ATP And Creatine ATP As The Energy Currency Of Life

ATP And Creatine ATP As The Energy Currency Of Life
Energy System
What is ATP?
ATP is often referred to as the energy currency of life. The body's cells use a special form of energy called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to power
almost all their activities, such as muscle contraction, protein construction, transportation of substrates, communication with other cells, activating heat
control mechanisms, and dismantling damaged and unused structures. It is the high–energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do have for just
about everything we do. It is present in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of every cell, and essentially all the physiological mechanisms that require
energy for operation obtain it directly from the stored ATP. Whether it's during a 26
–mile marathon run or one explosive movement like a tennis serve,
skeletal muscle is powered by one and only one compound, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) . However, the body stores only a small quantity of this
'energy currency' within the cells and its enough to power just a few seconds of all–out exercise for example a a explosive movement in a football
match.
Phosphocreatine:
Amount of ATP produced– ATP and creatine phosphate (or phosphocreatine, or PCr) make up the ATP
–PCr system. it is the immediate energy system.
Creatine phosphate (PCr) is a high–energy compound. When exercise intensity is high, or energy needs are instantaneous, creatine phosphate stored in
muscle is broken down to provide energy to make ATP. When the high
–energy bond in PCr is broken, the energy it releases is used to resynthesise ATP.
Sports – The muscles use the phosphocreatine energy system, also known as the anaerobic alactic system, during the first 10 seconds of sustained
muscle contraction. It is anaerobic because it doesn't require oxygen to function. The energy system that powers muscle contraction uses ATP–
adenosine triphosphate.
Recovery time – Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) stores in the muscle last for approximately 2 seconds and the rest of ATP from Creatine Phosphate
(CP) will continue until CP stores in the muscles are depleted, approximately 4 to 6 seconds. This gives us around 5 to 8 seconds of ATP production.
Anaerobic System:
Amount of ATP produced– The anaerobic glycolytic system produces a lot of power, but

... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Genetic Disease And Its Effects On The Body
Introduction Genetic diseases are being discovered more often as we learn the affects that genes have on the body. McArdle's disease is a metabolic
disease that affects skeletal muscle because of a gene mutation. The genetic mutation prevents the creation of the enzyme myophosphorylase. This
enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of glycogen in muscles (Haldeman–Englert, 2014). McArdle's disease is also known as Type V Glycogen
Storage Disorder. It affects approximately one out of every 100,000 people ("McArdlesDisease.org," n.d.). Glycogen is broken down intoglucose,
which is used to produce adenosine triphosphate for muscle energy. Patients can live relatively normal lives with this disease once proper care and
education has been provided (Kitaoka, 2014).
Genetic Nature McArdle's disease is seen as muscle dysfunction caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for the enzyme myophosphorylase. The
myophosphorylase gene, PYGM, is located at chromosome 11q13 (Kitaoka, 2014). There have been over 100 mutations of the gene detected. In North
American Caucasians, the mutation commonly found is the p.R50X (Kitaoka, 2014). In Japanese patients, it is found to be the p.F709del/F710de
mutation (Kitaoka, 2014). Researchers have seen a correlation between ethnicity and the type of mutation of that they carry. All the mutations cause a
lack of the myophosphorylase enzyme in the muscle tissue. It is found to be an autosomal recessive inheritance trait. Those who are heterozygotes

Discrepancy Between Anaerobic And Aquatic Analysis
There is a discrepancy regarding anaerobic and aerobic capacity between different species of marine organisms. Anaerobic metabolism does not
need oxygen to transform glucose to pyruvate (Somero, 1980). Type II fibers are found in anaerobic glycolysis. These fibers consist of white
muscle that can be used quickly but are also scarce when it comes to prolonged use. White muscle fibers are primarily used in organisms that have
short bursts of strong energy (Dickson, 1993). To focus on the white muscle fibers, any red muscle fibers were not allowed in the samples (Somero,
1980). To keep consistency, my group tried to take muscle samples from the same spot on each species because of possible contamination if the muscle
was extracted from other areas.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They prefer to be in sandy areas in shallow or deep water (Chesapeake Bay). Croakers are bottom feeders which means that they eat food on the
ocean floor. This is because they are found in deep water. A bottom feeder diet includes other small fish and crustaceans (Chesapeake Bay). Shrimp
can tolerate any level of salinity and prefer to live in the bottom of shallow waters (Arnott, Neil, Ansell 1998). They typically feed on small fish and
algae. They are also well–known for their unique escape mechanism of flipping off the sea floor and diving into the sediment to get away from
predators (Arnott, Neil, Ansell 1998). This short duration of spontaneous movement requires lots of white muscle fibers. The objectives of this
experiment were to gain the knowledge of how to perform an enzyme assay, compare the LDH activity in three species, and to associate the LDH
activity values with the capacity for anaerobic metabolism. My group originally thought that all three of these organisms would have higher LDH
levels due to their daily activities. However due to more in depth background information about their behaviors, my group hypothesized that croakers
would have the highest LDH activity levels due to their continuous migration between multiple habitats. This constant movement requires a lot of
energy. Our results showed that lizardfish had the highest LDH activity values as opposed to our

Summary: The Importance Of ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, ATP, is considered by biologists to be the energy currency of all life. ATP keeps us alive. It is a high
–energy molecule that
stores the energy we need to do just about everything. It is present in every cell. Physical mechanisms by the body that require energy mostly use
ATP. ATP is remarkable for its ability to enter into many reactions. They both use food to extract energy and the reactions in other physiological
processes provide energy to the cells by ATP. Our bodies need energy. Today, many people are involved in many activities and sports. These activities
and sports require plenty of energy. Oxygen supply in our muscles allows us to keep going and that oxygen supply andmuscle empowerment is fueled
by ATP. ATP is how our bodies keep going day after day as we do so many strenuous activities. Without this energy supplied by ATP, we wouldn't be
able to walk, run, talk, or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a bond is broken, energy is released. When a bond is made, energy is stored. In a process called cellular respiration, chemical energy in food is
converted into chemical energy that the cells can use and it stores it in molecules of ATP. ATP is made by multiple mitochondria in the body and this
is where ATP is also synthesized. That is why the mitochondria has the name "power house of the cell" because it is the site for ATP production.
Synthesis is the formation of adenosine triphosphate through the interaction of the ATP synthase enzyme within cellular material. In other words, this
is when a molecule of adenosine diphosphate, ADP, uses the energy released during cellular respiration to bond with a third phosphate group. It
becomes a molecule of ATP. The sodium potassium pumps in the cell membrane require ATP to break into ADP and the loose phosphate must bind to
the pump. When the cell needs energy, ATP looses a third phosphate group which releases energy so the cell can actually do

Atp Synthesis Essay
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, it is a useable form of energy for cells, the energy is trapped in a chemical bond that is released and it is used
to dive other reactions that need energy. Photosynthetic organisms use the sunlight to get energy in order to synthesize their own fuel. Chemical
energy is then made by converting the sunlight in order to compel the synthesise of the carbohydrates from the carbon dioxide and water. Oxygen is
then released when the carbohydrate is synthesized. Photosynthesis is on two parts, first there is the light reactions in where the light is converted into
chemical energy which is the ATP, and then this is stacked in the chloroplasts membranes in where the ATP and the electron carrier are used in the
second part. The second part of the process is called light–independent and it occurs in the chloroplasts in the stroma, the carbon dioxide produces sugar
in a series of reaction called the Calvin cycle.
In a non–photosynthesis the fuel has to be taken and the most common fuel is the sugar glucose the other molecules like fats or protein can give
energy but it has to be converted into glucose or something that can be used in a glucose metabolism. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are three parts, the first glycolysis in where the glucose metabolism in the cell produces double molecules that occur outside the mitochondria
in a cytoplasm. The second part is the cellular respiration this is when oxygen converts cells into three molecules of carbon dioxide and traps then
energy that is released in the ATP process. The third part is called fermentation this is when the cells convert into lactic acid that does not require
oxygen however it is not efficient as cellular respiration because it occurs in the

Cellular Respiration : Energy From Food Sources
Cellular respiration is how we extract energy from food sources, especially food sources such as glucose as most of the food we eat ends up as
glucose in the body. The chemical formula for one molecule of glucose is C6H12O6. In order to turn this glucose into energy, oxygen is needed. This
is done through cellular respiration where the glucose and oxygen is turned into 6 molecules of CO2, 6 molecules of water and some energy. Before
we can use that energy our body has just produced we have to turn it into a specific form of stored energy called ATP oradenosine triphosphate. In order
for our body to use the energy we make our cells need the energy to be transferred into ATP, adenosine triphosphate to be able to let our body do
anything. Adenosine triphosphate is made up of adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups attached to it. The three phosphate groups are very
uncomfortable being next to each other, so ATP splits them up shifts one of the phosphate groups off the end creating Adenosine diphosphate. In this
reaction energy is released. Through cellular respiration one molecule of glucose can yield a bit of heat energy and 38 molecules of ATP at its best, a
normal range would be between 29–30 molecules of ATP. Cellular respiration isnt something that happens all at once. Glucose is is transformed into
ATP's over 3 separate stages; Glycolysis, the krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis is just the breaking up of the glucose 6 carbon
rings into two

What Is Mitochondria?
The body contains trillions of cells, and within one of those cells are thousands of miniscule organelles. They provide a eukaryote with the ability of
cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is defined as: "...a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert
biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products". Basically these organelles produce energy,
and that is what allows us to live. They are called "mitochondria", and their processes involve very complex biomolecular procedures, all happening on
the scale of a few atoms. They can be difficult to understand but I hope to clear that up.
Mitochondria consist of two membranes, the outermost of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Material is brought into the matrix by electron transport chains, which are used to set up a proton gradient between the inner and outer membrane
(called the inter membrane space). These protons accumulate to such a point in the inter membrane that they naturally flow back into the matrix. The
electron transport chains are made possible by a number of proteins studding the inner membrane, such as the cytochrome electron shuttles. Upon
reentering the matric the H+ (Hydrogen ions, which are the carriers of the protons that were previously mentioned– no need to worry!) go through ATP
synthase, which in turn powers the synthase to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Then the ATP can be
used later on to be coupled with thermodynamically unfavorable reactions which allows those chemical actions to carry one. Thermodynamically
unfavorable reactions are ones in which the energy state of the products is higher than that of the reactant, the energy in this instance being
thermodynamic (Means pertaining to heat). Thermodynamically favorable reactions are self–sufficient and work by themselves whereas
thermodynamically unfavorable reactions do not.
The outer membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer (Membrane that has a hydrophilic, water repelling side, and a hydrophobic, water attracting
side), spreading throughout integral proteins. The phospholipid bilayer contains porins which allow the passage of molecules that are 10,000 Daltons
(Biochemical measure of proteins, the chemist in me likes to say atomic mass units: the two are equivalent) or less. The permeable membrane allows
for ions, water and some certain proteins to flow freely into the membranes working

Creatine Research Paper
Creatine (C4H9N3O2) is a non–essential amino acid that occurs primarily in muscle cells. It is a naturally occurring substance that is found in the
pancreas and liver. It is important for the production and storage of energy in your body. The waste of creatine is called creatinine and is expelled
through urine. Not only is it made in your body, scientists have studied and produced creatine in labs. The most common and most researched form of
creatine is creatine monohydrate. All studies about creatine have mostly found creatine monohydrate to be the safest with no additives. Creatine is
found in meats like fish and beef. The average person who eats meat gets an average of one to two grams a day.
The way that creatine works in the body is very astonishing. When the molecule ATP oradenosine triphosphate is broken down into ADP or adenosine
diphosphate and phosphate, energy is released from the exothermic reaction for our body to have intense movements. The energy that is released is the
decomposition of the single Phosphorus. Creatine synthesizes another phosphorus to turn ADP back into... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Taking supplemented creatine can result in a higher increase of muscle mass. Studies have shown that three to five grams of creatine monohydrate
orally taken is risk free (EFSA). It increases muscle mass by providing the user to go longer on their exercise. Supplementing with creatine became
popular in the nineties for a way to get lean muscle mass. Another study shows that creatine causes water retention in muscles causing mass increase
(NCBI). Creatine is also used as a treatment is muscular dystrophy. For people with muscular dystrophy it improves muscular functionality and muscle
mass in all. It can be used to treat heart failure and mitochondrial disorders. I personally have been supplementing with creatine monohydrate for the
past month and have seen an increase in strength and muscle

ATP And Cellular Respiration
1–) What does ATP stand for?
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. It is a coenzyme that cells use to store energy. Also ATP is present in all cell's cytoplasm and nucleus as well
because it's vital for proper life functions in plants and animals.
2–) How many ATP molecules are produced byCellular Respiration and by Fermentation?
By Cellular Respiration there are 38 molecules that can be made per oxidized glucose molecule: 2 from the Krebs cycle, 2 from glycolysis, and an
average of 34 from the electron transport system. On the other hand Fermentation is less efficient when using the energy from glucose , which is only
2 ATP produced per glucose.
3–) Please name the parts of the cell cycle
G1 phase : prepares the cell to go into the

Why Is Mitochondria Important?
Mitochondria are important because they allow our bodies to function by converting oxygen that we breathe in and the nutrients we ingest from food to
energy we can use in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). This is done through aerobic respiration (requires oxygen), without the many
mitochondria we have in our body we would not have sufficient energy from anaerobic respiration for our metabolic requirements. (Link its importance
to its other functions– what would happen if it could not perform its functions e.g. lack of regulation of apoptosis and cancer– links to essays overall
argument).
Mitochondria is inherited maternally, so a mother will pass on the mtDNA mutation to her offspring. It is generally not paternally inherited because
during fertilisation the sperm sheds it tail with carries the genetic information for mitochondria. However there has been some cases of paternal transfer
of mtDNA in patients with mitochondrial myopathy. Homoplasmy– all mtDNA are identical. Heteroplasmy– There is a mutation of mtDNA, needs to
reach a threshold of about 60% for clinical signs to be apparent.
Mitochondrial disorders may be caused by mutations which are acquired or inherited in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or in nuclear genes that code for
mitochondria. Disorders can also be a result of environmental stress, adverse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Secondary Mitochondrial Disease can occur when mitochondria are damaged by oxidative stress includes diseases like Parkinson's or Alzheimer's
(research still going on). The connection between other diseases and mitochondrial disease is being still being studied as it has a wide range of
different effects on the body. Primary Mitochondrial Disease can be due to mutated genes that are passed on or inherited or can be sporadic.
Mitochondrial disease may be inherited from the mitochondrial DNA or from nuclear DNA. It can also be a spontaneous

вЂѓScie206 Biology Unit 2ip Photosynthesis & Respiration
Carrie Cunnien
SCIE 206 Biology
January 20, 2013
IP 2 Abstract
Some of the things that will be discussed are how photosynthesis and respiration are linked in order to provide you with energy from the food we
eat. The absence of oxygen some cells and organisms can use glycolysis coupled to fermentation to produce energy to your cells. Cells use enzymes as
biological catalysts to increase or accelerate the rate of reactions. Energy, Metabolism, and Cells Photosynthesis envelopes everything we need to
sustain life whether directly related or indirectly related. Biology involves a great responsibility for the safety and well–being of all inhabitants of the
earth. Our daily lives and the comprehension of what it takes to keep the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2004). When energy is extracted from carbohydrates by organisms while there is no oxygen present is Fermentation, according to (www.sci.uidaho.edu.
2008). Fermentation is generally used in many ways.
2. In the absence of oxygen some cells and organisms can use glycolysis coupled to fermentation to produce energy from the sugar created by
photosynthesis. A. A number of organisms in the nonexistence of oxygen from time to time go through a course of action described as fermentation.
Fermentation permits these organisms to create energy under anaerobic conditions according to (www.sci.uidaho.edu. 2008).
B. In a biological system energy comes into as light or photons. Through cellular methods including photosynthesis and respiration it is converted into
chemical energy. Carbohydrates are developed throughout the infusion of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Subsequently energy is stored in ATP (
adenosine triphosphate).
3. Cells use enzymes as biological catalysts to increase or accelerate the rate of reactions, such as those in photosynthesis or glycolysis. This allows
reactions to occur under conditions that sustain life.
A. Enzymes boost reaction rates by lessening the quality of energy necessary to form a compound of reactants. Enzymes expedite the chemical
reaction in living things. Without them, it would take a long time for food to be digested and our bones and muscles would not work as well. The most
preferred representation

BIOCHEM Task Essay
Enzymology and Catalytic Mechanism
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Adenosine Triphosphate
Western Governors University
ENZYMES
Are proteins that act as catalysts, and carry out chemical reactions.
They speed up or slow down reactions, but remain unchanged. (Thinkwell, 2000)
Enzymes bind to a substrate (anything that needs to be changed into something else [molecule, protein etc.])
Enzymes are important in cellular metabolism.
Enzymes are involved in processes such as the breakdown of carbohydrates and converts them into energy for the body to use.
Lock and Key Model or Induced Fit Diagram of Enzymatic Activity
Effect of Enzymes on Activation Energy
Breakdown of Fructose
Sucrose is made up of Glucose and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mutations in the ALDOB gene reduce the function of the enzyme, impairing the ability to metabolize fructose.
The lack of functional aldolase B results in accumulation of fructose–1–phosphate in liver cells.
The buildup is toxic and could result in death of liver cells over time. (Genetics home reference, 2013)
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI)
The breakdown of DHAP releases a phosphate group from this molecule.
Phosphate groups are used for a number of cell processes, including the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's main energy source, and
the release of stored sugar in the liver. (Genetics home reference, 2013)
Lack of functional aldolase B enzyme reduces the amount of DHAP, leading to fewer phosphate groups available for use in the body; also, without
aldolase B, fructose cannot enter the glycolysis process into which sugar will not be converted into usable energy for cell processes.
The Cori Cycle
If the entire Cori cycle occurred and remained within that single cell, it would be considered a pointless/useless sequence; with glucose being spent
and reproduced at the cost of ATP and GTP hydrolysis.

With 6 ATPs being consumed and used, but only 2 ATPs being synthesized. 4 ATPs are being wasted and lost. Less ATP will be produced if the entire
Cori cycle occurred and remained within that single cell.
Simultaneously, cells are forced to metabolize glucose anaerobically, which leads to lactate

Relationship Between Cellular Respiration And Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are the primary actions that organisms go through in order to retrieve efficiency through nature. Photosynthesis
is primarily done by plants and cellular respiration is done by animals in order to gain the energy they require. Photosynthesis is the process through
which plant cells convert energy from the sun into chemical vitality. The chemical process ofphotosynthesis involves carbon dioxide, water, and
sunlight which are then turned to glucose and oxygen. Cellular respiration consists of the separation of food molecules that results in energy which is
then reserved as adenosine triphosphate molecules. After sugar molecules are formed by photosynthesis, the plants go through cellular respiration in
order to form ATP molecules. Animals gather food molecules... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first stage is glycolysis, the second stage is the linking reaction, the third stage is the Krebs cycle, and the final stage is electron transport.
During the glycolysis stage glucose is disintegrated, this happens in the cytoplasm of the cell. Once the glucose is broken down two identical
compounds are created. Two electrons and a hydrogen ion are removed then attached to adenine forming NADH. Water is then formed using an
oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. In this stage two ATP molecules are added. The linking reaction occurs in the mitochondria of the cell. NAD+ and
pyruvate come together to form NADH and an acetyl enzyme. The Krebs cycle involves removing hydrogen atoms from the acetyl coenzyme in order
to form four molecules of ATP. Carbon then combines with oxygen, creating carbon dioxide. Electrons are unconstrained and move towards the
electron transport chain because of NADH. These electrons go through the electron chain until it finds an oxygen atom, where water is formed then
released. ATP molecules are created because of the energy released by the electron. In this stage 32 molecules of ATP are

Energy Path Research Paper
The first fitness activity I have participated in is basketball. The energy pathway I have chosen for this activity is the ATP
–CP system. For this, the
action of trying dunk the ball into the basket is what relates to this system the most. The ATP–CP system is one of the three energy pathways. The
ATP–CP system is mostly activated when short and quick bursts of energy are released from the body. ATP stands foradenosine triphosphate and CP
stands for creatine phosphate. CP is used to reactivate ATP, but this process is quite short
–lived. This is why this relates to the fast action of dunking the
basketball into the basket before your competitor gets to it.
The second fitness activity I have participated in is sprinting for a couple of

Lab Report On Cellular Respiration
Abstract
This experiment consisted of 3 respirometers, one with ants, one with radish seeds, and one with glass beads. Each with 4 pellets of KOH and a
piece of cotton. They were placed in a water bath that was at 75 degrees fahrenheit. A bubble at the end of the respirometer was measured every five
minutes, and this distance showed how well the organisms were respiring. The radish seeds were able to do the most cellular respiration in 25 minutes,
with the ants being a close second, and the control respirometer of the glass beads doing the least.
Introduction
Cellular respiration is the group metabolic reactions that happen in the cell of living organism that creates adenosine triphosphate, ATP, from
biochemical energy. The formula for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 +6O26CO2+6H2O+ATP. This formula means glucose andoxygen are turned into
water,carbon dioxide and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy through chemical reactions. Cellular respiration occurs in all cells which allows them
to grow. Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. Sativus seed, also known as radish seed, undergo cellular respiration because they are not yet able to perform
photosynthesis, which is how plants create their energy. Hymenoptera formicidae,commonly known as ants, undergo cellular respiration to produce
the energy they need to live. The potassium hydroxide (KOH) tablets were used to turn the gaseous carbon dioxide into soild carbon dioxide. If the
carbon dioxide was in a gasesous it would cause the

Oxidatory Synthesis
Removal of antioxidant enzymes including small–molecule–weight antioxidants depends on cellular redox environment as it is a delicate process to
regulate the two. ROS are responsible to regulate several physiological actions such as the ability to mediate and relate signal transduction from
membrane receptors, At low concentrations, ROS are involved in regulating several physiological actions, including their ability to mediate relate
signal transduction from membrane receptors, thus aiding the stimulation of several proteins and enzymes (1,2). Conversely, accumulation of extra
intracellular ROS lead to oxidative stress, in turn will impair cellular membranes, promoting mitochondrial injury and cell death, which adversely
impacting upon cell function and survival 3,5) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Oxidative stress can cause injury to the heart which could result in adverse cell and organ damage as factor– ОІ mitochondria have shown to
be the major primary target for this effect [3]. The presence of ROS in cardiac redox signaling mainly is established from Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, and are activated by stimuli such as Angiotensin II (Ang II). However, increase in lipid buildup within the
myocardium or cardiac lipotoxicity as a result of imbalance between fatty acid uptake and oxidation also augment ROS formation [4]. The pathway to
ER stress is a difficult signal transduction, originating from the stimulated ER membrane activated by perturbation of normal ER metabolism which has
vital role to play in lipid synthesis, folding of protein as well as maturation

Anaerobic Respiration Lab Report
Intro
There is a hierarchical structure within all multicellular organisms, increasing from macromolecules to cells, tissues, organs and systems (Crierie &
Greig, 2002). The bicep, see figure 1, is made up of muscle cells and tissues, of which require energy to contract and move the arm.
As the muscle continues to contract it uses energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP. Breaking bonds between the carbon
atoms in glucose produces this energy. This is done through a process called glycolysis. During each step, small amounts of energy are released and
transferred to ATP (Crierie & Greig, 2002). These first steps of glycolysis occur in the cytoplasm of cells, while the remaining occur in the
mitochondria, the organelle where aerobic respiration is carried out, producing approximately thirty six ATP. As seen in figure 2, in the absence of
oxygen, lactic acid is produced, resulting in only two ATP being produced.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Muscle fatigue is present if there is a decrease in the capacity to perform physical actions with the same muscle (Enoka & Duchateau, 2008). This is
due a decrease in the energy available for the muscle to use, therefore using anaerobic respiration as a source of energy as oxygen is depleted and
aerobic respiration can no longer be used.
The independent variable in this investigation is the prior amount of exercise completed by the participant measured in two minute intervals. The
dependent variable is the level of fatigue of the bicep muscle, measured by the amount of repetition in a given time. The control is the first trial, where
no prior exercise has been completed within at least the last hour. It is hypothesized that as the prior amount of exercise is increased, then the amount
of repetitions in the given time limit will decrease.
Materials
2kg weight

Stages Of Cellular Respiration In Plants
All of the following compounds are required at some stage of cellular respiration in plants, except
A. NAD.
B. sugar.
C. adenosine diphosphate.
D. oxygen.
E. carbon dioxide.
Cellular respiration occurs in both plant and animal cells. Both types of cells are very similar, containing similar organelles such as the mitochondria.
The mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration, where glucose and oxygen can be used to produce ATP and carbon dioxide. In plant cells energy is
created through the process of photosynthesis, the conversion of energy from the sun into chemical energy. Autotrophs are able to utilize photosynthesis
to sustain themselves without consuming food to obtain energy. The site of photosynthesis takes place in the cell's chloroplast (Citovsky, Lecture 20).
A large, concentrated portion of chloroplast can be found within the plant's mesophyll, the interior of a leaf. Photosynthesis is broken down into two
stages: light reactions and the Calvin cycle. Through light reactions, solar energy can be converted into chemical energy (Campbell, pg. 189). In the
Calvin cycle, usable energy in the form of sugars are synthesized from carbon dioxide.
Choice A– NAD is incorrect. NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme which functions as an intermediate for energy transport during
cellular respiration (Citovsky, Lecture 18). In the first phase of photosynthesis, light reactions, solar energy is converted into NADP+ (nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide

Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy Disease...
Zarae Allen
Mrs.Willard
Honors Biology
1December 2016
Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy
Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy disease (MNGIE) is an extremely rare disease that affects the process of muscles and shows up
in equal numbers of men and women. Only 70 cases of this disease have been reported. A mutation of the thymidine phosphorylase causes MNGIE and
lowers the production of adenosine triphosphate production. To begin, mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy disease is related to
adenosine triphosphate because it lowers the production. In a case report on Hindawi called " Anesthetic Management of a Child with Mitochondrial
Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy" it states, " These mutations can result in a decrease in ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation in the
respiratory chain found in the mitochondria, affecting tissues that have high energy demands including cardiac, nervous, and skeletal muscle tissue."
An enzyme called thymidine phosphorylase, mutates affecting how ATP is made. As a result, it affects the muscle cells of the organism because
people with this disorder do not have enough energy to move their muscles in their body. Also, in Genetic Home Reference that had the topic of
MNGIE, it reads "... the muscles and nerves of the digestive system do not move food through the digestive tract efficiently. The resulting digestive
problems include feelings of fullness (satiety)

Atp Lab Report
Morgan Calafati
#1 MAKE OBSERVATIONS
Even in middle school biology I learned that the body produced ATP and used it for energy, and I never thought about what the abbreviation meant.
When I learned that ATP was adenosine triphosphate, which is composed of a modified form of adenine and phosphates, it made me wonder why there
is not chemical energy using the other bases.
#2 ASK QUESTIONS
Why is ATP the most common form of chemical energy rather than CTP, TTP, or GTP?
#3 HYPOTHESIS
Because adenine is a purine and utilizes 2 hydrogen bonds when it is in DNA, it fits better with the ribose and phosphates.
The body produces an excess of adenine so it is the best choice for a nitrogenous base.
When mRNA is travelling to the ribosome to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
dATP has no purpose other than in DNA replication.
ATP is the most popular source because adenosine has many uses.
ATP is used in kinases, as a source of energy, and can combine with niacin to form NAD.
Guanosine is similar to adenosine, but is rarely used to give up phosphates. The only exception is in tubulin, which helps with construction of
cytoskeletons.
Guanosine is mainly used in G–proteins, which help relay hormonal and chemical signals.
Other guanosine molecules mainly help control intercellular traffic and relay signals.
Uridine is mainly used in glycogen synthesis. UTP will bind to a glucose and form a UDP glucose and a free phosphate, making the glucose more
reactive.
UDP is used to help break down the other monosaccharides as well.
CTP is similar to UTP except that instead of helping break down sugar CTP helps to break down fats.
CDP–diacylglycerol and CDP–choline are all found in plasma membranes.
ATP is ideal because it is a purine and purine rings give them a wider range of uses.

Source 3:

Adenosine Function In The Body
Function in the body Adenosine primarily acts in the central nervous system. It promotes sleep in the evening and assists the brain to wake up in the
morning. The concentration of adenosine is highest in the brain during waking hours and it builds up the longer a person is awake. Since the ATP
reserves are depleted and stored in the brain, it results in the buildup of adenosine in the brain. When a person is asleep, adenosine is metabolized by
adenosine deaminase, which results in a decreased concentration in the brain in the morning which causes a person to wake up. In the brain there are
several receptors for adenosine, one being the A1 receptors which are mostly in the cerebellum, it helps with memory storage. A2 receptors are in the
striatum ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, in 1991, Mahan found that adenosine is involved in memory storage in the cerebellum, and how it is used on the thalamus where the
brain uses it for a relay center to the cortex. In 1989, Phillis found that adenosine can act a neuroprotective agent against a seizure induced injury.
Finally, James and Richardson in 1993 found that after the stimulation period when ATP and ADP drop to increase the levels of adenosine. There are
many other scientists who made and are making groundbreaking discoveries on this neurotransmitter; however, those are a few interesting

Atp Adenosine Triphosphate Research Paper
ATP– Adenosine Triphosphate: is a complex chemical compound, which is formed with the energy that is released from food and stored in all cells,
but particularly muscles. Only from the energy released by the breakdown of this compound can the cells perform work. The ATP
–PC System is an
anaerobic process which means that fast bursts of energy for short, powerful bursts are produced and there is no oxygen involved in this process.
www.ptdirect.com/anatomy–and–physiology/energy–systems/the–atp–p–system The fuel source for this energy system is Creatine phosphate. A
muscle cell has some amount of ATP within it that it can use immediately, but not very much. To replenish the ATP levels quickly, muscle cells contain
a high–energy phosphate compound called creatine phosphate. The phosphate group is removed from creatine phosphate by an enzyme called creatine
kinase, and is transferred to ADP to form ATP. The cell turns ATP into ADP, and the phosphagen rapidly turns the ADP back into ATP. As the muscle
continues to work, the creatine phosphate levels begin to decrease. All three energy systems are active at any given time whilst doing any activity
depending... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The creatine phosphate system kicks in and then supplies energy for 8–10 seconds. This would be the major energy system used by the muscles of a
100– metre sprinter or a weightlifter, where rapid acceleration, short–duration exercise occurs If exercise continues longer then lactic acid energy
system kicks in and this would be true for short–distance exercises such as a 200– or 400– metre run or a 100–metre swim. If exercise continues, the
aerobic energy system takes over. This would occur in endurance events for example an 800–metre run, a marathon run, rowing, cross–country skiing
and distance

The Treatment of Wastewater with Microalgae Essay
2.1Wastewater Treatment with Microalgae
Microalgae have a great potential to solve energy and environmental challenges around the world. Wastewater treatment with microalgae is a more
environmental sound approach to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus and to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Microalgae can absorb significant
amount of nutrients because they need large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus for proteins (45–60% microalgae dry weight) and metals as
micronutrients for their growth. William Oswald first developed the idea of treating wastewater using microalgae and performed photosynthesis in
sewage treatment [29]. Figure 2.1 briefly depicts the process involved in high rate algal pond in which algae plays a dual role by ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
2.2.1Nitrogen
Organic nitrogen is the key element in biological substances like enzymes, peptides, proteins, chlorophylls and energy transfer molecules such as ADP
(Adenosine diphosphate) and ATP (Adenosine
–5'–triphosphate) [33]. Organic nitrogen is derived from inorganic sources including nitrite (NO2–),
nitrate (NO3–), nitric acid (HNO3), ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+), and nitrogen gas (N2). Microalgae has an ability to convert inorganic
nitrogen be only in the forms of nitrite, nitrate and ammonium to organic nitrogen through a process called assimilation. Only eukaryotic algae can
perform assimilation [32]. Figure 2.2 describes the assimilation process of inorganic nitrogen. As shown in the figure 2.2, translocation of inorganic
nitrogen takes place across the plasma membrane where reduction of nitrate takes place followed by the incorporation of ammonium into amino acids
and glutamine. Initially nitrate is reduced to nitrite by a "NADH–dependent" nitrate reductase and the nitrite reduced to ammonium by
"NADPH–linked" nitrite reductase present within the algae. The resulting ammonium is assimilated to form amino acids by glutamine and glutamate
synthase within the intracellular fluid using adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glutamate (Glu) and glutamine synthase. Thus, all inorganic forms of
nitrogen are finally reduced to organic form (amino acids) [32]. Figure 2.2 Conversion of inorganic

Power And Fatigue Index
The magnitude of an individual's peak power, relative power and fatigue index can be directly related to an individuals training status. This can be
determined by performing a short duration supramaximal anaerobic test. Peak power output heavily relies on the anaerobic metabolism within the
body. Comprising of the adenosine triphosphate – phosphocreatine (ATP–PC) system and glycolytic anaerobic metabolic pathways. When physiological
stress is placed on the metabolic, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system during physical training our body is forced to adapt to cope with it more
efficiently. Thus creating the differences in power and fatigue index within trained and untrained individuals.
Anaerobic power and fatigue index will be measured

Photosynthesis Process
Photosynthesis is a process that plans protistans and some bacteria, use energy from the sun to create sugar. Cellular respiration turns into ATP which is
fuel used by all living things. The transformation of sunlight energy into chemical energy, also goes along with the same process as green pigment
chlorophyll. The photosynthetic process mostly uses water and releases the oxygen that is mandatory for us humans must have to live. The two stages
connected with Photosynthesis are called light dependent reactions and light independent reactions, light independent reactions is also known as the
Calvin Cycle. Light dependent reactions need sunlight, the energy from this sunlight is consumed by chlorophyll and made into stored energy. This
energy is now in the form of electron carrier molecule NADPH ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These reactions working in respiration are called catabolic reactions, that break bigger molecules down into smaller molecules , letting energy release
in the operation , as weak so called high energy components are substituted by stronger components in the produce. Respiration is mainly how a cell
releases energy to start the cellular procedure. Cellular respiration is thought of as an exoergic redox reaction that puts off heat. The general reaction
happens in a multitude of biochemical processes, most of these are redox responses their selves. Even though cellular respiration happens to be a
combustion metathesis , it obviously does not appear as one during its process in a living cell because of its sluggish discharge of energy from the
multitude of oxidisation. The different stages of cellular respiration consist of but are not limited to pyruvate oxidation, glycolysis, oxidative
phosphorylation, and the citric acid or Krebs

Adenosine Triphosphate Structure
ATP is universal form of free energy in all living organisms and is an energy coupling agent (Tymoczko et al. 2013. p. 250). When ATP is
hydrolyzed to produce adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and orthophosphate (Pi), or to adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and Pi, free energy is
liberated. This free energy can then be utilized for endergonic reactions that need an input of free energy in order to occur. The recycling of ATP/ADP
is critical to for energy exchange in living organisms. Thermodynamically unfavorable reactions can be driven if they are coupled to ATP hydrolysis in
a new reaction.
The structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is composed of a three phosphate groups (in a triphosphate unit) attached to the nucleotide adenine with
two phosphoanhydride bonds. The two phosphoanhydride bonds are formed by the loss of a water molecule (Tymoczko et al. 2013. p. 250). ATP is
formed in chemotrophs through the oxidation of carbon fuels and in photosynthetic organisms when light energy is converted into chemical energy
(Topic 4.2–The Structure and Role of ATP). ATP has a high phosphoryl transfer potential due to its structural differences compared to ADP and Pi.
These structure differences include (1) electrostatic repulsion, (2) resonance stabilization, and (3) stabilization due to hydration (Tymoczko et al. 2013.
p. 252) At a neutral pH, ATP has four negative charges that repel each other. However, hydrolysis of ATP reduces this electrostatic repulsion. Also,
ADP and Pi have

Cellular Respiration Research Paper
Respiration is very important in providing energy to your body, all living things run on energy. Energy is provided from different sources, for an
example plant life receives its energy source from the Sun. All other forms of life receive energy through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration
happens in three stages; Glycolysis, The Krebs Cycle, Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The cellular respiration process can be aerobic or
anaerobic.
In order for the human body to function it requires energy, the body's energy source comes from the food we eat on a daily bases. We consume
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that our body uses to convert to energy. The process of converting these foods into a useable source of energy is
Cellular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It breaks down simple sugar or glucose into pyruvates to make energy available to cells. The first step of the process involves two phosphate groups
attaching to one glucose molecule to form a carbon compound with two phosphate groups. The phosphate groups are converted into molecules of ADP
or Adenosine diphosphate, which is the 'de energized' form of ATP. The carbon compound is then split into carbon molecules glyceraldehyde 3
phosphates, which are oxidized and each receives a phosphate group, forming three–carbon compound molecules. The oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3
phosphates reduces molecules, and removes the phosphate groups.
The Krebs cycle is the second stage of aerobic respiration, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle or citric acid cycle. Citric acid is the first
product generated by this sequence of chemical conversions. In animals the mitochondria is the cells "power plant". In plant Chloroplasts are the
"power plant". In microorganisms, the power house can be found in the cell

Glycolytic Pathway
Energy needed to function comes from the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). To keep a continuous supply
of ATP, ATP is resynthesized using one of the three energy pathways. The three energy pathways are the phosphagen, anaerobic and aerobic systems.
The phosphagen system known as the ATP–CP pathway, uses creatine phosphate (CP) to resynthesize ATP. CP re
–bonds ADP to produce ATP after it is
broken down. The ATP–CP pathway is the quickest way to resynthesize ATP and is the predominant energy system used for short
–term high–intensity
activities. Two exercises that utilize the ATP
–CP pathway are weightlifting and sprinting.
The anaerobic system known as the glycolytic pathway, uses glucose to produce ATP. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate throughglycolysis to
produce ATP. The amount of energy produced is very little, but you get the energy quickly. The glycolytic pathway is the second fastest way to
resynthesize ATP and is the predominant energy system used for large bursts activities. Two exercises that utilize the glycolytic pathway are
powerlifting such as bench press and deadlift.
The aerobic system known as the oxidative pathway, uses oxygen to produce ATP and is the most complex of the three energy systems. The oxidative
pathway uses blood glucose, glycogen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The oxidative pathway would be the focal point for training to run a marathon. Activities I would incorporate into training for a marathon would
include arm workouts, core exercises, glute and hip movements, mobility and stability routines. Arm motion is important for proper posture and
balance. Core exercises are key to push body further and help recover faster. Glute and hip movements promotes stronger hips, prevents shin splints
and increase flexibility. Mobility exercises keeps strong when going uphill and stability allows recover from uneven

Joseph's Story Case Study Answers
Kellee Petross
Joseph's Story
Question B. Since blood flow to Joseph's heart has slowed down greatly so have others things such as oxygen flow, glucose, and necessary ions. With
cells having to work extra hard attempting to get the body back to homeostasis it is rapidly burning up its supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Carbon dioxide is beginning to build up in the cells, throwing off pH levels because carbon dioxide is waste that needs to be gotten rid of. The
mitochondria in Joseph's cells cannot make more ATP due to the lack of oxygen and glucose. Since there is no ATP active transport cells cannot work
so the hearts plasma membrane shut down.
Question C.
Question D. The predisposition part means that Joseph inherited vascular disease.

Enzymology, Catalytic Mechanism, Carbohydrate Metabolism,...
Enzymology, Catalytic Mechanism, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Adenosine Triphosphate
Enzymes are proteins and their function is to act as catalysts to speed up certain chemical reactions in the cell that would be slower without them.
This process occurs as steps in a cycle with separate reactions in each step. If there is a missing product the step in the cycle will be incomplete and
the normal function of the organism cannot be accomplished causing negative effects on the organism. The biological processed of the body would
occur much more slowly or possibly not at all without the presents of enzyme reactions.
Enzymes have some very specific qualities. Enzymes are sensitive to temperature and they tend to work faster as temperature ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Fernandes, J 2006)
The Cori cycle is a metabolic pathway where lactic acid is made anaerobic glycolysis in the muscle and then travels to the liver where it is converted to
glucose and then goes back to the muscle and is made back into lactate. (Wikipedia, 2007) When muscle activity occurs epinephrine is released by the
brain. Epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown in the muscles as well as the liver. Muscle activity causes stored ATP (
Adenosine triphosphate) to be
used quickly and more ATP must be created by the breakdown of glycogen. In anaerobic conditions glucose is converted to pyruvate and then to lactic
acid. The lactic acid then travels though the blood stream to the liver. In the liver lactate is converted back to pyruvate and then back to glucose. Once
it has converted back to glucose it can be returned to the muscle for energy. (Ophardt, 2003)
When glycogen is used for an energy source 2 moles of ATP are produced per mole of glucose. However, when glucose is formed from lactate 6 ATP
are needed making it much less energy efficient. If the interconversions of the Cori cycle occurred and remained in a single cell you would deplete
energy sources because you have a –4 ATP when converting lactate to glucose of the cell and possible cell damage and you would then have a buildup
of the waste product lactic acid ultimately causing

horizontal gel electrophoresis platform and covered with...
horizontal gel electrophoresis platform and covered with pH > 12 alkaline solution for 20 min without electrophoresis[15]. The slide were then
neutralized and stained with 50 Вµl of 20 Вµg /ml ethidium promide. This cytotoxicity method of cell growth following to pro–mutagen exposure was
detected under cytocharasin B and frequency binuclear cells. Fairbrain and co–workers reported the advantage of this technique include: i) high
sensitivity for detecting low levels of DNA damage; ii) ability to detect genotoxicity in the absence of mitotic activity; iii) the requirement for small
numbers of cells per sample; iv) flexibility; v) low costs; vi) easy application and vii) the relatively short time period needed to complete an experiment
[16].... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The plate was then read for absorbance at 540nm using the microplate reader. The neutral red assay was chosen because it assesses the lysosomal
integrity of cells. As the integrity of the lysosome in cells is dependent upon a very wide range of healthy internal machinery, as opposed to a single
or a few individual pathways, it provides a good overview of general cellular health as deficient systems inside the cell are likely to impact on the cells
ability to retain the neutralred stain [19] .
LDH release
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an oxidative enzyme that changes lactate into pyruvate during glycolysis. LDH widely exists in cell membranes and
cytoplasm, and is released from cells into culture supernatants immediately after cell damage. Therefore, photospectrometrical assessment for cell
viability through the extracellular leakage of LDH can be applied for the antiviral evaluation of compounds [20] .
The method using cell line and described previously. The LDH released from necrotic cells into the extracellular fluid was determined after 4 h of
treatment with the test agents by using the commercially available Cytotoxicity Detection Kit (LDH). The plates were centrifuged at 400 g and 4 в—¦C
for 4 min and an aliquot of 50 Ојl was taken to quantify the LDH[21].
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), that is present in all metabolically active cells, can be determined in a bioluminescent

The Supply Of Adenosine Triphosphate And Creatine...
In Football, the muscles rely on three major systems to supply the energy needs –– the ATP/PC, glycolytic, and oxygen (anaerobic) energy systems.
The ATP/PC system is not oxidative– it does not utilize oxygen. Rather, this system creates energy through the utilization of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP). CP is created in the body and uses muscle strands as a way of storage. It is broken around chemicals (enzymes) to
recover ATP, which is likewise stored in the muscle strands. Whenever ATP and is thus disintegrated, the outcome is a small burst of energy that
triggers a muscle withdrawal. This is the system used for short bursts of high–intensity work lasting approximately 10 seconds or less. The glycolytic
system uses starches such as carbohydrates as fuel to create ATP for energy. This is a two
–stage system where glucose is separated to shape ATP and
pyruvic corrosive or lactic acid. It is the system utilized for moderately brief times of high–intensity work enduring just a couple of minutes. Following
a couple of minutes of work, the amassing of lactic acid will achieve a point where physical torment and exhaustion will start to prevent good
performance. This is alluded to as the lactate threshold. The aerobic oxidative system uses sugars, fats and proteins to produce ATP for energy. This is
a three–phase system comprised of many steps in preparation of the Aceytl–CoA, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. The Krebs cycle and
electron

Marathon Energy System
Hayley Berg, EDH2253 Assignment 2 Presentation. Energy systems in a 100 metre sprint versus a marathon.
Energy Systems
Abernathy (2013), "an individuals exercise capacity is determined by how much energy the muscle cell can produce and how quickly this energy can
be made available to the contractile elements in skeletal muscle."
Energy/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be metabolised from various forms of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (Brown, 2012).
Brown (2012), "carbohydrates and fat are the primary sources of energy, with protein contributing a minimal amount under normal conditions."
ATP is the only usable energy.
Three energy systems replenish ATP; phosphagen system; anaerobic glycolysis system; aerobic oxidative... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several procedures exist for testing anaerobic capacity– most common Wingate anaerobic test.
During increasing intensity, volume oxygen continues to increase until a maximal value (VO2 max), the maximal aerobic capacity is reached.
A VO2max test involves a graded exercise test on a treadmill/bike. Beep test which is a series of stages.
Changes to energy systems with age
Removal of lactic acid in the glycolysis system is largely impacted by blood flow and heart rate.
With age, changes to the body may result in slower heart rate as the heart muscles degenerate slightly.
Aerobic capacity depends on many factors. E.g. cardiac output, or amount of blood the heart can pump.
Aerobic capacity is also related to an individual's lung capacity and amount of oxygen the muscles can use (Abernethy, 2013).
An individual's maximum aerobic capacity (VO2 max), decreases about 1 percent per year after 25 (Miller, n.d.).
Measurement of aerobic/anaerobic capacity allows evaluation of individual's metabolic abilities, indicates state of fitness and effectiveness of training
programs.
Training to improve the energy

Cellular Respiration Assignment
– Cellular Respiration Assignment –
1. What two molecules are formed when a phosphate is removed from ATP?
There are three phosphate groups in ATP molecule (Adenosine Triphosphate), when removing one phosphate molecule, ADP molecule is formed
(Adenosine Diphosphate).
2. What is the function of ATP? Describe the molecule.
The function of ATP is storing energy within a cell. ATP isadenosine triphosphate, C10H16N5O13P3, a high energy complex, giving the necessary
power to push metabolistic reactions in the body. Its composed of adenosine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphates.
3. Describe how ADP is converted into ATP.
By adding one phosphate molecule to ADP, it becomes ATP.
4. Differentiate between oxidation and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What are they?
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first stage, light–dependent reactions or light reactions capture light energy and utilize it to make
energy–storage molecules ATP and NADPH. During the second stage, the light
–independent reactions use ATP and NADPH to capture and reduce CO2.
5. State the four factors that must be present to begin the process of photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts, H2O, sunlight, CO2.
6. Summarize the events of the light reactions.

Light Reactions of Photosynthesis:
Electrons flow to NADP
Split Water
Pump Protons
ATP Production
7. What are the products of the light reactions?
NADPH, O2 and ATP
8. In what part of the chloroplast do the light reactions take place?
Thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts.
9. Where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll located?
Chlorophyll molecules are embedded in the thylakoid membranes.
l0. What is the term for the stacks of disks seen in plants?
Grana for plural / Granum for singular.
11. What is the term for the fluid surrounding these stacks?
Stoma, is the fluid matrix that surrounds the thylakoids.
I2. What function is served by chlorophyll?
Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light and synthesizes it into the energy, in turn giving plants life. Chlorophyll is primarily responsible for the
photosynthesis process and hence performs as the basic building block of all life. It also gives plants

Biology 8.1 Summary
8.1 Key Concepts
Plants use the sun to produce food.
The characteristics of ATP make it exceptionally useful as the basic energy source of all cells.
8.1 Vocab
Autotroph– a plant that is able to make their own food
Heterotroph– a plant evolve its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.
Adenosine triphosphate is a compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, which is in all living tissue.
8.2 Key Concepts
Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high–energy sugars and oxygen.
In addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll.
8.2 Vocab
Photosynthesis– the process by which green plants and some other organisms use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(for example carotene and chlorophyll.)
Chlorophyll– a green pigment, present in all green plants responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis.
8.3 Key Concepts
The process of photosynthesis needs light in its reactions as well as the Calvin cycle
The light–dependent reactions produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into energy and NADHP. The light
–dependent reactions occur in the
thylakoid.
The Calvin cycle refers to the light–independent reactions in photosynthesis that take place in three key steps. Although the Calvin Cycle is not
directly dependent on light, it is indirectly dependent on light since the necessary energy carriers (ATP and NADPH) are products of light–dependent
reactions.

8.3 Vocab
Thylakoid– each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis
take place, and arranged in stacks or grana.
Photosystem– a biochemical mechanism in plants by which chlorophyll absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
Stroma– the supportive tissue of an epithelial organ, tumor, gonad, etc., consisting of connective tissues and blood

Aerobic Respiration Lab Report
The very existence of living cells depends heavily on the potential energy of the cell. At the chemical level, these bonds have potential energy
("Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy. Biology," n.d).
Most of the ATP formed during aerobic catabolism, could be the result from a process that begins with passing electrons through a number of
chemical reactions to a final electron acceptor O2. It is the only place where aerobic respiration requires O2?. These reactions take place in specialized
protein complexes located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic organisms and on the inner part of the cell membrane of
prokaryotic organisms. This energy from the electrons is used to generate ATP. This process is called?oxidative?phosphorylation("Adenosine... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
O2 continuously diffuses into plants for this purpose, where oxygen enters the body of living organisms through the respiratory system. Electron
transport is a series of chemical reactions in which electrons are passed rapidly from one component to the next and onto the endpoint of the chain
where oxygen is the final electron acceptor and water is produced. There are four main complexes composed of proteins, Figure 1, which results in
four divisions, together with their associated mobile and accessory electron carriers, where this is generally referred to as the?electron transport chain.
The electron transport chain is replicated multiple times in the?inner mitochondrial membrane?of eukaryotes and in the plasma membrane of
prokaryotes, ("Aerobic Respiration, " n.d.)
Figure 1.?The electron transport chain is a series of electron transporters embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that shuttles electrons from
NADH and FADH2?to molecular oxygen. In the process, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the inter–membrane space, and oxygen
is reduced to form water, ("Aerobic Respiration, Part 3: n.d.)? Reprinted [or adapted] with

An Investigation Of Understanding Energy Systems
Energy is required for all kinds of bodily processes including growth and development, repair, the transport of various substances between cells and of
course, muscle contraction. It is this last area that Exercise Scientists are most interested in when they talk about energy systems.
Whether it 's during a 26–mile marathon run or one explosive movement like a tennis serve, skeletal muscle is powered by one and only one
compound... adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (2). However, the body stores only a small quantity of this 'energy currency ' within the cells and its enough
to power just a few seconds of all–out exercise (5). So the body must replace or resynthesize ATP on an ongoing basis. Understanding how it does this
is the key to understanding energy systems.
An ATP molecule consists of adenosine and three (tri) inorganic phosphate groups. When a molecule of ATP is combined with water (a process called
hydrolysis), the last phosphate group splits away and releases energy. The molecule of adenosine triphosphate now becomes adenosine diphosphate or
ADP (2).
Energy is measured in calories To replenish the limited stores of ATP, chemical reactions add a phosphate group back to ADP to create ATP. This
process is called phosphorylation. If this occurs in the presence of oxygen it is labelled aerobic metabolism or oxidative phosphorylation. If it occurs
without oxygen it is labelled anaerobic metabolism (2).
Energy Sources to Replenish ATP
Several energy sources

Cellular Respiration
Respiration is defined as the process of taking air into the body. Cellular respiration is much more complex. An organism consists of a single cell and
even while a humans body contain trillions, all cells undergo cellular respiration. It also is by this process of breaking down food molecules which are
simple sugars that produces the energy currency of the cell, also known as Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
The way that photosynthesis works is by capturing light energy. This energy is captured in chemical bonds, and meaning that plants use radiant energy
to fix molecules together. This is how plants provide their own nutrition from carbondioxide, water, and minerals. Also as part of this process,oxygen is
released in the atmosphere which

ATP And Creatine ATP As The Energy Currency Of Life

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to ATP And Creatine ATP As The Energy Currency Of Life

Similar to ATP And Creatine ATP As The Energy Currency Of Life (19)

More from Kimberly Harris

More from Kimberly Harris (13)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

ATP And Creatine ATP As The Energy Currency Of Life