3. •here are different classes of nouns namely common, proper, concrete, abstract, mass,
count, and collective nouns.
• A. Classes of Nouns
• 1. Proper nouns refers to the specific names of person, places or things and are,
therefore, capitalized, while common nouns are names of a general class of persons,
place,and things.
• For example:
Proper noun: Thalia Santos, San Nicholas Cathedral, Surigao del Norte Tupperware
Common Noun: lawyer, church, province, lunch box
4. • 2. Concrete noun names a thing that is actual or real. It is something that can be heard,
seen, touched, smelled or tasted. On the other hand, abstract nouns names an idea or
quality that cannot be perceived by the senses. In other words, the opposite of concrete
nouns.
• For example:
Concrete nouns
earthquake
thunder
fragrance books
sweetness
Abstract Noun
love wisdom
hate fear
anger
5. • 3. A noun that can be counted individually is called count noun while a noun that cannot be counted but can
be quantified as a unit is called mass noun (non-count nouns). Counters are used with mass nouns to make them
mean more than one. A collective noun, on the other hand, denotes a number of persons, places, or things as one
group
• For Example:
Count nouns
students box
teacher
church
Mass or Non-count Nouns
sugar gravel
vinegar
pieces of advice
Collective nouns
audience galaxy
of stars
committee
orchestra
6. • 1. Number of Nouns a. Singular noun-denotes one person, place or thing b.
Plural noun- denotes more than one person, place, or thing. Rules in forming
plural nouns:
• Most nouns form their plural by adding –s to their singular form. Example: name-
names;
• figure- figures; hill- hills vowel-vowels
• If the singular nouns ends in s,x, z,ch or sh, add -es to firm the plural. Example:
crush-crushes; dress-dresses;hero-heroes; potato-potatoes Motto-mottos; radio-
radios tax-taxes; waltz-waltzes speechspeeches
7. • Nouns ending in -o preceded by a consonant form their plural by adding -es.
Example: echo-echoes, volcano-volcanoes Some exceptions: Alto- altos
• Nouns ending in –o preceded by a vowel form their plural by adding –s. Example:
cameo-cameos; radio-radios, video-videos
• Nouns ending in –f or –fe change –f or –fe to –v and add –es to form plural.
Example: calf-calves: shelf-shelves, half-halves
• Some nouns ending in –f form plural by adding –s. Example: belief-beliefs; chief-
chiefs
8. • Nouns ending in -y preceded by a consonant change -y to -I and then add -es to form the plural
Example: ally-allies; housefly-houseflies; country-countries
• If the final –y is preceded by a vowel, the plural is formed by adding –s. Example: decoy-decoys;
journey-journeys; monkey-monkeys
• Nouns ending in -is form their plural by changing -is to -es. Examples: analysis-analyses; basis-bases;
crisis-crises
• Some nouns have irregular plural forms. Example: child-children; ox-oxen; goose-geese; tooth- teeth;
foot-feet
• Some nouns of foreign origin have the same plural forms as their original foreign ones. Others have
both English or foreign plural form.
• Example: Agendum-agenda datum-data alumnus-alumni Radius-radii phenomenon-phenomena
• Appendix- appendices or appendixes Cactus-cacti or cactuses Formula- formulae or formulas
Symposium- symposia or symposiums
9. • Compound words form their plural by adding -s to the most important word. Example: attorney-at-law= attorneys-
at-law chief-of-staff = chiefs-of-staff
• Add -s to nouns with the suffix -ful. Example: boxful- boxfuls;head teacher= head teachers passer-by = passers-by
• Letters, numbers, signs, and words regarded as words form their plural by adding -’s Example: ABC-ABC’s;P- P’s;
spoonful-spoonfuls; 2- 2’s; $ -$’s If- If’s teaspoonful- teaspoonfuls
• Some nouns are generally used in the singular. Example: advise, baggage, blood, bread, food, furniture, land, sand,
wood, etc
• Some nouns have the same form both in the singular and in the plural. Example: Chinese, deer, salmon, sheep, swine
• Some nouns are plural in form but singular in meaning. Example: economics, mathematics, civics, calisthenics,
molasses, mumps, physics
• Some nouns have only plural forms, no singular forms. Example: scissors, eyeglasses, goggles, goods, proceeds,
tongs, shorts, trousers, etc.
10. • 2. Gender of Nouns Gender-property of a noun that distinguishes sex.
• Masculine gender denotes males.
• Feminine gender denotes females.
• Common gender denotes either male or female.
• Neuter gender denotes noun without sex.
11. • Example:
• Masculine: aviator; bachelor; spinster; fox
• Feminine: aviatrix; beau; belle; vixen
• Common: pilot; adult; lover; pet
• Neuter: plane; camera; love; toy
12. • 3. Cases of Nouns
• a. Nominative Case- the noun functions in the sentence as the following:
• Subject- tells what the sentence is about. Example: Henry Sy owns SM Supermalls; The girl is a talent of
ABS-CBN.
• Predicate nominative- explains, restates, names, or stands for the subject. It is preceded by a linking
verb in the sentence. Example: Dr. Milagros G. Villarama is the dean of the College of Teacher
Education; Dr. Talamayan is the language and literature professor.
• Noun address- a noun used to call the attention of the person addressed or spoken to. Example: Kelly,
please make up your mind; Submit the needed documents by Monday, Miss De la Cruz.
• Appositive- a noun used to explain another noun just before it. Example: Hachiko, a shih tzu, is turning
three on January 18; My landlady, Lola Rose, wants everything to be always in order.
13. • b. Possesive Case- indicates the possessor of the referent noun. Example: author’s
signature = the possessive noun author possesses the referent noun signature.
Example: Child’s toy; Helen’s book; Queen’s crown; Teachers’ tables; Students’
assignments; Anna and Elsa’s kingdom.
14. • c. Objective Case- the noun functions in the sentence as the following:
• Direct object- the noun is the receiver of the action. It answers the question what or to whom. Example: The faculty
and staff of Northeastern Mindanao Colleges visited the tourist spots in Siargao Island; Henry Sy owns SM
Supermalls
• Indirect object- tell to whom/what or for whom/what an action is intended Example: The grammar teacher taught
Anne and Karylle the ways to edit a run-on sentence; Ms. Orga gave the students home reading assignments.
• Objective complement- sometimes called second object or predicate. It names and usually follows the direct object.
Example: The body named the club NEMCO Gazette; The people elected Mr. Duterte president.
• Object of the preposition- noun that follows a preposition Example: The students received a high mark in Literature
of the Philippines; Because of the on-going construction in the campus, some classes are held under the trees.
