energy trasformation

1. ENERGY
TRANSFORMATION
ATP – ADP CYCLE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
RESPIRATION

2. LIFE
Needs to Support Life

4.  ENERGY – the ability to perform
work.
 WORK – the ability to change or
move matter against other
forces.
***UNLOCKING OF DIFFICULTIES***

5. QUESTION:
Where does the energy for this
work come from?
To a cell, work includes: growth
and repair, active transport and
reproduction.

7. AUTOTROPHS
Group of organisms that use the energy in
sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make
food.
Foods that made by autotrophs:
carbohydrates, including a 6-carbon sugar ->
GLUCOSE.
Because autotrophs are able to produce
food, they are also known as producers.
Organisms under Autotrophs: Plants, algae,
prokaryotes.

8. NOTE: Autotrophs not only make food for
immediate use, but they store it as well.

9. The importance
of autotrophs is
enormous.
Without them,
many living
organisms would
die.

10. HETEROTROPHS
Organisms that cannot make their own
food are called heterotrophs.
 Because heterotrophs must consume
other organisms to get energy, they are
also called consumers.
Organisms under heterotrophs: animals,
fungi, and many unicellular organisms.

12. ATP AND ENERGY
TRANSFER

13. ALL LIFE ACTIVITIES REQUIRE ENERGY AND
ENERGY CONVERSIONS

14. ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
It is the energy storage molecule used
by most organism.
Molecules of ATP transfer much of the
energy needed by organisms for life
processes.

15. Molecule of ATP has three
major parts:
1.Ribose
2.Adenine
3.Phosphate Groups
(Triphosphate Group)
NOTICE that some of the bonds
in the triphosphate group are
represented by wavy lines.
When these bonds are broken,
the energy stored in the bonds
is transferred to other chemical
reactions. The transfer of this
energy fuels mostly biochemical
reactions.

16. NOTE:
Energy can be measured in Calories, a term
you may have heard or used when discussing
food.
A Calorie – or kilocalorie – is the amount of
heat energy needed to raise the temperature
of 1 kg of water by 1˚C.
EXAMPLE: A piece of apple pie contains
about 365 Calories. The slice of pie contains
about as much energy as 313 g of the
explosive TNT.

17. Just as
electricity
supplies power
for many different
types of tools and
appliances, ATP
provides the
energy required
by many different
types of chemical
reaction.

18. Energy is stored and released for cell use
through a series of reactions that creates
and breaks down molecules of ATP.
ENERGY is RELEASED when an enzyme
ATPase breaks the end phosphate off an
ATP molecule. -> The release of phosphate
from ATP forms a molecule called
Adenosine Diphosphate, or ADP, plus a free
phosphate. -> The formation of ADP from
ATP releases the energy for the cellular
activities that support life.

19. REMEMBER:
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy
currency of life and it provides that energy for
most biological processes by being converted
to ADP (adenosine diphosphate). Since the
basic reaction involves a water molecule,
ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi
this reaction is commonly referred to as the
hydrolysis of ATP.

20. Conversion from ATP to ADP

21. ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE

22. REMEMBER:
ADP can be “recharged” by living
organisms to provide energy for life
processes.
ADP molecules are recharged when free
phosphates and energy re – form
molecules of ATP.
These re – formation of ATP occurs at a
very fast pace about 10, 000, 000 times per
second in each cell!

23. ENERGY EXCHANGE

24. REDUCTION
Reduction is the addition of electrons to an atom
or ion.
The process is called reduction because the
addition of electrons, which carry a negative
charge, reduces the charge of the molecule.
NOTE: to balance the charge, reduction is
accompanied by the addition of hydrogen ion (H˖).
The addition of an electron increases the energy
contained in the molecule.
Therefore, when a molecule accepts an electron,
it becomes reduced, and its energy content
increases.

25. OXIDATION
Oxidation is the loss of an electron from an
atom or ion.
Oxidized molecules are low in energy, like a
used – up battery. (Although oxygen is often an
electron acceptor, many oxidation reactions do
not involve oxygen).
Oxidation – Reduction Reactions (Redox
Reactions) – chemical reactions in which one
molecule is oxidized and the other is reduced.
Redox Reactions are common in living
organisms.

26. REMEMBER:
The amount of energy in food is determined
by the relative quantities of protein, fat,
carbohydrates and water in the food.
• FATS – 9 Calories per gram
• CARBOHYDRATES & PROTEINS – 4 Calories
per gram
• WATER – which makes up a large portion of
fruits and vegetables, contains no Calories.
 When the human body consumes more
energy than it needs, the excess is
converted into fat for long – term storage.