This document provides an introduction to basic concepts about sentences, including the different types of sentences based on function and structure. It discusses simple, compound, and complex sentences. It also covers topics like sentence components, question formation, negation, tenses, parts of speech, affixes, and the concepts of coherence and cohesion in writing. The document is intended as an introductory overview of foundational grammar topics for a course.

1. Course Introduction
Week 1

2. Sentences
• There are multiple types of sentences based on their function.
• 1. Declarative sentence (statement)
• E.g.: I live in New York city.
• 2. Interrogative sentence (question)
• E.g.: What kind of chocolate do you like?
• 3. Imperative sentence (command)
• E.g.: Open the door.
• 4. Exclamative sentence (exclamation)
• E.g.: Oh my god! What a day!

3. Sentences
• There are different types of sentences based on their
structure.
• 1. Simple sentence
• E.g.: I run to class everyday.
• 2. Compound sentence
• E.g.: I live in Amman and my best friend lives in Irbid.
• 3. Complex sentence
• E.g.: The boy who lives across the street is in my school.

4. Simple Sentence
Subject + Verb + Object

5. Compound Sentence
Subject + Verb + Object Subject + Verb + Object
AND
OR
BUT

6. Complex Sentence
Subject + Verb + Object
Subject + Verb +
Object
WHO
WHICH
THAT
WHOSE
WHOM

7. Wh- Words
• The boy who lives across the street is in my school.
• The lady whom I saw today was very old.
• The car which hit me yesterday was a Prius.
• The car which my dad fixed belongs to a rich business man.
• The dog whose tail was bitten is very sick.
• My dad whose wallet was lost called the police to ask for
help.

8. Wh- Words
• The boy who lives across the street is in my school. (subject)
• The lady whom I saw today was very old. (object)
• The car which hit me yesterday was a Prius. (subject)
• The car which my dad fixed belongs to a rich business man.
(object)
• The dog whose tail was bitten is very sick. (possession)
• My dad whose wallet was lost called the police to ask for help.
(possession)

9. Complex Sentence
Subject + Verb + Object
Subject + Verb +
Object
Because
Since
If
When
where

10. Quiz
• https://www.englishgrammar.org/simple-compound-or-complex-
sentence/#:~:text=A%20simple%20sentence%20has%20only,clauses
%20of%20the%20equal%20rank.

11. What makes a sentence?
• Every sentence must consist of at least one
subject and one verb.
Subject + Verb + Object

12. What makes a sentence?
• Some sentences do not have objects.
• For example:
• The bird has flown.
• The boys are sleeping.
• It rained in Amman.

13. How do we form questions?
• There are two types of questions:
• 1. Yes/No Questions
• 2. Wh- Questions

14. Yes/No Questions
Subject + Verb + Object
HELPING VERB:
VERB TO DO
VERB TO BE
VERB TO HAVE

15. Yes/No Questions
• I live in Amman.
• Q: Do you live in Amman?
• She is a ballet dancer.
• Q: Is she a ballet dancer?
• They have been here for a while.
• Q: Have they been here for a while?

16. Wh- Questions
Subject + Verb
HELPING
VERB:
VERB TO DO
VERB TO BE
VERB TO HAVE
Wh- word:
WHAT
WHERE
WHEN
WHO
WHICH
HOW
HOW LONG

17. Wh- Questions
• What is your name? My name is Faisal.
• Where do you live? I live in Amman.
• When were you born? I was born in 1997.
• Who ate the cookie? Sam ate the cookie.
• Which color should I get? Green or yellow? You should take the
yellow one.
• How do you like your steak? I like my steak medium-rare.
• How long have you been here? I’ve been here for two hours.

18. Negation
• Negating a sentence occurs when we add NOT
after the helping verb.
• She is happy / She is not happy.
• He has been in London / He has not been in
London.
• They love sushi / They DO NOT love sushi.

19. Tenses
•There are three major tenses in English:
•Present
•Past
•Future

20. Present Tense
• The Present tense is divided into three aspects:
• Simple Present (She drives very fast)
• Present Progressive/Continuous (They are having
dinner)
• Present Perfect (Ahmad has never been to Europe)

21. Past Tense
• The Past tense is also divided into three aspects:
• Simple Past (She drove very fast)
• Past Progressive/Continuous (They were having dinner)
• Past Perfect (Ahmad had never been to Europe when he
was a kid)

22. Future Tense
•Will vs. Going to
• Will is often used with intentions and expectations based on
evidence.
• E.g.: I will clean my room tomorrow. / It will rain this evening.
• Going to is often used with firm plans.
• E.g.: I am going to study mechanical engineering.

23. Parts of speech
•Parts of speech are the different
categories of words.

25. Affixes
• Affixes are particles that are usually attached to
the beginning or the end of a word that may
change its meaning.
• Prefix is attached to the beginning of the word.
• Suffix is attached to the end of the word.

27. Coherence and Cohesion
• What is coherence?
• Coherence is what makes a text semantically meaningful. In a
coherent text, ideas are logically connected to produce meaning.
It is what makes the ideas in a discourse logical and consistent. It
should be noted that coherence is closely related to cohesion.
• To connect your ideas, you can use transitional terms, such as
moreover, in addition, however, next, then, on the other
hand..etc.
https://www.myenglishpages.com/blog/difference-between-coherence-and-cohesion/

28. Coherence and Cohesion
• What is cohesion?
• There are two types of cohesion: lexical and grammatical.
https://www.myenglishpages.com/blog/difference-between-coherence-and-cohesion/

29. Coherence and Cohesion
• Lexical cohesion
• This refers to the meaningful relations between sentence
elements. This involves the repetition of the same word or use of
a synonym, hyponym, meronym, or antonym. Here are some
examples:
• Repetition: “Birds are beautiful. Everybody likes birds.”
• Synonymy: “Paul saw a snake under the mattress. The serpent is going to
bite somebody.”
• Hyponymy: “I saw a cat. The animal was very hungry and looked ill.”
• Meronymy: “He stopped the car and changed the tire.”
• Antonymy: “Old movies are boring, the new ones are much better.”
https://www.myenglishpages.com/blog/difference-between-coherence-and-cohesion/

30. Coherence and Cohesion
• Grammatical cohesion
• This is related to the grammatical relations between text
elements. Here are some examples:
• Anaphora (e.g. Jane was brilliant. She got the best score)
• Cataphora (e.g. Here he comes our hero. Please, welcome John.)
• Ellipsis (e.g. A: Where are you going? B: To dance.)
• Substitution (e.g. A: Which T-shirt would you like? B: I would like the pink
one.”)
• Conjunctions: (e.g. “We agree on the principle but disagree on the
method.” “He didn’t come because he’s sick.”)
https://www.myenglishpages.com/blog/difference-between-coherence-and-cohesion/

31. •The End 