2. Reasons:
Booming agricultural economy of the west
▪ Cities became centers of trade (p. 263 shows examples)
Improvements in public health
▪ Birth rate was lower
▪ Death rate was far lower, allowing for population increase
Immigration
▪ Growth of cities was dramatic between 1840-1860
▪ Most immigrants from Germany & Ireland
▪ P. 263 shows city growth examples
3.
4. A defense of native-born people and a hostility
to foreign-born
Also a desire to slow immigration
Examples:
Nativists would say that new immigrants were inferior
to older Americans
Saw them as about the same as Native Americans
They would say that immigrants were socially unfit
Some said immigrants stole jobs from workforce &
lowered wages
5.
6. NativeAmerican Party: 1837
Anti-immigration group
Held their own convention in 1845
Know-Nothings: 1845-1850
First called “Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled
Banner”
Banned Catholics from holding public office,
restrictive naturalization laws, literacy tests for
voting among their demands
7. Know-Nothings led to American Party in 1852
in the west
They actually won control of MA state gov’t
in 1854, won large number of seats in PA and
NY
This was the peak of their power
8. CanalAge:
1790-1820s=“turnpike era”
By 1820s new means of transportation
Steamboats, esp. Mississippi & Ohio Rivers
Used commercially & for passengers
By 1820s states turned to building canals
Cheaper & quicker
Erie Canal across NY (1817-1825)
363 miles long, longest canal previously=28 miles
Linked NYC to Chicago & Great Lakes
9. Erie Canal’s success led to a canal building
boom (see map on p. 271)
Connection between Lake Erie & Ohio River
Led to increased settlement in Northwest
Others failed in building successful canals
10. Early Railroads:
1804: inventors had been experimenting with
steam engines for land vehicles
1820: first locomotive is run around a track (NJ)
1825: first RR line opened in England
First company: Baltimore and Ohio, 1830
▪ Peter Cooper &TomThumb (see picture on p. 272)
By 1836, 1,000+ miles of track had been laid in 11
states
11. Railroads:
Were short
Connected water routes
No linkage of one RR company to another
Track sizes (gauges) were not uniform
Schedules did not match
Constant wrecks!
In competition w/ canals
Slow improvements in 1830’s
12. Triumph of RR:
By 1860, there was almost 30,000 miles of track
Most was in northeast but reached far and wide
See map on page 273!!
13. Time to
travel from
NewYork to
various
locations
Maps from the
1932 Atlas of
the Historical
Geography of
the United
States
14.
15.
16. Linkage of lines to make RR lines longer
Lots of examples on page 272
Lines would divert traffic from Erie Canal and
Mississippi River
Chicago becomes the rail center of theWest
RR’s helped weaken the connection between
the Northwest and the South (dependency on
Mississippi River lessens)
17. Several sources:
Private American investors
RR companies borrowed large sums of $$$
Local governments, states, counties, cities, towns
Federal gov’t
▪ Congressional grants to aid RR’s in 11 states by 1860
▪ 30 million + acres of land
▪ Rail companies earn huge profits & accumulate
enormous strength
18. Telegraph:
Samuel Morse, 1844
▪ 1st message, from Baltimore toWashington D.C.=“What
Hath GodWrought?”
Transmitted from Baltimore toWashington, D.C.
Low cost system of communication
50,000 miles of wire connected by 1860 coast to
coast
21. Things to consider: (p. 275)
Retail distribution of goods changed
Growth of corporations began here
▪ What is a corporation?
Limited liability
▪ What does this mean?
Credit was a way to borrow, but bank did not have
enough equity to support the borrowing
Bank failures were frequent
22. By far the biggest economic development of
the mid-19th century
Started with textile industry, water-powered
Shoe industry in MA
Total value of manufactured goods rose from
almost $500 million in 1840 to $2 billion in
1860
23. Over half of the “factories” were in the
northeast
Those “factories” produced over 2/3 of the
nation’s manufactured goods
Almost ¾ of the people working in
manufacturing were employed in N.E. and
Mid-Atlantic states
24. American technology was admired by
Europeans
Turret lathe, milling machine, precision grinding
machine, sewing machine—all lead to
interchangeability
Interchangeable parts: EliWhitney and Simeon
North
Affected watches and clocks, locomotives, steam
engines, farm tools, bicycles, sewing machines,
typewriters, cash registers, automobile in upcoming
years
25. Patents:
Charles Goodyear: vulcanizing rubber
Elias Howe: sewing machine, which Singer
improved
26. Natural waterfalls could be channeled to
provide power for the mills
Factories would close if water was frozen in
winter
That is one reason factories looked for other
power: to be open year-round!
27. Wood, Coal, Petroleum (later),Water
Coal:
Replacing wood and water power as fuel
Mostly in PA, near Pittsburgh