2.
-
is the change in the form of a word to mark such
distinctions as tense, person, number, gender, ….
Etc.
For example, we usually create the past simple tense
of verbs by adding “-d” or “-ed” (as in heard or
walked, which also function as the verbs’ past
participles), and we normally create plurals by adding
“-s” or “-es” to the ends of nouns (as in dogs, cats,
watches, etc.).
Inflection
3.
There are two types of inflection:
-Regular Inflection: the way we change a word’s form
to reflect things like tense, plurality, gender, etc., is
usually governed by consistent, predictable rules.
Examples:
Boy -------- boys
Books ----------- books
Lady------------- ladies
4.
- Irregularly Inflection:
There are many instances in which the way a word is
inflected doesn’t seem to follow any rules or
conventions at all.
examples:
-
adjective bad – worse – worst
-
noun foot – feet, mouse – mice, ox – oxen,
sheep – sheep
-
verb bring – brought – brought, feel – felt – felt,
give – gave – given, hit – hit – hit, see – saw –
seen, wear – wore – worn, etc.
5.
For the plural inflection of nouns, the following may
well be noted:
• loanwords that retain their original, ‘foreign’ plural,
e.g. cactus – cacti, criterion – criteria. More and more
of these plurals are becoming regularized.
• nouns that end in -o or -i, where there is often
confusion about whether the inflection is -s or-es, e.g.
curio-s, domino-es, etui-s, halo-es or -s, piccallili-es or s.
Different forms of irregular inflection
6.
• Nouns ending in -y, which may change the y to i and
add -es, or may simply add -s, e.g. abbey-s, academy –
academies, monkey -s, mystery – mysteries, odyssey-s,
symmetry – symmetries.
• nouns that change either the spelling or
pronunciation of their final sound (voicing of /θ/, /f/ or
/s/) when the plural suffix is added, e.g. bath-s, hoof –
hooves, house-s, mouth-s, shelf –shelves, truth-s, wolf
– wolves.
7.
For the inflections of verbs, the following may well be
noted:
• where the final consonant of the root is doubled in
spelling with the addition of a suffix: flip –flipping – flipped,
lag –lagging– lagged, prod – prodding – prodded, refer –
referring –
referred, shovel – shovelling – shovelled, sin – sinning –
sinned.
• where the final consonant might be expected to double,
but does not, e.g. benefit – benefiting –benefited, galop –
galoping – galoped, gossip – gossiping – gossiped, market
– marketing –
marketed, pilgrim – pilgriming – pilgrimed.
8.
• where the final consonant is -c and a k is added
before the inflectional suffix, e.g. bivouac –
bivouacking – bivouacked, magic – magicking –
magicked, picnic – picnicking – picnicked.
• where the final consonant is -y, which may change
to i before an inflectional suffix, e.g. cry –cries – cried
(but crying), shy – shies – shied, supply – supplies –
supplied, weary – wearies –
wearied.
9.
For adjective inflections, the following usually apply:
• the consonant doubling rule, as for verbs, e.g. big –
bigger – biggest, hip – hipper – hippest,
sad – sadder – saddest.
• the y to i rule, as for verbs, e.g. dry – drier – driest,
fluffy – fluffier – fluffiest, lively – livelier –
liveliest, rosy – rosier – rosiest, wacky – wackier –
wackiest (but not sly -er, -est).
10.
Additionally, two-syllable adjectives that form their
comparative and superlative by means of inflectional
suffixes, rather than the periphrastic more/most
construction such as common -er/-est, narrow -er/-
est,
thirsty -er/-est.
More beautiful
The most beautiful
11.
One other point is worth mentioning here, though
strictly speaking it belongs to derivational
morphology rather than to inflectional. English has a
number of nouns that survive from Old English which
have a related adjective that has been borrowed into
English usually from Latin,
e.g. church – ecclesiastical. Some dictionaries usefully
indicate these connections, e.g. CED4.
Further examples are: lung – pneumonic, pulmonary,
pulmonic; mind – mental, noetic, phrenic; wall –
mural.
12.
References
Howard .J (2002) Lexicography : An introduction .
Taylor & Francis Routledge
https://www.slideshare.net/ibesti123/morphology-a-
word-and-its-form-inflectional
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Regular-and-
Irregular-Inflection.htm
https://www.slideshare.net/SilentUFO/morphology-
presentation-print
https://www.thoughtco.com/inflection-grammar-
term-1691168
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1Q670MxuhU