War I, spurred by an ambitious immigration program. In 2001,
the five largest groups of the 23.1% of Australians who were born overseas were from the United
Kingdom, New Zealand, Italy, Vietnam and China. Following the abolition of the White Australia
policy in 1973, numerous government initiatives have been established to encourage and promote
racial harmony based on a policy of multiculturalism. The indigenous population — mainland
Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders — was 410,003 (2.2% of the total population) in 2001, a
significant increase from the 1976 census, which showed an indigenous population of 115,953.
Indigenous Australians have higher

Mental Health Community Development
1. How effective has this approach to community work been overall?
The healing hands health rights campaign is an initiative by ANTaR which was launched in
February 2004. The campaign itself is an effective way of promoting health as a fundamental human
right issue, raising awareness of political will and promoting the need for a change in policy so that
resources are allocated on the basis of indigenous health. The development of the campaign and the
various tactics employed have enabled the issues of indigenous health rights to come to light as a
serious matter amongst the general public, political parties, organisations, media etc. The campaign
and the information kits readily available are a practical way of promoting the ... Show more content
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However the campaign has achieved to make the issue a focal point amongst the media and public
– therefore generating more reason for the issue to be a matter of urgency on the governments '
agenda.
3. In what way has this campaign, project or activity been accountable to:
To the community served?
The healing hands campaigns ' purpose is to raise public awareness and obtain government and
political participation to improve the standards of health amongst indigenous people. The Health
Rights Campaign was developed in response to Indigenous calls for urgent action to address the
crisis in Indigenous health. This indicates that the campaign and its supporters are working for, and
with the indigenous community to address the issues and needs. Throughout the campaign there
have been close relationships with indigenous leaders and the community. The campaign has been a
means for the community to communicate their aspirations and concerns in relation to health. The
campaign has worked in collaboration with the indigenous community in order to achieve its goals.
Through community awareness, the media etc the indigenous population is able to get a sense that
they are moving forward and having this issue taken seriously. This campaign is not speaking for the
indigenous population but representing and being their voice.
The campaign is accountable to the wider community in that it has

Riding the Black Cockatoo & Company Sin Representation Essay
Representations Seminar
"Riding the Black Cockatoo" and "Company Sin" Matthew Magin
"The land is my mother, my mother is the land. Land is the starting point to where it all began." (S.
Knight)
Words are powerful tools that can be used to represent people and shape opinions about others. In a
similar way, certain actions and our treatment of other cultures demonstrate our understandings and
acceptance of, different beliefs and cultures. Two texts that support these statements and include
representations of Indigenous Australian culture and beliefs are: 'Riding the Black Cockatoo' by
John Danalis and 'Company Sin' by John Butler Trio.
John Danalis wrote a captivating novel about his journey towards righting the wrongs his ... Show
Indigenous Australians do not own the land. They see it as part of them and that it is their duty to
respect and look after their mother earth. They use the land to live on, to gain food from, to make
items they need and then to return their ancestors to the earth, when they pass on. This is a different
concept to the culture White Australians have grown up with. Danalis has to explore his own
prejudices and realises that he lives in a nation with some, who are trying to come to terms with both
heritages, cultures and beliefs.
Indigenous Australians bury their ancestors on what average Australians see as prime land, where
profits could be made from farming or mining. Indigenous Australians do this, as they believe they
can: "...enter the spirit world and become one with their mother... the Earth..." Calling the earth their
Mother, solidifies Indigenous Australian's strong connectivity of their spiritual heritage with the
land. This is something that White Australians do not have in their heritage. The Indigenous people
care for and love the earth they live on. They have a spiritual connection to it, not just a physical
one. Simply, this is not part of how White Australians view the land and it is not part of their
heritage.
The idea that the average Australian is ignorant to the Indigenous culture is a paramount

Essay on Western Music vs. Indigenous Music
Introduction:
Defining 'reconciliation' alone can be a cumbersome task. It has been defined as many things such as
"a collection of lived practices – a culture, a cultural project, a sea–change in the psyche of a nation
and a product of the imagination of the 'lunar left' (Rigney & Hemming, 2011)." The main idea one
should keep in mind when reading this paper, is the discrepancies between Indigenous and Western
worlds and the way in which they conceptualise music. When understanding music as a tool for
reconciliation, it can be defined under any of the headings stated above. The way in which
traditional and popular music is discussed in this paper can be identified as 'a collection of lived
practices – a culture (Rigney & Hemming, 2011)'. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When thinking about the music industry from this point of view, the lack of credit and exposure
given to traditional music is appalling. Traditional communities assign an array of powers to their
music such as: 'the power to heal sickness, create bountiful game, cause lightning to strike [and] kill
(Mills, 1996).'
As Allan Marett (2005) states in his text Songs, Dreamings and Ghosts: 'there is a great deal of
ambivalence within Australian society about the contribution that Aboriginal knowledge and modes
of expression can and should make to the national consciousness, ranging from those who embrace
Aboriginal ways of being in the world as the key to understanding how to be in Australia, to those
who reject them totally as primitive, inimical to development, or simply irrelevant to 'civilised'
values.' This description is a seemingly accurate account from both sides of non–Indigenous
Australian's perceptions of Indigenous Australians. John Howard's eleven year reign as Prime
Minister, and his political campaign of 'Practical Reconciliation', sheds some understanding on the
assimilationist and westernised mindset that some Australian citizens possess (Gunstone, 2010).
However, as Australia becomes more multicultural – unless the nation is content with going into a
state of ruin – acceptance of diverse cultures must be recognised and

Aboriginal Heritage Essay
The Awabakal and Worimi people are acknowledged by Council as the traditional custodians of the
land of Newcastle. (http://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/Explore/History–Heritage/Aboriginal–
culture).
The Elder's connectedness to places and communities is interconnected through dreaming stories.
Biraban, the eagle hawk, is regarded and respected very highly by the coastal tribes. Respect to the
eagle hawk is conveyed through stories and are associated to social structures of their tribe.
Upon speaking to a librarian, it was bought to my attention that The City of Newcastle undertook a
city wide study of Aboriginal heritage in 2003 that was then accepted by Council in December 2005.
The study supported the development of a management framework for the identification,
consideration and management of Aboriginal cultural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
– Aboriginal community members are to be pivotal in the identification, assessment, and
management of Aboriginal cultural heritage, as it is primarily Aboriginal people who should
determine the significance of their heritage.
– Places of Aboriginal cultural value within the Newcastle LGA are to be actively conserved and
managed to retain those cultural values. Appropriate conservation action will vary according to the
level of significance.
– Aboriginal cultural heritage is to be actively managed during the development process, to ensure
appropriate conservation and impact mitigation outcomes are achieved.
– Compliance with relevant statutory controls, specifically the National Parks and Wildlife Act
(1974) and the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act (1979), is to be required for all
development and heritage programs.
– Sustainable, ongoing management strategies for Aboriginal cultural heritage should be promoted
within Council and the broader community, through heritage training for Council personnel and
public interpretation

Threat To The Health Of Indigenous Australians
Colonialism in Australia places a detrimental threat to the health of Indigenous Australians. Inherent
in colonialism were scientific racisms, institutional racism and structural violence. These factors
continues to persist in the fabric of Australian society today and limits the life chances of Indigenous
Australians. This essay illuminates colonialism as a major contributor to the social marginalisation
and low socioeconomic status experienced by indigenous Australian. An analysis of Aboriginal
infant mortality rate, a health indicator highlights the difference between biomedical and
sociological approach and the embedded negative impact of social marginalisation and low
socioeconomic status on the health of Indigenous Australians. The ... Show more content on
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38). Thus, in addition to the pain of indigenous dispossession from their land and family, the felt
stigma from racism further catalyses emotional disorders in the Indigenous population. As
historically alcohol and tobacco were exchange currency for sex and labour, its frequent
consumption and soothing effect became a cure for Indigenous pain resulting in 52% Indigenous
population smoking tobacco and consuming alcohol that is harmful to their health at twice the
percentage of the non–Indigenous population (AIHW, 2007, p. 3). Since tobacco smoking, alcohol
consumption are major risk factors to infant mortality, the pertinent negative effects of
marginalisation as a product of colonialism is highlighted.
Colonialism and its power in the educational system positioned Indigenous Australians in a low
socioeconomic status perpetuating an intergenerational cycle of disadvantage ultimately resulting in
a high Indigenous infant mortality rate. Socio– economic status is an indicator of social class based
on income, education and occupation. Education of Indigenous Australians in the early years of
colonisation are practically oriented and based around the management of garden and farm. This
structural violence in societal institutions only equipped Indigenous students to participate in the
lowest levels of the workforce. Although overtime education

Report-Bush School
Acknowledgement: I respectfully acknowledge the Elders and custodians of the Wulgurukaba and
Bindal nation past and present, their descendents and kin; the Mungalawurru nation of which this
assignment speaks. Townsville city is located in Bindal country which is of great cultural
significance and sustains the life and well–being of traditional custodians past and present. I
recognise the impacts of colonisation on Indigenous Australians and value this place of shared
learning. In reconciliation I am committed to participating and learning more about the local
custodians and culture in a spirit of mutual honour and respect. Introduction Support for inclusive
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander education increasingly improves ... Show more content on
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Providing a safe and supportive environment and placing children's holistic needs at the centre of
learning allows for a willingness to learn and harmonious, deep learning by students (Bonney,
2013). Through teaching swimming and having children participate in swimming carnivals in Alice
Springs, demonstrates provision for social well–being where Bush School children learn to socialise
with other children and demonstrate appropriate social behaviour at these gatherings (Bush School:
2005,35:34). iv. Academic well–being – Contemporary Issues – Indigenous Literacy Strategies
Student's academic well–being is catered for by incorporating Aboriginal knowledge across key
learning areas as well as collaborating learning needs with local Aboriginal members (Craven, 1999;
MYCEETA, 2010). The Bush School demonstrates these statements thoroughly through examples
of incorporating horse–riding, swimming and local Aboriginal culture in the school curriculum.
Colin Baker (2005) states that melding horse–riding skills with other subject areas, such as
Mathematics and English, provided a holistic learning approach that related to children's differing
learning styles. Part C). Compare and contrast Bush School experience with your Indigenous
education experiences on your most recent classroom teaching

Analysis Of The Film ' Beneath Clouds ' ( 2002 ) Directed...
Australia's Identity plays an important part in the stereotypes identified in the film Beneath Clouds,
(2002) directed by Ivan Sen presented through violence, racism and a less than adequate education.
Through Drover 's Wife (1892) written by Henry Lawson characters are depicted through one
mother 's hardships and the way she raises her family in the absence of her husband. Both Beneath
Clouds and Drover's Wife explore Australian identity and what makes it, along with the integral part
of any culture in a diverse way.
Ivan Sen illustrates racism towards the indigenous community previously stereotyped in Australia's
identity. The way Vaughn is poorly treated is most evident in the film and through the use of
different techniques. As an intimidating young Aboriginal male, Vaughn's appearance depicts the
character he is and the way different individuals categorise him. Racism is highly elaborated
throughout the film through the contrast between Vaughn as a dark skinned youth and Lena a half–
cast, lighter in skin female explored through racial stereotypes in rural Australia. As scene in the
film, Vaughn and Lena are hitchhiking towards the city, a white older lady drives straight past
Vaughn, whereas she stops and offers Lena a lift. "Are you right love." As Vaughn approaches the
car a close up shot is used to display the emotion on the ladies face as she rolls her eyes and drives
off. Diegetic music is used in the background to give the viewers a better insight into the scene

Indigenous Social Movements
Indigenous social movements and multiculturalism can be compared with New Zealand and
Australia. Both New Zealand and Australia formed out of British colonies but have now cultivated
different approached on how to advance intercultural relationships in each country. There are
similarities and differences between each country; however, followed similar patterns of defense and
progress.
New Zealand founded the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 which framed the Maori people's rights. This
treaty was signed for the purpose of the Maori people and British settlers to coexist under the same
laws and government. When the Maori people signed the treaty they believed that their rights were
going to be protected; however, within the next century the British settler began to deprive the
people of land and to disrespect them as a culture. The book ... Show more content on
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It states in the book that, "the European colonist saw the indigenous peoples as primitive and their
land as terra nullius, owned by no one, and therefore freely available to settler" (pg. 450). It was not
until the 1930s that rights were set aside for the Aboriginal population, but they were still marginal
and without access to services and skills that needed to be provided. They were an invisible
population amongst the other people groups by not being counted in the census or having the right
to vote. They were thought to be one cohesive culture; however there were other distinct cultures
within the Aboriginal people. A way that Australia tried to intermix them into society was to take the
children from aboriginal families and place them in to white foster care homes and institutions. This
was called the "Stolen generation" and it was not until the 1990s that the Australian government
spoke out for this population. Multiculturalism has been a growing concept that still needs to be
worked on today in every

The Inequalities Surrounding Indigenous Health
The Inequalities Surrounding Australian Indigenous Health
Inequality in health is one of the most controversial topics within Australian Health Care. Inequality
in relation to health is defined as being "differences in health status or in the distribution of health
determinants between different population groups" (World Health Organization, 2012). Within
Australia inequality affects a wide range of population groups; however Indigenous Australians are
most widely affected therefore this paper will focus on how inequality has impacted their health.
Research shows that Australia's Indigenous people suffer from a multitude of social and economic
inequalities such as inadequate access to nutritious food and health care, being socially and ... Show
Such strain can increase the individuals stress levels. The Australian Human Rights Commission
points out that stress "can impact on the body's immune system, circulatory system, and metabolic
functions through a variety of hormonal pathways and is associated with a range of health problems,
particularly diseases of the circulatory system (2007). Indigenous individuals are strongly identify
with their community and work together to heal rather than exclusively. Therefore socio–economic
disadvantages, intolerance and health inequalities that affect Indigenous individuals also have an
impact on their communities.
The introduction to the western/European way of living, loss of ancestral land, intolerance and the
economic disadvantages that Indigenous Australians suffer fuels socially related conditions within
their communities such as substance abuse, violence, increased degrees of infectious diseases and
chronic diseases etc. culminating in higher mortality rates than non–Indigenous Australians (Duckett
& Willcox, 2011, p. 34–35). Stephens, Porter, Nettleton and Willis (2006) state that "infectious
disease burden persists for Indigenous communities with high rates of diseases such as tuberculosis,
and inequality also exists in the prevalence of chronic disease, including diabetes and heart disease"
(p.2022). Statistics show mortality for most age groups of the

The Totalitarian Government In 1984 And George Orwell's 1984
George Orwell's 1984, widely known for its chilling descriptions of the dystopian society of
Oceania, warns of a world in which individuality is virtually destroyed as one oppressive
government controls all aspects of life. Decades after the novel's publication in 1949, various
nations today draw unsettling parallels with the characteristics of the government described in 1984.
North Korea is one such example, particularly seen as a controversial topic in global debate.
Although North Korea and Oceania in 1984 both possess totalitarian governments that attempt to
control and restrict individualism, the means in which each government originated and gained
authority differ. In North Korea, a totalitarian or dictatorial government prevails, where one
"Supreme Leader" is revered and even worshipped. This government features a monolithic system,
which plays "a crucial role in enabling the continuing monopoly of power by a sole leader" (Park 5–
6). All components of life and society thus become fully oriented toward the goals of the head of
state, Kim Jong–un, and the Kim dynasty. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the government–
headed Korean Central News Agency heavily commands the "dissemination of information, and all
papers are strictly censored" (Lee et al.). This control over the movement of ideas in the population
not only fosters the spread of government ideology but also prompts citizens to remain ignorant
regarding certain issues, such as government actions

The Relationship Between Australia And Indonesia
The bilateral relationship between Australia and Indonesia has a long but fluctuating history as
'strange neighbours', based on a traditional stance from Australian parties of Indonesia as the weaker
state (Robert and Hadir 2015: 195). The discourse on Australia's role in East Timor, particularly the
intervention as the head of the UN sanctioned INTERFET team, has been praised or criticized
depending on the narrative constructed of the events (Maley 2000: 151). Australia's role in the East
Timor crisis began through complicity in its causes, followed by a change in foreign policy which
caused a deterioration of the Indonesia–Australia relationship at a time when Indonesia's new
democratic governance should have deepened relations (Sulistiyanto 2010: 125). While Australia
and Indonesia have been steadily rebuilding their relationship, especially in regard to security, the ...
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A brief civil war in East Timor followed the power vacuum, but ended with a declaration of an
independent East Timor in November. However, when Indonesia invaded East Timor on the 7th of
December 1975, it did so with essentially the acceptance of Australia extended by Gough Whitlam,
based on a policy of appeasement (Cotton 2004: 31) Richard Woolcott, the Ambassador to
Indonesia, concluded that a policy of 'disengagement' was best for Australia's interests (Gorjão
2001: 108). The Whitlam government made it clear that it would not oppose Indonesia's annexation
of East Timor (Gorjão 2001: 108). Australia saw the occupation of East Timor by Indonesia as
eliminating a source of tension (Dunn 2006: 106). Because East Timor is geographically North of
Australia, it could have been a potential spot for invasion had a communist government been
elected. This was not an issue if East Timor was incorporated into the Suharto authoritarian regime
(Dunn 2006:

Paul Gaugien Women
Perhaps one of the most celebrated artists in history, the French post–Impressionist Paul Gauguín is
widely known for his innovative techniques in a wide variety of artistic mediums, including painting
and woodcarving. Feeling very much out of place in Europe, he spent much of his life abroad. He
came to love the French colony of Tahiti and spent many of his later years living there. Despite this
sense of sympathy, however, his work is representative of a problematic colonial visuality which
exoticises and eroticises indigenous peoples while at the same time dehumanizing them, reducing
them from thinking, feeling human beings to little more than flesh. As a result, the same people that
Gauguín felt more at home with than other Europeans were ... Show more content on
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In his essay, "Cultural Identity and Diaspora," Stuart Hall describes two possible meanings of the
phrase "cultural identity." The first, he explains, is rather simplistic, and focuses on the
commonalities that all members of these broad cultural groups share. Cultural identity is, by this
definition, immutable, since the key descriptors of these identities reside in the past. The other
definition of cultural identity, Hall states, is one that is constantly changing and evolving, focusing
not solely upon shared historical experiences and culture, but upon the distinctions between these
individuals of the group as well. In his essay, Hall describes the difference between these two
definitions as akin to the difference between "where we come from" and "who we have become." It
is this second, more nuanced definition which Gauguín's work has influenced. Through his
depictions of the indigenous Tahitians, he played a significant role in changing the people of
Oceania into how they are perceived today. Although he did love the Tahitian islands and people,
based on his work it is clear that it was not love between equal partners, but instead between a
superior and inferior race. His damaging portrayals of the indigenous peoples of Tahiti served to
influence the visuality surrounding them in a way that harmed them, turning them into a group
which today is all too

The Indigenous People Of Australia
Ever since the colonization of Australia by the British Empire in the 18th Century, the indigenous
people of Australia have been subject to social inequalities that have left their community ravaged.
This treatment of the indigenous people was justified by the concept of Racial Othering, and it
continues to perpetuate the unequal treatment of the indigenous people in Australia, to this day. One
group of people are deemed the norm, and everyone else is designated as the Other, who are
considered deviant (Fozdar, Wilding & Hawkins 2009, pp. 4–5). In the case of the Indigenous
people, Racial Othering was originally based on physical differences determined by genetics that
differed from race to race, but today it also takes into account the cultural differences of people
(Wilding & Hawkins 2009, p. 5). What exactly Racial Othering is, and just how it has contributed to
the inequalities experienced by the indigenous people of Australia, and what those inequalities are,
will be elaborated on below.
To begin with, the concept of Racial Othering must be properly explained. It is an offshoot of
Othering itself, which as explained by George Herbert Mead, is a process whereby people learn to
become members of the society they belong to, by defining themselves by what they aren't, rather
than what they are (Mead, 1934). Typically, those differ to the majority of people in society will be
considered deviants, and the majority considered the normal. In this vein, Racial Othering is when

Voter Awareness
Mahatma Ghandi once said that "My Notion of Democracy is that under it, the weakest should have
the same opportunity as the strongest ' (The Free Dictionary, 2010, p2).
Ghandi 's struggle for freedom in India resulted in self–rule being granted to the people. We sing
about freedom in our national anthem and we talk about it in everyday life. We fly our flag with
pride and take advantage of the rights and freedoms that our country offers us. We must now walk
proudly beside our fellow non indigenous Australians to carve out a new future that is equitable for
all.
Why is it important to vote? This question has been asked throughout past and present. This
question affects all Australians and is an important one for Indigenous people, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
These struggles and inequalities that our Ancestors endured still persist today. The continuing efforts
and struggles of people such as Mitta Bullosh and Eddie Mabo serve to raise awareness of issues
such as voting and land rights which work toward changing perceptions within society.
With our new found rights comes the need to be mindful of our civic responsibilities. By electing
people who understand our indigenous history and who appreciate our cultural rights, knowledge,
identity and language we can address indigenous issues and move forward to make a better country.
By voting we can prevent history from repeating itself. We are equal to anyone else and have the
right and the responsibility to uphold and strengthen what we believe in.
This issue 'is close to my heart as it is relevant to me as an indigenous Australian and also to my
community. I believe we need to have indigenous representation in parliament, and participation in
voting can change our future positively. Together we pave the road to future success. Indigenous
youth who are involved in decision making will forge the way forward. To follow Neville Bonner 's
path into politics could and should be the dream of many more of our people.
This can be achieved by encouraging ' schools to promote understanding through the teaching

Decolonization in the Hawaiian Islands Essay
The people of Hawaii and other Pacific Island Nation groups have experienced great injustice from
their colonial powers and the acts of imperialism. Lands were seized, cultural practices banned,
language lost, and people were even forced to move away from their homes for the purpose of bomb
testing. The United States and other countries abroad sent out representatives to do their work for
them; in return their future actions would be justified in describing the Hawaiians and other Pacific
Islanders as savages that need to have wider powers enforced upon them; thus resulting in a tangled
web of political mythologies.
The first step in legitimizing the take over of an indigenous person was to make them less human. In
Stannard's article ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Hawaiians were further depicted as "thieves" like the rest of the "people in Polynesia," and
plagued with the barbaric accusation of committing infanticide. These so called "facts" were enough
for the Euro–American forces to send out missionaries to regulate the Hawaiian people and take
over their land and all their practices. (Stannard, 381– 417)
As a result to new people coming into colonizes Hawaii and its people, the Hawaiians suffered many
consequences. Formerly, the Hawaiian Islands remained isolated from the rest of the world. Once
they were tainted with outside contact, the Hawaiians quickly fell ill with disease causing their
population to go on rapid decline. Smaller populations allowed the missionaries to eventually gain
more control. Eventually hula was prohibited, as well as the language and other past times, the final
straw coming down to Hawaii's illegal annexation. The Hawaiian culture was almost lost
completely; but if so it would have been legitimate to the missionaries because they were indeed
"helping" these indigenous peoples become less savage like and closer to God.
Another important case of the government approving disaster was when the United States permitted
atomic and hydrogen bomb testing in the Pacific. It

Is Australia A Diverse Country
Australia is a diverse country with many different resources, culture, and economic advances. It's a
country that has advanced greatly in its economy despite inhibitions due to the climate being the
driest in the world, which makes it vulnerable to climate change. Australia is home to 10% of the
world's biodiversity, and a great number of its flora and fauna exist nowhere else in the world
("Australia–Oceania :: Australia"). Australia is located in Oceania, between the Indian Ocean and
the South Pacific Ocean ("Australia–Oceania :: Australia"). It is slightly smaller than the continental
U.S. and tends to have a generally arid to semiarid climate. Australia has many natural resources
including bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, gold, diamonds, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Exports are the goods or services made domestically and sent to other countries. This is important to
a country's economy, as it can become a big source of revenue for the country.
Australia's top exports are iron ore, coal, gold, natural gas, beef, aluminum ores, wheat, meat, wool,
and alumina, and from these exports, Australia earned $224.5 billion in total in 2017 ("Australia–
Oceania :: Australia"). Moreover, the countries that exports went to were China 30.5%, Japan
12.4%, US 6.5%, South Korea 6.1% ("Australia–Oceania :: Australia").
In Germany's case, its main exports are motor vehicles, machinery, chemicals, computer and
electronic products, electrical equipment, pharmaceuticals, metals, transport equipment, foodstuffs,
textiles, rubber and plastic products, which all earned $1.401 trillion in exports in 2017 ("Europe ::
Germany"). Its main partners in exports were US 8.9%, France 8.4%, UK 7.1%, Netherlands 6.5%
("Europe :: Germany").
Moreover, imports are also utilized in measuring a country's GDP and GDP per capita. Imports are
those goods and services made in a foreign country and taken in to another. This is usually done
because it is cheaper in terms of labor to retrieve the product as an

Reconciliation Argumentative Analysis
Fostering reconciliation in Australian classrooms begins with the teacher, as teachers possess the
agency to enact resounding changes in Australian classrooms in the name of social justice and
reconciliation. The teaching position grants one the power to influence the next generation, and it is
because of this that teachers must take the lead to unite Australia through wholesome pedagogical
practices that nurture the reconciliation process. It is the responsibility of socially just teachers to
critically examine curriculum resources to ensure that they engage their students with material that
values both Indigenous and non–Indigenous knowledges. Furthermore, through communicating with
the Indigenous community, and engaging with members of that ... Show more content on
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Valuing and engaging students in these key areas are also the fundamental tenets of a enacting a
thoughtful reconciliation pedagogy in the classroom. MacGill and Wyeld (2009) state that
reconciliation pedagogies are 'concerned with equality of recognition of Indigenous people and
Australian Cultural Heritage in general' (p. 558). It is of absolute importance, therefore, that teachers
demonstrate to students the value of Indigenous knowledges through equal representation in the
curriculum. By studying units on Indigenous histories, reading Indigenous stories, and learning of
Indigenous customs for example, students will be introduced to a wealth of knowledge on
Australia's shared history. This does not mean simply glancing over the texts in a superficial manner,
but rather to comprehensively examine Indigenous–centric resources as they would with any other,
and to emphasise to students the value of such learning. Rather than see it as an 'alternate' or 'other'
history, students can come to see it for what it truly is: the definitive history of Australia––our
intertwined story. Recognising this fact is one of the most important requirements for true
reconciliation. Beneficial to this end would be the involvement of the Indigenous community, who
can help guide teachers on how to present materials, and perhaps furthermore offer events to the
classroom such as story readings or insights into concepts related to Indigenous beliefs, languages
and cultural

Oceanian Religion
I did not have any previous knowledge on Oceanic religions so I was delighted to learn about the
many sacred indigenous traditions found in Oceania. What I found interesting was the religious
diversity that exists within the regions of Oceania. The text discussed how cultural beliefs and
practices differ among the Aborigines and the cultures that resides in Melanesia, Micronesia, and
Polynesia. For example, traditional Melanesian religions hold spiritual goals different from those of
Micronesia and Polynesia. According to Bilhartz, the central purpose for the Melanesian religion is "
to provide for the collective material well–being of the peoples", whereas the religions in other
regions of the Pacific seek to uphold and maintain sacred and social order for the protection of the
people (2006, p. 405). Another difference is that Melanesian culture tends toward egalitarianism
among the males and they place great emphasis in deities that guard tribal zones even though the
notion of a high God exists. In contrast, the deities and the structure ... Show more content on
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The story explained that before the earth was inhabited by humans, they lived forever above the
clouds. There was also a wise, but cruel lizard that lived among the people in the sky. The lizard
tricked some of the sky people to leave their home to go down to earth by describing the beauties
the planet had to offer. However, the lizard did not mention that death was also present on earth and
the sky people were affected because they had eaten the food of the earth. The sky people tried to go
back home, but the lizard destroyed the means for their return. ( Bilhartz, 2006, p. 423–424). I found
that this tale had some similarities to the origins of death according to Genesis. For example, the use
of a cunning reptile and food as the means to bring death to humanity can be seen in both accounts. I
thought the comparison was

Joseph Lycett's Landscapes
Another artist who included Aboriginal life in his landscape works was Joseph Lycett. He was a
convict who arrived in Australia in February 1814. His album Views in Australia or New South
Wales, & Van Diemen's Land was published with the intention to be appealing to migrants and
investors. The artworks portrayed the colony as a paradise and the finished prints were created to fit
with the expectations of the audience. Most artists of that era including Lycett were portraying the
changes brought about by European settlement, Aboriginal people were mostly portrayed as an
"exotic element located at the edge of compositions" (Pugh 1990, 5). By contrast, his artworks in an
unpublished album, are considered to be of great importance not only ... Show more content on
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Historians view Lycett's artworks as "evidence against the legal doctrine of Terra Nullius – the idea
of Australia as an 'empty land' that Europeans were entitled to claim as their own" (McDonald 2008,
75). Had the album been published in Lycett's lifetime another perspective of Australia would have
been presented to a broader audience. In A Distant View of Sydney and the Harbour, Captain Piper's
Navel Villa at Eliza Point on the Left, in the foreground a family of Aborigines, (see figure 4),
Lycett has depicted an aboriginal family; a woman carrying an infant and a young boy behind,
carrying weapons like the man who is leading them, they are walking through a raised area of the
foreshore. The figures are dominating in the composition and are portrayed as "people in control of
the land and ready to defend their use of it" (Pugh 1990, 7). In the background of the drawing, there
is evidence of white settlement. The scene depicts Sydney Cove, Garden Island, and fort Denison.
The Governor's stables just discernible and to the left a windmill. In the far left of the image is the
Navel Villa, a grand building with a large garden where Captain John Piper resided. Although the
work conveys assertion of Aboriginal ownership it also communicates the impact of European

The Quotes From Winston 's Diary
The quote from Winston's diary in 1984 illustrates the acts of rebellion he has towards the
"totalitarian" government in Oceania. Winston's urge to challenge the political regime that rules the
all of Airstrip One, as he sometimes, have the flash back from the past and through his fantasies, he
envision the future without the totalitarian government. Winston, however, is craving for freedom of
being in a world where people are not being watched, and where they can act, feel and do whatever
they desire. As mentioned in the Sparknote Editors' summary of 1984 that the history shows
"Oceania has always been at war with Eurasia and in alliance with Eastasia, but Winston knows that
the records have been changed. Winston remembers that no one had heard of Big Brother, the leader
of the Party, before 1960 ..." (1; bk. 1). This past in Winston's mind strengthens his mind to rebel
and refuse to be convinced by the Big Brother. In reference to the future, Winston's fantasies of
having total control of his life, which then lead to "dreams of a place called The Golden Country,
where the dark–haired girl takes off her clothes and runs toward him in an act of freedom that
annihilates the whole Party" (1; bk. 1). The past and future in Winston's quote contribute to the
factor that strengthens his urge to rebel, which then lead to his journaling as a way to expressing his
repressed emotions. In addition, Winston wishes a world where people could count on each other,
provide support to each

Christopher Columbus: A Hero Or Villain?
Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer, navigator and colonizer. In 1492, after many
negotiations, he convinced the Spanish court, the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of
Castile, to financially support his voyage to the Indies by sailing west from Spain. However, not
knowing that there were two continents, the Americas, between Spain and the Indies, instead of
sailing to the Indies, as he'd hoped, he eventually reached what is now known as the Caribbean
islands. Columbus's main goals during his travels were to trade for gold, pearls and spices, and to
conquer new land. He did everything he could to get those resources, and while doing so, he
committed many dirty deeds: "massacres and torture" (Sanders). Although many consider
Christopher Columbus a hero for discovering the New World, many also consider him a villain for
committing so many terrible and inhumane crimes. In fact, upon arriving to the various Caribbean
islands, one of Columbus's goals was to find gold and spices: "So I decided to go to the southwest,
to seek the gold and precious stones" (Columbus). In doing so, he ... Show more content on
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He cannot possibly be seen as a heroic man after destroying the lives of millions of innocent people.
Also, I do not believe he discovered America, considering there were already people living there.
However, I do think he deserves some credit. The fact that he connected the Americas to the rest of
the world should be recognized. Additionally, I do not feel Columbus Day should exist. If anything,
there should be a day to honor the indigenous peoples. Columbus' actions were atrocious and should
never be forgotten, and that is the problem with Columbus Day. People forget about the fact that he
killed millions of people, and only remember that he "discovered" America. His crimes and all the
innocent Native Americans who were exterminated should forever be remembered. In my eyes,
Christopher Columbus is definitely a

Refugees In Brazil Research Paper
The nation of Brazil believes that their is indeed a need for a solution to the refugee problem, that in
Europe, and that in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Brazil is one of the biggest recipients of refugees in
Latin America, with former Justice Minister Eugênio Aragão saying in June 2016, given the
financial circumstances, that Brazil could take up to 100,000 refugees, 20,000 per year. The nation
of Brazil has several reasons for accepting refugees into the country. With the acceptance of
refugees, from both areas, Brazil increases the nation's international reputation within the
community. Additionally, the nation of Brazil is in need of skilled workers, and refugees offer a
solution to the resettlement problem, and fills this need the nation of Brazil has. Refugees offer a
way for the nation of Brazil to boost its economy, and increase innovation within the country. As the
Nation of Brazil's economy is in turmoil, the refugees could offer a solution to the economic
problems, as they could boost the economy. This positive effects could certainly occur in other
countries that refugees take refuge in, as if they are given the proper compensation, refugees can be
an asset to a country. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the nation of Brazil's history of colonization from Portugal, as well as the number of
indigenous, and the people of african descent from slavery, the nation of Brazil has a dynamic and
diverse community, and has always been conducive to those coming for a better life. Proving this,
Brazil has one of the highest number of immigrants coming to the country in the Western
hemisphere. The nation of Brazil has always been responsive to refugees and immigrants. Due to the
nation of Brazil's past, the nation of Brazil has a more accepting public than the majority of other
Latin American countries, as well as many other countries

Anthropology : Indigenous People And Tribes Essay
Arjhong Mardani
IHSS
Dr. Lee
December 5, 2016 Anthropology: Indigenous People/Tribes Change due to Outside Contact
Outside Contact does not inevitably result in depopulation, despite the fact, that in many cases, it is
followed by cultural and social disintegration. I will bring up the reasons to why outside contact
change tribes, and why these their cultures change over time due to outside contact. So what is
Social Anthropology, and how does it relate to Australian Aborigines? Social Anthropology is the
comparative study of the ways in which people live in different social and cultural settings across
the globe. If we wanted to go even deeper, Anthropology is the study of various aspects of humans
within past and present societies. Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological
development of humans. This relates to the Australian Aborigines in many ways, for example,
Socials Anthropology is the study of various cultures, so any study taken from the Australian
Aborigines would be Social Anthropology, it 's that simple. Societies vary enormously in how they
organize themselves, the cultural practices in which they engage, as well as their religious, political
and economic arrangements. Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Western
world, Western society or European civilization is a term used very broadly to refer to a heritage of
social norms, ethical values, traditional

The Interpretation of Aboriginal Dreams
Introduction:
Typically to understand a foreign culture's ontology, ethnographers and anthropologist examine
aspects of the selected group's life such as researching into their methods of communication,
religious values, if any, and their orientation within the world. An alternative and more modern way
of learning ontological views of a culture is by taking a more interdisciplinary approach and looking
towards analyzing not just how they view aspects of the world but why. There is a cross between
fields of psychology and philosophy when anthropologists begin to analyze aboriginal conceptions
of "Dreamings" as a way to shed light onto their epistemology. Many studies have been done to
signify the importance of these Dreamings in the cultural shaping of their world. However, because
emphasis is focused on the distinction and differences between Aboriginal and Non indigenous
models of dreams, these two ideologies are often binary. After learning about the concept of
Dreaming in philosophical, psychological, and ethnographic terms through the course of 10 weeks I
want to propose that Aboriginal Dreamings are not so distance from the basis of non–indigenous
formation models of dreams.
There is a large emphasis of the distinctions between Aboriginal Australians concept of the "Dream
Time" or "Dreamings" and the (Western) formulation of Dreams. This connection has caused
interest because of the similarities between names. Patrick Wolfe accredits the term Dreamings to
come from

Oceania Research Paper
Oceania is a region composed by Australia, the smallest continent, and islands close to it, which are,
Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federate States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua
New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Cook Islands and Niue. This region
is located on the center of the Pacific Ocean, it is divided in subregions, which are Melanesia,
Micronesia and Polynesia. Oceania's main climates are tropical, which is a non–arid climate and
through entire year has a mean of at least 64 degrees, and change from humid to seasonally dry. The
most humid parts of the islands presents tropical and subtropical forest and in the driest parts,
tropical dry forest predominates. Due to an historical isolation, ... Show more content on
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Australia has a big number of animals and plants, atolls that are sparsely vegetated. Many people
believe that Polynesians were the first people to reach America by sailing in small canoes, this
theory is called, the Polynesia theory. Oceania was colonized by a different type of colonization
called "wastes of colonization", this region began to be explore in the 16th century by the
Europeans. Ferdinand Magellan and James Cook are the most famous Europeans to reach Oceania.
Micronesia started to be settled about 4,000 years ago and they had a decentralized chieftain system,
in Melanesia, the first people arrived about 40,000 years ago, they moved from Southeast Asia,
Indigenous Australians, which refers to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, were the first settlers
of Australia and arrived there about 70,000 years ago, coming from Africa and Asia. Australia was
colonized by the British, and, at first, the Australian territory was used as a prison. New Zealand was
and still is occupied by the Maori, Abel Tasman was the first European to reach this island in

Analysis Of 'The Australian Dream, And Pauline...
In a world surrounded by media, people are reliant on truthful and honest information to form
accurate conceptions of current events and issues. Australia is a self–proclaimed multicultural
country who aims to achieve equality and equity. However, through the analysis of the comparative
text between, Stan Grant's 'The Australian Dream' and Pauline Hanson's, "Maiden Speech" it is clear
that the truth is juxtaposed with the reality of the present Australia, who is still a country with racism
and inequality. Despite two people stating the arguing issue, there are different perceptions of truth
of who is the most vulnerable. In which Grant places great significance on the racism rooted in the
Australian Dream and Hanson's stance for non–Indigenous people inequality.
Stan Grant, 'The Australian Dream' has a more effective illustration of the perception of all
Indigenous Australians, that Indigenous people should not be segregated from society due to racism.
Grant's version of the reality is that racism is still continuous despite the perception of
multiculturalism and therefore places great emphasis on Australia's racism towards certain groups
and questioning the Australian ideal. This is evident in the lines "But every time we are lured into
the light, we are mugged by the darkness of this country's history." Through the utilisation of
metaphor and juxtaposition, Grant is able to make a strong emphasis that, Australia had tried to
erase racism, such as through the apologies and reconciliation made by the people, but are then
blinded by the past targeting of Aboriginal people who continue to be disadvantaged in the
community today. Through this Grant has effectively stated that the nation covers the truth by
providing hope to those most vulnerable but in fact the perception of a multicultural country still
contains racism. Furthermore, Grant successfully expresses the fact that the nation overs the truth of
racism, through the National Anthem in attempt to erase racism. However no matter what strategies
are implemented to hide the truth, the country's history will always be a reminder of the racism as it
has shaped the nation as it is today. "It reminds me that my people, were killed on those plains. We
were

Aboriginal Spirits
The Dreaming, it is often thought of as aboriginal religion and stories of the past before human
presence. These stories and traditions are passed through the generations by the indigenous
population as memories of sorts, reminders of where their origin lays.
The Spirits of the Dreaming are thought to be the origin of the indigenous people as said above.
While emerging through the barrier between the physical and spiritual world, the Spirits took the
features and shapes of what we now call humans, the fauna and flora. The many spirits that came
through at the time represent a different tribe, different animal and so forth so the descendants of the
indigenous Australians are thought to be varied among spirits. The Spirits are said to be Ancestral ...
The Indigenous relied on crafted items and natures given resources to support the economic
structure in their tribes. Tribal trading was a way for resources that were scarce in parts of Australia
to be available. Due to the economic independence of the Indigenous people the skills of trades were
developed over the knowledge of money and 'traditional' economics. The exploitation of their
traditional skills and appeared mastery of labour work eventually grew into employment for the
Indigenous after the colonisation.
This did extend to the fishing skills being used for labouring purposes and trading amongst the
business owner in the late 1990's.
The function of the economic organisation before mass trading was simply used as a method of
providing, whether it was providing food, water, resources such as wood, rocks or clays and clothing
resources such as animal skins.
Diversity amongst the economics lays in the trading of the products between tribes. Particular tribes
in certain regions lacked access to a wide population of Kangaroo's but may of had a wide
availability of Possum's that could be offered in return for Kangaroo from another tribe. The
languages connect to the trading in the of tribe communication during said trades, and that language
knowledge stems from the need of understanding the dialects to communicate accurately amongst
fellow totem

Australian Stereotype
Representations of the "Australian Persona"
‘Mateship'
A key element of what is presented to be the Australian character is that of camaraderie, base
friendliness towards everybody, and egalitarianism, the belief that everybody is equal and should
have the same opportunities, treatment, etc. as everybody else. As such, Australians are very
supportive of democracy, compulsory voting, and are generally, in most cases, unprejudiced towards
each other based on such trivialities as, for example, social class – everybody will kick back
together at the pub for a ‘coldie' in that ‘typical Aussie scene', described so well in the quote by
Australian legend Henry Lawson, one of the best–known Australian poets and fiction writers of the
colonial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Australian casual English, like African–American speech, is one of the most complex forms of
English slang, and not always so easy to understand. Phrases such as "G'day Mate" and "Chuck a
shrimp on the barbie" are well–known internationally as being ‘Australian', having been made
popular by Paul Hogan's representation in the 1986 internationally highest–grossing film Crocodile
Dundee. Numerous examples of the frequent use of common Australian slang can be found in the
six–book series Western Wildcats by Australian author John Larkin, e.g. where phrases such as "But
not any more, but." is characteristic one of the main characters, known as ‘Splinters' – even when
talking to the Queen of England. In the same series, another character, Eric, is ranting about what is
seen as the norms of Australian society and the persona that is represented to be Australian, and as a
part of his tirade states "Somebody who doesn't end every sentence with ‘You Know', you know?"
Australian slang seems to be bent on taking the shortest, easiest possible route for words to come out
of the speaker's mouth, shortening everything to the minimum amount of syllables possible. A cup
of coffee (or tea) becomes a ‘cuppa', football becomes footy etc. This style of common Australian
speech has its roots, once again, in Australia's heritage as a convict colony – a majority of the
people that

A Study Of Human Migration And Settlements- Encompassing...
he Austronesian peoples have been a source of much anthropological study, attracting the intrigue of
Captain James Cook in his expeditions. The Austronesian language family is spoken by around 385
million people speaking 1200 languages, stretching from Madagascar to Rapanui– making it the
fifth most spoken language family in the world (Brown, 2009). Many believe that Polynesians are
descendants of Austronesians, however the origins and spread of the Austronesians are hotly
debated. Several lines of study have been utilised to elucidate the mysteries behind this perfect case
study of human migration and settlements– encompassing climate change, conflict, inter–marriage,
trade, and crucially, technological advancements. Some assume the ultimate origin of pre–
Austronesians to be in China, with a study by Min–Shan Ko et al. (2014) proposing that the pre–
Austronesians migrated south from northern China after foxtail millet domestication; continuing
south after domestication of rice in the Yangtze valley; embarking the Yellow Sea near Fuzhou and
arriving in northern Taiwan around 6 KYA based on archaeological evidence (Bellwood, 1978).
Some argue that the Austronesian language family developed here– of the 10 groups of the family, 9
are found only in Taiwan. The sizeable extra–Taiwanese Austronesian populations belong to the
remaining group (Blust, 1999). This may indicate Taiwan as the 'Urheimat', or linguistic home of the
language family and arguably its people– following the

Women's Roles In American Culture
Oceania is the vast swath of the South Pacific islands that lie beyond Southeast Asia. Divided into
regions in 1831 by "geographical, racial and linguistic distinctions" by the French explorer Jules
Dumont d'Urville (Kliener, p. 1104). While the islands were discovered by Europeans in the 16th
century, it is clear that these Oceanic cultures and people existed far in advance of their discovery.
Kliener states that these cultures and people "inhabited the islands for tens of thousands of years" (p.
1104). Expansive exploration and migration brought explorers to these islands through the 19th
century, the likes of which caused various types of turmoil for the local people. While colonization
and exploration caused riffs for the locals, it also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Boundless describes the religious Mana based carving as "traditionally created by ritual specialists
according to strict rules, which, if broken, would result in the deaths of the carver and the chief"
(2017). According to tradition, these figures were displayed inside a Bai as a symbol of fertility,
protection from evil and spiritual rebirth (Kleiner, p. 1112; Newton, 2011). Once the villages of the
Oceania were fraught with explorers these Dilukai were perceived as a representation of a woman's
immorality (Boundless, 2017). Previous explorations of Oceania appear as if they were conducted
with blinders on. Much of the culture as it relates to women was speculative and incomplete, as
artifacts collected previously were primarily man made and spoke to a more violent side of the
culture (Kleiner, p. 1112). As exploration persists, more about the women of Oceania and their role
in religion, art and society is

Historical Issues: The Health Of Indigenous Australians
Historical Events
The health of Indigenous Australians has long since been recognised as being impacted by
inequalities and injustices that go against todays socially acceptable norms (Australian Human
Rights Commission, 2007). When colonisation occurred, Aboriginal Australians suddenly found
themselves and their way of life under threat. Their country was taken away from them and were
forced into subjugation through a series of introduced 'policies' designed by a government who
wanted to control and isolate them. For example, the Assimilation Policy covered the period
between 1951–1965 was introduced by the Australian government to create a uniformed, white
Australian culture (Australians Together, 2016). It was based on the premise that

Essay on Culture Clash and Dispossession and Indigenous...
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
Introduction:
It is amazing to note that humans are a type of species that can smartly organize and form a
community. Several of these communities create their cultural norms and beliefs that make their
society a place to live. Willis, K. and Elmer, S. (2007, p3), defines society as the identifying pattern
of behaviour, meanings and beliefs in order to uncover the links between individual lives and social
forces.
Accepting this definition as a fact, the analysis of this case study will take into consideration culture
clash, the history of indigenous dispossession, and contemporary health issues faced by indigenous
people. Subtopics on the models of health and the transcultural theories protruded by the study are ...
Walter Roth, an eminent anthropologist who became one of the protectors of Aborigines in
Queensland. Manne's publication clearly enumerated the key players to the act of removing
Aboriginal children from their parents to be given to white people. Aboriginal people suffered the
most sinister racial prejudices with convictions under the Industrial Schools act of 1865, and charges
laid against them, with being " a child born of an Aboriginal or half–caste mother'. and that one in
ten Aboriginal Children born before 1970, were removed from their parents. (Manne, R. 2001, p16–
17).
Eckermann, A–K. et al (2006) defines culture clash as the disagreement of two cultures and believes
that cultures in conflict find it difficult to understand each other and consequently difficult to adapt
to one another and if they do not share language, similar lifestyles and expectations, are not
committed to similar goals and motivated by mutually understandable ambitions, conflict and clash
will occur. When culture clash and conflict, involve two groups with unequal powers, the less
powerful, as individuals and as groups will always suffer.
Aboriginal people were forced to adapt to the most powerful of the people sharing their
environments. According to Eckermann, A –K. et al (2006, p. 5) it was believed that the arrival of
the colonists saw Aboriginal societies accommodating a group of people with a

Fable Folktale, Myth In Australian Aboriginal Literature
Abstract The concept of an Aboriginal Literature Review may seem like a contradiction in terms!
Aboriginal peoples traditionally passed most of their worldview. Aboriginal culture is an oral culture
and for forty thousand years or more, it has been passed down from generation to generation.
Aboriginal Mythology was expressed through legends and stories that visualize people's concept of
the metaphysical world and give explanation to the differences found in shaping the landscape. In
Aboriginal beliefs, every object and every creature on this earth has its own wisdom, spirit and
language, whether it has life or not. Every object in this life is like a human being; it has its own
conscious and its existing shape. They see this as an assured fact, not subjected to any controversy,
and a realistic necessity in all their legends. Present review explores selected information regarding
the Fable, Folktale, Myth In Australian Aboriginal Literature. Introduction "... Indigenous literature,
if you want to use that label for convenience's sake, holds many if not all of the beliefs,
philosophies, worldviews of Indigenous people; it holds a history. So I would think that Aboriginal
literature really is the heart of Aboriginal being." – (Neal McLeod 2001) Aboriginal literature may
be a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Folktales also stem from an oral tradition, passed down by the 'folk' who told them. The term
'folktale' is often used interchangeably with fable, since folktales can have a lesson at the end.
Folktales are different from fables because they feature people as their main characters, but often
with a twist. The terms legend and folktale are sometimes used interchangeably with myth.
Technically, however, these are not the same. How should we distinguish them? Donna Rosenberg,
in her book Folklore, Myth, and Legends: A World Perspective, offers some useful

Relationship Between Police And The Indigenous Community
Consider what Blagg (2008) and Cunneen (2007) have said about the relationship between
Aboriginal communities and the police. What are the major sources of concern, in relation to
Aboriginal over–representation in the criminal justice system and what efforts have been made to
reduce this over–representation?
There is a major negative hole in the relationship between police and the indigenous community;
Blagg and Cunneen both convey key relevant statistics that, display relative evidence of a negative
relationship between the two groups. Both authors also state past strategies that have been used to
identify these issues and work to heal the relationship. The authors also state present strategies that
are being used and ideas that could help mend the relationship that has been torn apart between the
two groups.
Cunneens (2007) articles showed relative statistics, showing the negative effects of the relationship
between the two groups, whether it is one groups wrong doing or not, the evidence shows that there
is an issue that needs urgent attention and resolving. "Indigenous people were 17 times more likely
to be held in custody than non–Indigenous people in Australia" this raw fact can be looked at from
two different perspectives; number one the indigenous community are victimised by the police, or
two a major percentage of the indigenous community are being involved in crime. Considering the
indigenous population compared to the non indigenous community is so small, it does

Contemporary Indigenous Art In Gordon Bennet's Notes To...
Contemporary Indigenous Art in Australia is a fundamental core into the exploration into
contemporary visual culture, and that of historical reflection and tradition. Art and decoration acts as
an integral part of the traditional indigenous lifestyle1, such tradition repressed through the centuries
of destructive oppression, that continued through to the late 20th century, reinforced by an education
system and society dominated by a history built on the belief in Australia as terra nullius. Such
narratives and visual representations of history present the colonisers as powerful figures of
exploration, and colonisation– the bearers of learning and civilisation in a land of 'primitive', failing
to acknowledge the sovereign rights of Australia's Indigenous people.
In the act of understanding the diverse state of white settlement's immense impingement on
contemporary indigenous art practice; questions of identity and culture begin to arise. The historical
legacy of indigenous art emphasises the cardinal importance for the continued tradition through the
indigenous community, the contemporary indigenous artist acting as a holder of the continued
practice. Though modernity, the artist is left to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Known for his neo– expressionist and gestural paintings,Jean–Michel Basquiat was a famous 'black
urban' artist who came to the forefront of the art world in the 80s, his art reflecting the graffiti
culture of the United States. In a letter written to Basquiat after his death, Bennett writes: Through
Bennett's admiration for Basquiat is the need to re– contextualise the issues that he has explored
throughout his career as an artist. Gordon Bennett approaches such issues within a global context
within one of the works from the series Notes to Basquiat (Jackson Pollock and his other)

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