Do Beets Make Urine Red Research Paper

Do Beets Make Urine Red Research Paper
Do Beets Make Urine Red?
Many people love to eat beets, and beets contain essential minerals like potassium and manganese
along with. immune–boosting vitamin C, and fiber; but do beets make urine red? There can be many
things that can affect urine color , and the common ones are usually harmless and temporary.
However, changes in urine may also indicate a medical condition, which can range from a urinary
tract infections, to serious kidney or bladder conditions.
Do Beets Make Urine Red?
Yes, beets can change urine color to red, however, not everyone experiences the color change after
eating them. Only about 10 percent of the population who eat beets have their urine turning red from
a condition known as beeturia. Beetroot's deep red color is due to the presence of a betalain pigment,
which will turn ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
$ Take Iron Pills
If you have questions about whether or not you have an iron deficiency, consult with your healthcare
provider. They may prescribe supplemental iron pills to counter the issue. Then monitor your urine
to see if it solves the problem.
Other Causes of Red Urine
Blood Cells in Urine:
If you have recently consumed beets, and the red urine persists for a long time, you'll need to check
whether it is beeturia or blood. Following are differences between fresh blood and beeturia as it
appears during urination:
Blood will be bright red in color.
Beeturia is very diffuse and creates a reddish–purple color.
If you haven't consumed any beets, and you are urinating a red or pink colored urine, it may be the
result of blood cells in your urine. If it is blood, the cause could be anything from a urinary tract
infection to problems with your kidneys. Another cause could be the presence of metal poisoning,
from lead or mercury. Seek immediate medical attention if you suspect blood in your
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Beetroot Lab
Abstract The main objective of this experiment was to study the effects of ethanol has on a cell
membrane. A beetroot was cut into pieces and put into tubes filled with 10,20 and 30%
concentrations of ethanol. They were left submerged for one hour. At the end point time the solution
were transferred into different test tube to be first analyzed for relative concentration of pigment by
comparing it with different test tubes and later for statistical analysis by using a spectrophotometer.
The result showed that the ethanol does play a role in pigment release and higher the concentration
of ethanol more pigment is released.as the spectrophotometer findings proved it as the mean
absorbance of 10,20 and 30 % was determined to be 0.128,0.197 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Then choosing one from the three different treatments available such as temperature, detergent and
ethanol multiple concentration of tubes were prepared .one piece of beet was placed in each
concentration for a time decided by the lab group. At the end point time the solution were
transferred into different test tube to be first analyzed for relative concentration of pigment by
comparing it with different test tubes and later for statistical analysis by using a spectrophotometer.
As an experimental design for this experiment. We choose ethanol as a treatment and prepared three
different concentration of ethanol 10,20 and 30 %. To prepare 10,20 and 30% ethanol 1 ml,2 ml and
3 ml of of pure ethanol was used. Later the beetroot was cut in to equally sized pieces and were
merged in the one of the each concentration for one hour. Two other samples were prepared of 10,20
and 30% ethanol for statistical comparisons.At the end point of 1 hour relative comparison of each
solution was done and later each solution was one by one was transferred into a new test tube for
statistical comparison by the spectrophotometer. Before using the spectrophotometer.
Spectrophotometer was warmed by for ten minutes and was set to the desired wavelength. Later the
Spectrophotometer was set to zero by adjusting the amplifier knob. Before stating with the

Determining The Molarity Of a Potato Cytoplasm
Determining the Molarity of a potato cytoplasm
An Experiment to find the concentration of a potato cell cytoplasm.
Aim: To find the concentration of a potato cell cytoplasm compared to sucrose and salt. I mainly
was looking to see how concentration of salt/sucrose affects the mass of the potato cores.
Prediction/Hypothesis:
My prediction is that as the concentration increases, the potato cell will lose more weight. This is
because of the osmosis of water particles from the potato cell cytoplasm to the solution, resulting in
a loss of weight. As the concentration decreases, the potato will lose less weight until a certain point
where the osmosis of particles in and out of the potato cells will be equal. I also predict that as the
salt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I sprayed more water into my beaker to dissolve any remaining salt particles.
I then repeated this until all of the salt was in the volumetric flask.
Next, I poured distilled water just below the 250ml mark on the neck of the volumetric flask.
Thereafter I used a pipette to meticulously drop in water up to the 250ml mark.
Finally I put the bung in the volumetric flask, and I relentlessly inverted it to fully mix the solution.
Fair Test
I will make sure that my tests are fair because I will:
Use Equal widths of potato core each time by using the same corer. This is important because if I
used a different corer, the potato core might come out as a different width. This could be because of
rust, or maybe even the thickness of the metal.
Repeat each concentration of sodium chloride solution 5 times to achieve a more accurate average.
This is important because it can help me to detect any anomalies in my data caused by mistakes or
errors. Identifying these mistakes can help to strengthen my investigation and reduce the amount of
anomalous results.
Make sure the Classroom temperature is the same each time I do the investigation. This is because; a
higher classroom temperature can increase the rate of reaction resulting in results that do not form a
pattern.
Use Equal lengths of potato core each time (5cm). It is very important

The Human Papilloma Virus Related Cancers
The human papilloma virus–related cancers, which show the overexpression of p16, are sensitive to
radiotherapy. They have a better prognosis than those that are not related to human papilloma virus.
In this perspective, the overexpression of p16 has been proposed to have a big influence on survival
in patients with neck and head cancer being treated with conventional radiotherapy. This leads to the
proposition that malignant tumors with p16 overexpression have greater radiosensitivity (23).
Traditionally, the sole job given to p16 has been regulating the cell cycle and this role occurs in the
nucleus. Astonishingly, there is significant support that numerous neoplasms display noteworthy
levels of p16 in the cytoplasm (16). Furthermore, p16 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Haller et al. (2010), have just defined the connection between p16 overexpression in the cytoplasm
and p16 downregulation in the nucleus, with bad prognosis in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (24).
Intriguingly, p16 downregulation in the nucleus was connected with E2F overexpression. On the
other hand, p16 overexpression in the cytoplasm did not show any link with expression of E2F.
These outcomes help support the proposition that p16 has various jobs in distinctive subcellular
locations. It also supports the idea that nuclear p16 helps regulate control of the cell cycle.
Remarkably, other regulators of the cell cycle typically found in the nucleus have been seen to be
translocated to the cytoplasm in various tumors, like PTEN or p27. Both of these proteins have the
capability to carry out distinctive activities from other subcellular locations (58).
The assessment of the location in the cytoplasm of p16 is a pretty new occurrence. Presently,
expression of p16 in the cytoplasm has been thought of as background information in much
research. Those results should be looked at with carefulness (41). Many propositions to elucidate the
existence of p16 in the cytoplasm have been explained. It appears as though accumulation in the
cytoplasm is not linked to a modification of the p16 gene (15). Phosphorylation of p16 leads to the
creation of the p16/CDK4 complex. This stops binding cyclin D and

Environmental Effects On Cytoplasm Concentration
Environmental effects on Cytoplasm Concentration
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the use of sunlight to produce energy by plants. Cytoplasm plays a major role in
plant photosynthesis. This paper aim to understand the correlation between the concentrations of
chloroplast and the amount of energy produced in photosynthesis. That is, do plants with less
sunlight available to them tend to have more chloroplast present in their leaves?
High concentration of chloroplast means more ATP/energy is produced by the leaves. Leaves from
rain plant will be expected to have high concentration of chloroplast. This is to produce as much
energy to balance with the less sunlight it gets.
In a research on shade vs sunny leaves, the authors concluded that "Shade ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 1,
Structure of Chlorophyll (J. Stein Carter 2014)
Materials and Method
Preparation
Small beaker and centrifuge tubes were pre chilled in ice bucket. 20 grams of each leaf (river plant,
dry plant and spinach) was measured. For each leaf, the stem was removed and combined with
80mL of sucrose buffer into a blender. Blended solution is obtained and filtered through a cheese
cloth. 13 mL of filtrate was transferred to a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 10
minutes. Supernatant was obtained and suspended in sucrose buffer. Note that the above procedure
was done for each leaf. Small sample of supernatant was stored in cuvettes and the rest used for the
following steps.
Positive and Negative Control
In a tube for each leaf (river plant and dry plant) solution, the following were added; 9 drops of Pi
buffer, 6 drops ADP, 6 drops PMS and 6 drop of the plant's chloroplast solution. The same was done
with two tubes containing spinach. ATP was however added to one tube and PMS was not added to
the other. Each tube was gently mixed and exposed to light for 10 minutes.
Test for Results
In a dark room, luciferase was added to each tube and the presence of light and duration noted.
Cuvettes with supernatant were obtained. Absorbance

Personal Narrative Dream of Travelling through a Cell Essay
Personal Narrative Dream of Travelling through a Cell
My brother was studying for his biology test. The next morning he was telling me about the dream
he had. He said he traveled through a cell. I started to call him insane. My brother have an
educational dream? I thought to myself, impossible. My brother started to tell me his crazy dream.
The first place he came upon was the cell wall. He was trying to find a way out. He said he started to
talk to the cell wall. He asked the cell wall the way out. The cell wall said to him "How should I
know? I'm the outer most part of the cell all I do is make cellulose. You might want to ask the cell
membrane she is right next to me." He told me he didn't have to walk far to get to the cell ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He asked the chloroplast the way out here. The chloroplast just said, " I have no idea." Will you stop
bugging me I'm trying to work?" "What's your job" my brother asked. The chloroplast replied, " I
help with the photosynthesis process by providing chlorophyll. If you want to get out of here ask the
mitochondria." As my brother was on his way to the mitochondria he saw a small round structure
that looked like a bean. My brother asked, "What are you and what job do you do?" "I'm a lysosome
I help in the digestive activities of the cell." My brother asked her do you know where the
mitochondria? The lysosome replied, " of course he is right over there." My brother started to walk
that way. He asked the mitochondria the way out. The mitochondria said " I don't know all I know is
how to do my job." "What's your job?" my brother asked. The mitochondria replied in a deep tone,
"I'm the powerhouse of the cell in which cellular respiration occurs. If you're looking for a way out
ask the endoplasmic reticulum" on with the story he went. He said when he got to the endoplasmic
reticulum he was very rude. My brother asked him the way out. The endoplasmic reticulum yelled, "
I have no idea and why are you disturbing me I must get back to work." "What exactly is your job in
the cell?" my brother replied. " I have tubes as you can see all over the cells that substances are
transported through, oh if your looking for the way out you might want to ask the ribosomes." the
endoplasmic

Cytoplasma Cell Research Paper
The plasma membrane is another word for cell membrane. It is a semi–permeable membrane which
is very narrow, this surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. The cell membrane helps to maintain the cells
structure and used for support. The main purpose of the plasma membrane is to permit certain
substances into the cell, while at the same time keeping other substances out. This protects the cells
inner belongings.
The nucleus includes the cells hereditary information and it also manages the cells growth and
reproduction. The nucleus controls the activity in the cell. The organelle, nucleus is found in the
eukaryotic cells. It holds most of the cells genetic material inside the nuclear membrane. It also
includes chromosomes. The organelle is enclosed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Protein based enzymes speed up biological processes. Cell functions are supported by other proteins
and are found within membranes. Ribosomes are searched for when a cell needs to produce proteins.
Ribosomes are the protein manufacturers or the protein synthesizers of the cell. They build long
chains by getting Steroids and lipids are stored in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and it is also
important for creating them and phospholipids. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is like a storage
organelle. It has no ribosomes and they are organic molecules which a great amount in an

Does Notch Delta Interact At New Adherens Junction...
1) Does Notch Delta interact at new adherens junction interface formed between the two sister cells?
There is evidence in vertebrates developing brains that Notch activation occurs at the level of
adherens junction and it is restricted to the two sister cells after division. Our preliminary
observations that sister cells share a stable new adherens junctions interface suggests that Notch
Delta interactions may occur at this place. To test whether Notch Delta interact at new adherens
junction formed between the two sister cells we will first assess whether Notch receptor is activated
in this region. For that we will express Notch receptor 1a and 1b tagged with photoconvertible
fluorescent protein Dendra as previously described in drosophila: and mouse: . We will
photoconvert Notch Dendra at new adherens junction interface and trace the nuclear translocation of
Notch intracellular domain. Accordingly to our initial hypothesis Notch1–Dendra photoconverted at
the new adherens junction interface but not elsewhere will translocate to the nucleus. Adherens
junction will be labeled by Par3–GFP or –CFP and new adherens junction interface will be
monitored by live–imaging as shown in fig..
To complement these experiments we will determine whether Delta Notch interact at new adherens
junctions interface by tagging Notch ligands (zDelta 1, 2 and 3) and receptors with non–fluorescent
split–GFP fragments (GFP exons– 1–10 and GFP exon 11) (ref). We predict that once Delta and
Notch

How To Make Beets
Beets can turn both your poop and your urine red. This usually occurs between 12 and 24 hours after
consuming the beets, depending on the amount of fiber and water in your digestive tract. Eating
beets can tell you your "transit" time if you pay attention to the time. Your "transit" time can tell you
if you are constipated or regular. THE BEET TEST pay attention to the time when you eat raw or
roasted beets, then wait for them to be eliminated. Most people who are regular illuminate the beets
12 to 24 hours later. If it takes longer it's a strong indication that you're constipated and you need to
add fiber and water to your diet. Adding fiber and water will begin to speed up your "transit" time to
normal so that the food is not fermenting in your gut. Some good fiber to try: ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
such as broccoli, beets, and Brussels sprouts etc. If you are not used to eating fiber increase it slowly
to allow your stomach to adjust. Also increase your water intake or your stool will be be hard and
dry making it uncomfortable to eliminate. When you do eliminate the beets, your poop and
sometimes and your urine will be red. If it happens in less than 12 hours there's a good chance
you're not chewing enough or you are swallowing your food too fast. When this happens your stool
will have particles of undigested beets. This can also happen when you have too many stimulants in
your diet. If so you are not absorbing all the nutrients in the food you are consuming. When doing
the beet test do not use pickled or boiled or canned beets, the pigment will not be evident enough.
Another helpful strategy to speed up your digestive system is to have lemon water first thing in the
morning, on an empty

The Critical Medical Issue of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)
Diabetes is one the most critical medical issues of our time. According to the Center of Disease
Control and Prevention nearly 26 million Americans (approximately 8% of all Americans) have
diabetes and an estimated of 79 million adults are pre–diabetes. Approximately $200 billion per year
is lost due to diabetes because of medical treatments and lost wages. Insulin resistance and the
dysfunction of beta cells are the two pathogenic hallmarks of the development and progression of
T2DM. Studies have shown that pancreatic beta cell functional mass is affected in T2DM (1, 2).
Secretion of insulin stimulated by glucose is lower in human islets of Langerhans isolated from
patients with T2DM than from normal individuals (1, 3). Knowledge of the molecular mechanism
underlying defects in beta cell function found in humans and animal models of T2DM is incomplete.
Without a more complete understanding of the mechanisms that regulate beta cell insulin secretion
we will be unable to develop new approaches to prevent and treat diabetes.
Physiological aspects of beta cell function Beta cells of the endocrine pancreas constantly monitor
glucose levels circulating in the blood and respond accordingly by releasing insulin. Glucose is the
primary physiological stimulus of insulin secretion. When blood glucose concentration is elevated,
glucose is transported across the beta cell plasma membrane by passive diffusion through glucose
transporters (GLUT–1

Describe The Relationship Between Two Organelles
instructions from DNA. Proteins from the cytoplasm enter the the nucleus through the nuclear pores
and combine with rRNA to make subunits of ribosomes. The small and large subunits of ribosomes
then exit the nucleus also through the nuclear pores and then join in the cytoplasm to make a
ribosome. Ribosomes are either bound or free in the cytoplasm. Free ribosomes in the cytoplasm
make proteins that function in the cytoplasm. Bound ribosomes are bound to the nuclear envelope or
the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they make proteins that are later packaged into vesicles .
The endoplasmic reticulum is made up of cisternae, cisternae consists of connected flattened sacs
and tubules. The inside of the endoplasmic reticulum is called the endoplasmic

The Effect Of Pef On Biological Cells
In general, the primary effect of PEF on biological cells is the changes in the structure and the
breakdown of cell membranes, which is mainly responsible for mass transfer, and several other
metabolic activities in the cell (Ade–Omowaye, Angersbach, Taiwo, & Knorr, 2001). The cell
membrane is considered as a capacitor filled with dielectric material of low electrical conductance,
and accumulation of charges with opposite polarity in both sides of membrane form a membrane
potential. However, when the overall potential exceeds 1V, the elctro–compressive force cause
dielectric rupture of membrane leads to formation of pores/micro holes in the membrane
(Schoenbach, Peterkin, Alden, & Beebe, 1997). Changes in the cell membrane can lead to form
reversible or irreversible pores in the cell membrane and ultimate loss of cell viability. On the other
hand, voltage sensitive protein channels would be opened when PEF applied and subject to much
larger currents which generally have during cell metabolic activities. Consequently, protein channels
could be irreversibly denatured (Castro, Barbosa–Canovas, & Swanson, 1993). Barsotti and Cheftel.
(1999) have stated that pore inversion generally occurs under an applied electric field with the
expansion of hydrophobic pore.
As Weaver and Chizmadzhev. (1996) stated, at low strength electric fields (<200 V cm−1), and short
pulse duration (10−5–10−6 s), the electrical breakdown could be reversed, and repair the damages
after the termination of

Statistical Analysis On The Rate Of Cytoplasmic Streaming
Statistical analysis of variations in the rate of cytoplasmic streaming in Nitella pseudoflabellata due
to differences in cell width and treatment with mechanism–inhibitory cytochalasins C and D
observed using light microscopy
Introduction
Cytoplasmic streaming is the organised flow of the cytoplasm and its constituents within a living
cell (Shimmen et al., 2004). Organelles and important molecules move through the cytosol along the
structure of the cytoskeleton (actin filaments and microtubules) with the aid of myosin I, an actin–
binding motor protein that plays a part in various cell functions including cell motility and
endocytosis (Flavell et al., 2008). Actin microfilaments (F–actin) are the thinnest filaments of the
cytoskeleton, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As suggested by Seagull et al. (1980), while the rate of cytoplasmic streaming does not vary with
the size of the motile particle (organelle, cargo molecule, etc.) or the size of the cell itself, larger
cells with increased surface area may absorb these mechanism–inhibitory substances more readily
and may therefore have slower rates of cytoplasmic streaming as less F–actin is available to the
myosin complex at any one time.
Cytochalasins are a group of small organic fungal metabolites which are capable of permeating cell
membranes
Nitella pseudoflabellata is
Aims
1. To measure the rate of cytoplasmic streaming in Nitella pseudoflabellata cells in pond water
2. Correlate the rate of cytoplasmic streaming with the width of the cell
3. Determine the mechanism behind cytoplasmic streaming in Nitella pseudoflabellata by observing
variations in cytoplasmic streaming following treatment with cytochalasins C or D
Materials and Methods
Materials and methods were followed from (Keszei, 2014) with a few exceptions: o Only 50 µL of
each cytochalasin C and cytochalasin D were provided o Cytoplasmic streaming was measured 4
times after flushing the cells with pond water, at 5 minute intervals
Results
Table 1 – Rate of cytoplasmic streaming in Nitella cells in pond water
Cell # Cell width (μm) Time to

Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis starts with the HSC differentiating into committed erythroid progenitors. Progenitor
cells then differentiate into erythroid precursors, which undergo terminal differentiation through
different stages of erythroblastic maturation and finally become a mature red cell (Fig 1a). In the
human, large nucleated blood cells are first formed in the yolk sac and some enucleate. During the
second gestational month, erythropoiesis moves to fetal liver, wherein smaller and nonnucleated
cells are produced. Then erythropoiesis gradually moves to the marrow in postnatal phase. The
developmentally earliest defined erythroid progenitor is the burst forming unit–erythroid (BFU–E).
It then develops into more mature erythroid progenitor – colony ... Show more content on
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The proerythroblast is a large cell (12–20 μm) with a dark blue cytoplasm and a large nucleus; the
chromatin is not condensed in this stage and contains one or more prominent nucleoli (Higgs and
Wood 2011). The cytoplasm contains ribosomes, centrioles, a Golgi apparatus, few mitochondria
and endoplasmic reticulums. These cells divide into smaller (10–16 μm) basophilic erythroblasts
which also have dark blue cytoplasm and a large nucleus but the chromatin is started to condense in
this stage of maturation which can be observed near the nuclear membrane. These cells then divide
into polychromatic erythroblasts (10–12 μm), which are known for its pink cytoplasm and
condensed nuclei. Orthochromatic erythroblasts are non–dividing cells with completely condensed
pyknotic nuclei. Reticulocytes are easily recognized by its specific enucleating or nonnucleated

Do Some Particles Move By Diffusion? How Can A Model Be...
Problem: Do some particles move by Diffusion? How can a model be created to simulate cell
membranes and permeability?
Background: The Plasma membrane is mainly composed up of phospholipids and proteins. The cell
membrane determines which molecules can diffuse through the cell. This characteristic of a cell
membrane is called selective permeability. Many cells are semi permeable which means that they
allow only certain molecules in or out of the the cell. Remember back to the Carbohydrate lab and
that starch turns dark midnight blue when tested with Iodine. Also remember that cells are composed
up of so many different things suspended in a matrix of so many different things.
In this investigation, you will: Use any materials listed or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
You must have it approved by your teacher before you start collecting data.
Gather all necessary materials:
1 Great Value Baggie, 1 Brand Sandwich Baggie, 8 Graduated Cylinders, 2 Rubber Bands, 2
Beakers, Pen/Pencil
2. Pour 20 ml of water into two graduated cylinders, pour 20 ml of dirt into another pair (2) of
graduated cylinders, pour 20 ml of iodine into another pair of graduated cylinders, and pour 20 ml of
starch into another pair of graduated cylinders. All 8 graduated cylinders should be filled with 20 ml
of a substance.
3. Afterwards, pour 20 ml of starch into two beakers. Both beakers should have 20 ml of starch.
4. Pour 20 ml of iodine into the great value baggie. Once you do, pour 20 ml of dirt and 20 ml of
water into it as well. Repeat this with the sandwich baggie. The dirt represents the organelles and the
water represents the cytoplasm.
5. Place one baggie into a beaker of starch and the other into the other beaker of starch. The baggies
will help to model the cell membrane and cell.
6. Check to see your results and begin collecting data. An important piece of data to collect is
whether iodine or anything spills out of either baggies.

Results: In this experiment, both baggies leaked out iodine into the starch. This was demonstrated
when the starch surrounding the baggies turned dark purple. The color of the starch changed from
white/grey into a darkish purple. When iodine mixes with a

Beet Research Paper
Beet is a tuberous taproot belonging to the amaranthaceae family, subfamily being Betoideae. Other
vegetables found in the subfamily are sugar beet, mangelwurzel, and Swiss chard. The scientific
name for beet is Beta vulgaris. Beet greens are the green leaves that are connected to the beet itself,
and yes they are edible.
A half of cup of beet greens give you 30% of your daily vitamin C. Vitamin C is a water soluble
vitamin that acts as a coenzyme to help synthesize certain amino acids, your immune system needs
vitamin C to make white blood cells which fight of infection, and is necessary to produce collagen.
Collagen is a protein that help support healthy bones, skin, and blood vessels.
Beet greens is a good source of β–carotene, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because vitamin A is not a water soluble vitamin it is able to stay in your system for a longer period.
Vitamin A help you have good vision, it is essential in the retina's transformation of light. This is the
reason why individuals who are at risk of developing night blindness are advised to take vitamin A.
Other health benefits to vitamin A is cell differentiation, healthy skin, and immunity.
Beet greens have vitamin K in them which helps control the clotting of blood. Because of it blood
clotting properties, it work great if you experience excessive bleeding during your monthly period.
May help fight diseases that are common to the elderly, like Alzheimer's disease. It also help if you
suffer from osteoporosis or like to lessen your change of getting that disease. The reason is vitamin
K work alongside calcium to boost the strength in your bones. And for people who suffer from
morning sickness Vitamin K can help with that.
Beet greens are a good source of phytochemical compound, glycine betaine. The property found in
betaine have the ability to lower homocysteine levels in the blood. Homocysteine a highly toxic
metabolite which promotes platelet clot and atherosclerotic–plaque formation inside the blood
vessels. Too much of this compound in the blood can damage the blood vessels resulting in
development of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and peripheral vascular

Compare And Contrast Eukaryotic And Bacterial Cells
When it comes to Biology there are two important types of cells. One type would be Eukaryotic
cells and the second type would be bacterial cells. All cells have four common cell structures, for
example, genetic material, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. Eukaryotic and bacterial
cells have five distinct structures with their unique functions. Eukaryotic cells are relatively larger
than bacterial cells. Therefor, Eukaryotic cells have structures that have different functions
compared to bacteria. Flagella, cell wall, plasma membrane, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and
cytoplasm are structures that are common on both cell types but have a different function and
location due to the size of the cells.
Eukaryotes and bacteria cells both have the common cell structure of flagella. Flagella is considered
a protein. The purpose of the flagella is to help the cell move. Eukaryotes have a different movement
type than bacteria. Eukaryotes move in form of an s–shape. Bacterial cells move like helicopter
blades (rotor type movement). The flagellum of the bacterial cell are a lot thinner the eukaryote due
to the size of the cell.
Bacterial cells and eukaryotes both have a cell wall. The cell wall is what gives the cells its unique
shape and size. The cell wall in bacterial cells are made up of carbohydrates, proteins and
peptidoglycan. The cell wall in bacteria protects the cell from damages to the cell and has a inelastic
shape just outside the plasma membrane. The cell wall of

Galectin-3 Case Study
Summary The author of this article wanted to investigate if Galectin–3 is involved in the
development of skin lesion with a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE. Patients with
SLE, dermatomyositis, systemic scleroderma and healthy person were studied. Galectin–3 in these
group of people were examined using ELISA and immunohistochemical staining. Results shows that
galectin–3 serum level is low in epidermis in skin lesion from a patient with SLE, dermatomyositis
and systemic scleroderma compared to healthy person. According to their study, serum galectin–3 is
not likely to be involved in skin injury in a patient with SLE but can be a biomarker for measuring
the activity of the SLE disease. It is mentioned in the journal that Galectin–3

Hippo Pathway Lab Report
Regulation of the Hippo–YAP Pathway by G–Protein–Coupled Receptor Signaling Review Lee
Stunkard Organ size regulation has continued to remain elusive. Recently, the Hippo pathway has
been proposed to be involved in organ size regulation. The Hippo pathway regulates the size of
organs through controlling cell number. A major downstream effector of the Hippo pathway is the
transcription coactivator Yes–associated protein (YAP). YAP is responsible for upregulating genes
that promote cell proliferation and downregulating genes that promote cell apoptosis. Elongated
upregulation of YAP leads to hyperplasia and tumor formation. YAP is inhibited by Lats 1/2 through
phosphorylation of serine 127. When serine 127 becomes phosphorylated YAP binds to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cell growth, migration, proliferation and mRNA levels of YAP regulated genes were tested using
LPA treated cells that had YAP/TAZ knockdown. Cell growth, migration, proliferation and mRNA
levels of YAP regulated genes were all significantly repressed compared to the controls suggesting
that LPA acts through YAP/TAZ. Similar to YAP, TAZ was shown to localize in the nuclear fractions
of cells in immunofluorescence experiments. MST 1/2 and Lats 1/2 levels were tested in response to
LPA treatment. LPA was shown to inhibit Lats 1/2 but not MST 1/2 in immunoblot experiments.
Then to test how LPA and S1P were modulating YAP/TAZ immunoblotting experiments were
utilized. LPA and S1P were found to modulate YAP/TAZ through G–protein–coupled receptor
signaling and Rho GTPases. More specifically, G12/13 receptors appeared to be most involved
while Gq/11 receptors were only slightly involved in dephosphorylating YAP/TAZ. On the other
hand, Gs receptors had the opposite effect, phosphorylating and inhibiting

Cytoplasm Changes
Describe the changes that occur inside the cells as a result of alterations in the amount of calcium in
the cytoplasm. What effect will this have on the cells? According to Huether and McCance (2012)
ischemia is the most common cause of hypoxia and is frequently caused by an ongoing narrowing of
arteries (arteriosclerosis) and a total obstruction caused by blood clots, which is also called
thrombosis (p. 64). In Martin's case, a thrombus has been the cause of his cerebral ischemic lesion.
As we have learned during our anatomy and physiology courses, our bodies produce more
adenosine triphosphate in the presence of oxygen. When oxygen is not restored and the hypoxic
injury continues, there is not enough ATP to remove the calcium from the cytosol and the calcium
pump fails, which causes an increase of cytosolic calcium concentration (Huether & McCance,
2012, p. 83). This accumulation of calcium in the cytoplasm will trigger the activation of several
enzyme systems ¨resulting in membrane damage, cytoskeleton disruption, DNA and chromatin
degradation, ATP depletion, and actual cell death¨ (Huether & McCance, 2012, p. 65).
It is interesting to know that "calcium ions are critical mediators of cell injury" (Huether &
McCance, 2012, p. 64). In addition, normally, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of their uncontrolled activation, the cell phospholipids will be degraded and lost and the
cell membrane will be damaged (Huether & McCance, 2012, p. 65). Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, and
Mitchell (2013) suggested that when the membrane is damaged, the plasma membrane will
experience a loss of cellular components. Also, the lysosomes will perform an enzymatic digestion
of the cellular components. These two processes will lead to cell death by necrosis (p. 14). In
addition, Kumar et al. (2013) explained that when the membrane is damaged, the mitochondria will
also be injured fostering cell death (p.

Unit 5 P1 the Functions of the Main Cell Components of the...
In this report i will be writing brief description on the functions of the main cell components of the
body cell.
The cell membrane : is something that lets some things in and some things out of the cell. It is an
outer cover for the cell. If the cell membrane was non existences the cell would spill all over the
place. Its function is to protect the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances
into the cell, while keeping other substances out. It is composed of a thin, double–layered sheet of
lipids, around the Cell and is a protective membrane layer around every Cell.
Nucleus [pic]
The nucleus is the control centre of a cell. It contains genetic material such as DNA and controls the
cell's growth and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It acts as a storage organelle. It is important in the creation and storage of steroids. It also stores ions
in solution that the cell may need at a later time. Steroids are a type of ringed organic molecule used
for many purposes in an organism. They are not always about building muscle mass like a weight
lifter. The ion storage is important because sometimes a cell needs ions fast. It might not want to
search the environment for ions, so it is easier to have them stored in a pack for easy use.
Rough ER – looks rough on the surface because it is stubbed with very small organelles called
ribosomes. Ribosomes are made of RNA and protein and are the site of protein synthesis. They are
very important in the synthesis and packaging of proteins. Some of those proteins might be used in
the cell and some are sent out. The ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the ER. As the
ribosomes builds the amino acid chain, the chain is pushed into the ER. When the protein is
complete, the rough ER pinches off a vesicle. That vesicle, a small membrane bubble, can move to
the cell membrane or the Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus[pic]
The function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials
from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.
Lysosome [pic]
Lysosomes are single, membrane–bound sacs that contain

Role Of The Egf Receptor On Lipid
The Role of the EGF Receptor LET–23 on Lipid Biosynthesis in Caenorhabditis elegans
N. R. Contos
Thesis Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans LET–23, which is an Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) receptor, controls
multiple developmental pathways. In humans, EGF receptor mutations are implicated in a large
number of cancers due to excess signaling promoting cell growth and cell division. Recent work has
shown that in C. elegans LET–23 may also affect lipid production, specifically that of the
phospholipid phosphatidylcholine. To investigate the role of the LET–23 receptor on lipid
production, I have examined the cellular location of a fluorescent–tagged SBP–1 marker under
different conditions within the worm and from these inferred levels of lipid production. I will
discuss my results and their impact on our understanding of EGF signaling and lipid biosynthesis.
Thesis Intro: As a whole the world is becoming more aware of how fats affect the body. Not only are
lipids a key element in cell membranes, they also lead to many issues regarding health. Obesity is an
ever–increasing risk factor for many diseases including type II diabetes, cardiac disease, and some
forms of cancer (Kopelman 2000). As obesity transitions from little known problem into a full–
blown global epidemic, it is important to understand how lipids are synthesized and regulated within
the body. Lipid synthesis pathways involve a complex interaction between the endocrine system,
tissues, nutrient storage and

Succinate Dehydrogenase
The experiment aimed to determine the effectiveness of differential centrifugation and tissue
homogenisation methods of separating and purifying subcellular organelles from liver tissue.
Effectiveness was determined by assaying for the activity of marker enzymes specific to organelles
in each fraction and calculating the specific activities and percentage distribution of each enzyme in
each fraction (Watson, 2016).
The first enzyme marker used was Succinate Dehydrogenase which catalyses the oxidation of
succinate to fumarate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Hollywood, et al., 2010). This cycle occurs
within mitochondria and succinate dehydrogenase is specifically found within the inner
mitochondrial membrane. Therefore, succinate dehydrogenase activity is an indicator of
mitochondrial activity (Berg, et al., 2007). Mitochondria are large organelles, approximately 0.5–
1m in diameter and 5–10m in length with a high ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The heavy membrane fraction had the highest percentage distribution (93.236 %) of succinate
dehydrogenase, indicating good separation of the mitochondria into their predicted fraction and the
success of differential centrifugation as a method of separation. A small percentage of succinate
dehydrogenase was also found in the light membrane and cytosolic fractions: 6.131 % and 0.633 %
respectively. The activity in these two fractions could be due to excessive homogenisation causing
fragmentation of mitochondria into small low–density fragments. The lower density meant they
achieved sedimentation at higher centrifugal forces than expected resulting in separation into the
light membrane or cytosol fraction (Claude, 1946). Additionally, mitochondrial activity could be
present in the light membrane fraction due to disruption of the heavy membrane pellet during
transfer of the supernatant, causing the pellet to contaminate the

Essay On Lysosome
Proteins of note for expansion include Atg 8 homoloque light chain 3 (LC3) and polyubiquitin–
binding protein p62/SQSTM1 (p62). After synthesis, LC3 is cleaved into LC3BI. LC3BI must
interact with p62 in order to be recruited to the autophagosome membrane and become the active
form needed during the autophagic process, LC3BII (Pankiv, 2007; Kabeya, 2000). LC3BII is
present not only on the outer membrane of the autophagosome but it is one of few proteins found on
the isolation (inner) membrane of the autophagosome. For purposes of investigating autophagy,
LC3B protein expression levels as measured by immunoblotting are generally expressed as a ratio of
LC3BII/LC3BI which correlates with the number of autophagosomes that are not yet degraded ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to prevent cell damage and eventual cell death, elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria,
defined as an impairment in the ability to produce ATP, is necessary and this is done through
mitophagy.
The protein which signals to begin the pathway which is believed to contribute to the majority of
mitophagy is PINK1 (Fig. 2). In healthy mitochondria, PINK1 levels are relatively low as it gets
imported into mitochondria by the TIM/TOM complex and then is cleaved by proteases including
Presenilin–associated rhomboid–like protease (PARL) and mitochondrial–processing protease
(MPP) on the inner membrane (Meissner, 2011). When mitochondria become damaged, there is a
depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane with signals for mitophagy to occur. This
depolarization event stops the import of PINK1 which is then free to stabilize and congregate on the
outer mitochondrial membrane where it interacts with TOM (Lazarou, 2012). This accumulation is
what allows for the rest of mitophagy to occur indicating that PINK1 serves as a sensor of
mitochondrial damage, when there are high levels in a cell, it is likely that mitophagy is going to
occur as it will undergo degradation in healthy mitochondria and thereby have low cytoplasmic
levels. The high levels of PINK1 on the outer mitochondrial membrane induce the translocation of
another

Partitioning Defective Proteins ( Par6 ) And Protein...
Partitioning defective proteins (Par3, Par6) and protein kinase C (PKC)
These proteins are components of an apical polarity complex that has also been shown to influence
TE/ICM fate choice. Par3 and Par6 are cell junction proteins that were up–regulated during morula
stage. This apical–basal polarity can be seen in the compaction of the eight–cell stage embryo and
through the localization of known polarity markers from other organisms and developmental
contexts, including partitioning defective 3 (Par–3), partitioning defective 6 (Par–6), and protein
kinase C (PKC) (Pauken and Capco, 1999; Vinot et al., 2005; Muller et al.,2001). Par3, Par6 and
PKC exist in the apical plasma membrane and tight junctions and shift their position during 8‐ ...
Furthermore, a fluid–filled cavity, the blastocoel, is formed by merging of intercellular spaces and
water movement into the embryo. The blastocyst usually occurs around day seven in the cow.
Attachment of TJ and adjacent TE cells is essential for the integrity of epithelial cells and
blastocoelic cavity production by processing of transepithelial ion transport. Formation and
expansion of blastocoels depend on a tightly of membrane/ion transporters aggregation to both
apical and basolateral domain. Beside the membrane aggregation, the maintenance of epithelium
integrity also requires mature junctional complexes (Collins and Fleming, 1995). Many proteins
were up–regulated during blastocyst formation when compared to morula, including membrane
traffic, ion channel, electron transporter and transfer/carrier proteins. Cell cytoskeleton and cell
adhesion protein assembly combined with TJ formation is restricted to the outer cells (Pratt et al.,
1982). Blastocoelic cavity generation by processing of transepithelial ion transport is relied on TJ.
Water osmotic transport across the epithelium is suggested to be regulated by Na+/K+ ATPase
(Watson and Barcroft, 2001). It is reported that active K+ transport are found mainly at the apical
membrane. Moreover, electron transporters such as NADH dehydrogenase subunits were
characterized and that may

Essay on Make-up of Life-giving Cells
What is a cell? A cell is "the structural, functional and biological unit of all organisms" (biology–
online.org). The millions of cells that compose the body give life. These cells work together in
synergy to perform the bodily functions God has given man to maintain homeostasis. The cells that
work in harmony consist of an array of cells such as, epidermal, nerve, or muscle. As these various
cells work together they form a biological machine to give life. Before the discovery the cell, many
had their theory of what composed life. Greek philosophers believed that everything consisted of
water, earth, fire, and air called the classical elements (about.com). Charles Darwin erroneously
theorized that they regarded as "simple bags of an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nucleolus is where the ribosomes or protein factories are manufactured. From its production it is
exported through the nuclear pores and into the cytoplasm to begin its protein manufacturing. The
second major part of the eukaryotic cell is the cytoplasm. This serves as the cell's fluid medium or
matrix. This jellylike fluid allows the organelles or little organs to float within it. Cytoplasm also
contains many dissolved chemicals. The cytoplasm and organelles use the properties within it to
create chemical reactions to produce energy as well as recycling. To give added structure to the cell,
the cytoplasm contains a cytoskeleton to prevent being squashed. The cytoskeleton is composed of
large, hollow rods called microtubules. This gives rigidity like a buildings' steel beams. These beams
also hold the organelles in place. The hollow rods act as highways for transporting goods around the
cell. The proteins from the ribosomes or protein factories can be packaged into a special container
where they are shipped by the microtubules. At the center of the microtubules is the centrosome.
This structure is where the microtubules branch off, which is near the middle of the cell. The
centrosome is called the organizing center because it can break down the microtubules and allow the
organelles to move around. At the center of the centrosome is where the commands are made called
the centrioles, a pair of cylindrical structures. A major part of the

Beep Test Score Essay
Discussion
The purpose of this lab was to determine if the subject's beep test score will be altered after
changing their diet. The subject is put on an increased protein diet for three weeks, while playing
competitive hockey (see table 1). It was hypothesized that an increase in protein intake will have no
effect on performance during the beep test and therefore the subject will have no change in their
final beep test score. Three weeks after the increased protein diet the subject performed another beep
test to see any changes in the beep test score. The results indicated minimal change in the beep test
score from an initial score of 7 to a final score of 6.5 (see tables 2 &3). This showed that increasing
protein did not affect the subject's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In relation to perceived exertion the subjects breathing rate stayed constant (see figure 2) because
protein intake did not affect the subject's performance and output. In other words, the hypothesis
was proven to be true because protein intake did not affect the subject's ability to perform in the
final beep test, which is why the score obtained only had minimal changes from the beep test before
the protein intake. Even though increased protein did not affect the subject's performance, it was still
used during recovery, which is why the subject could recover from dry land training the night before
and still fill good to perform the beep test the next day. According to Cordain and Friel (2012)
protein intake throughout the day, helps repair damaged muscle tissue. Therefore, over the three
weeks the subject's body was utilizing the protein intake as source to repair any tears in the muscle
tissue, which lead to a better recovery. Given the following information the hypothesis was proved
to be accurate because protein intake did not affect the subject's performance during the beep test.
However, to get a better understanding of increased protein intake, there should be a study
performed to estimate how much time and protein the body requires to repair damaged muscle tissue
after

The Effects Of Salinity On Crops By Denielle Walters
The Effects of Salinity in Crops
By Denielle Walters
Team Members; Iona Millen, Jade McMillan, Kiara Stone
Teacher– Mrs Dean Contents: Abstract:
In this experiment it was found that the higher the salt concentration in a solution, the lower the
mass of the Beetroot. As water travels out of the extracellular environment by Osmosis, the Cell
began to dehydrate and signs of cell Lysis occurred. Though Colorimeter reading results were
recorded, they did not align with the mass of the Beetroot data and were classified inaccurate.
Reviewing the results there was no consistent trend in the data (eg. as the salt content increased by
1% the mass loss decreased by 0.5g). It could only be stated that as the salt concentration was
increased the mass of the Beetroot decreased. This experiment is related to the Salinity issues
currently occurring in Australia. It has been established that the rising levels of salt in soil affects a
number of things like; Agricultural production, Water quality, Ecological health of streams,
Terrestrial biodiversity, Soil erosion, Flood risk, Infrastructure and fixtures, irrigation.
https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/soil/salinity/impacts/
If the effects of salinity continue, crops would not be able to grow therefore farmers would not be
making an income and the fresh healthy Fruits and Vegetables that are displayed in supermarkets
would be practically non–existent and the salt could potentially move into fresh water meaning the
fresh water

The Cells And The Cell Membrane
T1.
All species of fungi, plants and animals are formed from eukaryotic cells. The Eukaryote have a true
nucleus; their DNA is confined to a definite area within the cell enclosed by a Nuclear envelope.
Prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotic cells and their cells do not have a true nucleus. Prokaryote
DNA is not enclosed by a membrane.
ORGANELLE STRUCTURE FUNCTION PLANT OR ANIMAL
Nucleus Within the cell membrane Site of the nuclear material–the DNA both
Nucleolus Inside nucleus Manufacture of ribosomes both
Mitochondrion Numerous in cytoplasm. Up to 1000 per cell. Aerobic respiration both
Rough endoplasmic reticulum Continuous throughout cytoplasm Isolation and transport of newly
synthesised proteins Both both Smooth endoplasmic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These compartments allow the chemicals involved in a particular process in the cell, such as
photosynthesis or respiration to be kept separate from the rest of the cytoplasm. This cell structure
and high degree of internal organisation optimizes essential chemical reactions, and allows the
processes within the cell to function. The fluid that occupies the space between the organelles is
called the cytosol, a solution containing a complex mixture of enzymes, amino acids and waste
materials.
T2. The cell surface plasma membrane covers the outside of a cell, and this is a double–layered
sheet of phospholipid molecules interspersed with proteins. It separates the cell from the outside
environment; this protects the cell, and allows the import and export of selected chemicals.
1Phospholipds are the main component of cell membranes. They naturally form membranes in water
because they automatically arrange themselves into a bilayer that is almost impermeable to water
and to water soluble substances. The membrane keeps the cell contents in and other substances out.
There is however a need for selective transport into and out of a cell and the cell does this through
membrane proteins.
2 Membrane proteins act as hydrophilic pores, water filled channels that allow water soluble
substances to pass through. These pores are small and

Mitochondria In The Cytoplasm Of Eukaryotic
Mitochondria are organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and play a crucial role in the
respiration of the cell (Bandelt et al, 2006). Mitochondria are thought to have originated as free–
living bacteria that parasited proto–eukaryotic cells~1.5 billion years ago and have since remained
in an endosymbiotic relationship inside eukaryotic cells (Margulis, 1981). The mitochondria
preserve remnants of the original bacterial genome coding for key aspects of the mitochondrial
machinery, but over the course of evolution, most mitochondrial genes have been transferred to the
nucleus. The extent of these nuclear insertions was estimated to represent at least 400,000 base pairs
(bp) in the human genome (Qu, Ma, & Li, 2008). The number of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sequencing of entire molecules represents the ultimate approach to acquire information from the
maternally inherited mitochondrial genome. With this approach in the past few years, more and
more data have been obtained for reconstructing the world mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogeny
and for discerning the phylogenetic status of the (sub)continentally specific haplogroups (Qing–
Peng et al., 2006). A well–reconstructed phylogeny helps to gain unique and valuable insights for
elucidating human evolution and pioneer settlement patterns; for instance, complete mtDNA
sequence data indicate that our ancestors adopted a single route to leave Africa and then migrated
rapidly along the Asian coast (Qing–Peng et al., 2006). Group–specific genetic variation allows all
human mtDNA genomes to be grouped into distinct clusters called haplogroups based on diagnostic
nucleotide polymorphisms. Each haplogroup can be identified based upon the sum of control and
coding region variation compared to the established Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS; Figure
1b) (Kim et al., 2013). The coding region variation is diagnostic for most haplogroups (Torroni et
al.,

Yesit'S Actually Not All That Easy To Answer That Simple
Yes It 's actually not all that easy to answer that simple question. But recently, scientists have made a
pretty good effort. And their final count is 37.2 trillion. Calculating the number of cells in the human
body is tricky.Everyone's body is made of the same basic stuff. All living things, large or small,
plant or animal, are made up of cells. Most living things are made up of one cell and they are called
unicellular organisms. Many other living things are made up of a large number of cells that form a
larger plant or animal. These living things are known as multicellular organisms. Water makes up
about two thirds of the weight of cells. Yes Cells are very small; most cells can only be seen through
a microscope. Cells are the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the oxygen in air that your body really needs. Every cell in your body needs oxygen to help it
metabolize (burn) the nutrients released from food for energy. You also know that you need food.
Food gives you energy, but oxygen is needed to break down the food into pieces that are small
enough for your cells to use This is known as cellular respiration and it is the process of oxidizing
food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is chemically
trapped for use by all the energy–consuming activities of the cell. Your cells are the energy
converters for your body.
Different cells have different jobs to do. Each cell has a size and shape that is suited to its job. Cells
that do the same job combine together to form body tissue, such as muscle, skin, or bone tissue.
Groups of different types of cells make up the organs in your body, such as your heart, liver, or
lungs. Each organ has its own job to do, but all organs work together to maintain your body. A group
of different organs working together to do a job makes up a system. All the systems in your body are
like members of a team whose job it is to keep you alive and healthy.
The different types of cells in your body have different, specialized jobs to do. The specialization of
cells depends almost always on the exaggeration of properties common to cells. For example, cells
that line the intestine have extended cell membranes. This increases the amount of

Animal And Bacterial Cells :
Alhasn Otaif
Dr. Fitzsimmons–Doolan
Composition ENGL 1301
Nov 20, 2014
Animal and Bacterial Cells
Cells are generic term used in many aspects of the life. Particularly, it is used more in the biology
science field, because the biology science relays on this small unit to study the other concepts. Cells
are something infinite in the smallness. For the time being, we need to study the cells and everything
related to it. In fact, what is the cell? Or where are the Cells located? These two questions are from
the first questions that comes to the people who have not ever heard about it. However, (Reece et al
2009) explained that the cells are so small units exist in anything. Everything in this world, contains
from particles, and we can use the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More importantly, the cells differ from body to another depending on which organism it is. As an
illustration, cells have two different kinds. First, the Eukaryotes which are in the human, in the
animal or in the plant in general, and they are intricacy cells. Furthermore, the Prokaryotes which
exists in the bacteria and archaea, also it is simple cells (Minorsky 2009). According to Silverstein
clarified that "The term prokaryote means before nucleus; eukaryote means true nucleus" (para. 4).
Each kind of cells does its functions as a group in a systematic situation where there is no
probability for mistakes, because every single has different structure also every one of them does
unique function to the fullest and in perfect way. Indeed, in this paper I would analyze the parts of
the cells in animal and bacteria, besides the functions, such as the Nucleus, Cell membrane,
Cytoplasm, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, and Ribosomes or Chromosomes. At the beginning, I would
not go deeper directly, so I will give a preface, this section is going to be analytic section for the
parts of the eukaryotes and the prokaryotes. The eukaryotic type that are in the human bodies has
many complex parts that you cannot explore by the normal eye, but you could by the microscope
and those kinds of things that allow the experts see the cells and its parts. Based in my sources I
found

discussion 1 Essay
Chapter 1: Cell Pathology
1–1
Which of the following accounts for differences in cells in a human body?
Differences in chromatin
Differences in chromosomes
Differential content of DNA
Differential expression of genes
1–2
Which of the following structures is not normally found in the cytoplasm of a resting cell?
DNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
1–3
Which of the following cytoplasmic organelles are not found in most all nucleated cells?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Myofilaments
1–4
Which of the following is the primary purpose of mitochondria?
Maintenance of cell shape
Modification of proteins
Production of energy
Replication of cellular structures
1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Autocrine
Endocrine
Exocrine
Paracrine

1–11
Which of the following best accounts for cellular swelling during reversible cellular injury occurring
by transient hypoxia?
The extra oxygen directly damages the plasma membrane, allowing in water
The extra oxygen overwhelms the Na+/K+ ATPase
The lack of oxygen results in decreased energy and shutdown of the Na+/K+ ATPase
The lack of oxygen directly destabilizes the plasma membrane, allowing in water
3
1–12
Which of the following is NOT associated with reversible cellular injury?
Cellular swelling
Decreased energy production
Increased autophagy
Increased protein synthesis Decreased protein synthesis NOT
"increased" pg. 8
1–13
A cell is subject to hypoxic conditions for 20 minutes, then observed under the microscope. The
nucleus has become shrunken, with marked condensation of the chromatin. This nuclear change is
best described as which of the following?
Autophagy
Karyolysis
Karyorrhexis
Pyknosis
1–14
Which of the following is NOT a key factor in determining if a cell will be reversibly or irreversibly
damaged during hypoxia?
Cellular location
Cellular type
Degree of hypoxia
Hypoxia duration
1–15
Which of the following is most directly responsible for postperfusion injury to cells?
Formation of oxygen radicals
Hyperfunctioning of Na+/K+ ATPase
Overproduction of catalase
Shrinkage of cellular membranes
4
1–16
A new drug, Drug X, is

Ran/Tc4
Introduction This paper is about the analysis of a cell biology research article. In this paper, the
research article we analyzed is: "The GTP–binding protein Ran/TC4 is required for protein import
into the nucleus."
Ran/TC4 is described as a small nuclear GTP–binding protein that is used in the regulation of DNA
synthesis (Mindong et al, 1993). Apart from aiding in the transfer of the protein into the nucleus, the
Ran/TC4 has several other roles as well. Matsumoto and Beach (1991) in their study suggested that
the Ran/TC4, depends on its ability to interact with RCCI and its ability to localize and regulate cell
cycle progression in eukaryotes. The role of importing protein into the nucleus is aided by two
cytosolic fractions (Shannon & ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study enables us to understand the role of the GTP–bound Ran/TC4 in the process of importing
proteins into the nucleus. Therefore, this study is educative and relevant. Moreover, this Ran/TC4–
GTP can also be used for cloning RanPBI cDNAs (Matsumoto & Beach, 1991). The RanPBI works
closely with Ran that have been charged with GTP plays a significant role in the binding of the RNA
(Matsumoto & Beach, 1991). From the above discussion and experiments conducted, we can
conclude that Ran/TC4 is very vital in the importation of protein, cell cycle and in the synthesizing
of DNA. This study is significant to physicians and medics who are looking for better solutions in
case patients' cells are

Bacosides And Bacopa Monnieri Extract Cell Viability
Cytotoxicity of bacosides and Bacopa monnieri extract cell viability:
Prior to testing the neuroprotective effect of bacosides and Bacopa monnieri extract, its direct effect
on cell viability of neuro cell line was evaluated. Cell viability was determined following incubation
of cells with different concentrations (0.2 –1.0 mg/ml) of bacosides in cultured medium for 3h. The
results as shown in fig 1 demonstrated that cell viability was decreased in the presence of high
concentration of bacosides. The concentration of bacosides and Bacopa monnieri extract at
0.4mg/ml did not affect the cell viability of the neuro cells and this concentration was used for later
experiment.
3.2 Cytoprotective property of bacosides:
Neuroprotective effects ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The oxidation of 2, 7– dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) originates 2–7– dichlorofluroescein
(DCF), a flurorescent compound initially thought to be a useful indicator for H2O2.DCFH is
oxidized by other ROS such as HOº and ROOº. To investigate the antioxidant activities of bacosides
and Bacopa monnieri extracts, intracellular ROS of the cells were estimated using DCFHDA. In
present study, to examine the protective effects of bacosides and Bacopa monnieri extracts, neuro
cells were post treated with the bacosides and Bacopa monnieri extracts upon H2O2 exposed cells.
Results were observed that fluorescence intensity of the DCFH decreased in N2a cells treated with
bacosides and Bacopa monnieri extracts compared to H2O2 treated cell (Fig. ). It was observed that
bacosides A that is a mixture of four compound is less protective compared to individual bacosides.
The present study investigated that among four individual bacosides, bacoside A3 is more protective
and significantly decrease the production of ROS in N2a cells. As well as Bacopa monnieri extracts
of different culture condition was also observed to decrease the ROS production in N2a cells. MS–
liquid culture condition extract is more protected compared to MS agar and field acclimatized
Bacopa monnieri extracts.
3.4 Measurement of Phosphotidylserine exposure:
Annexin V FITC– PI double staining assay was used to further distinguish the features of apoptotic
and necrotic cells in response to H2O2.

Protein Synthesis Essay
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis is the process whereby DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) codes for the production of
essential proteins, such as enzymes and hormones. Proteins are long chains of molecules called
amino acids. Different proteins are made by using different sequences and varying numbers of
amino acids. The smallest protein consists of fifty amino acids and the largest is about three
thousand amino acids long. Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm of a cell but is
controlled by DNA located in the nucleus.
Protein synthesis is a two–part process that involves a second type of nucleic acid along with DNA.
This second type of nucleic acid is RNA, ribonucleic acid. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It provides a base triplet, a sequence of three bases on one of the strands of DNA, that code for one
amino acid. The sequence of base triplets on DNA molecules determines the order of the amino
acids on the protein chain.
In the first phase of transcription, the first process of protein synthesis that occurs in the nucleolus, a
portion of a DNA molecule unwinds and serves as a template. Free nucleotides floating in the
nucleoplasm pair up with their complimentary bases on the DNA strand. (Except that uracil replaces
thymine). The nucleotides form sugar–phosphate bonds with each other and become an mRNA
strand but they do not form bonds with the DNA strand. The sequence of three exposed bases on
mRNA, that are complimentary to the base triplet on the DNA, are known as codons. Once the
mRNA strand is complete it moves from the DNA in the nucleus, through the nuclearpore into the
cytoplasm where it drapes itself over the ribosomes with their codons exposed.
Floating in the cytoplasm are tRNA molecules which job is to pick up specific amino acids and
transport them to where the mRNA is draped. This is done by means of the aminoacyl attachment
site (the site at which the amino acid is attached to the tRNA molecule). Each tRNA molecule, by
means of their anticodons (a sequence of three exposed free bases complimentary to that of the
codons on

Plasma Membrane Bound Cell Lab Report
A key responsibility of the plasma membrane of membrane bound cells is to maintain a level of
homeostasis within the cell as the environment fluctuates. (Campbell 2014). The objective of this
experiment was to understand how cells may react in extreme environments, and test the cells ability
to withstand temperature stress before structural integrity is compromised.
The experiment used the standard curve of betacyanin to find the absorbance of samples subjected
to different temperature stresses. The absorbance and standard curve were used to predict the
concentration of betacyanin released from the tonoplast of a beet cell (Starchuck 2015). Beet
samples were cut in consistent sizes, concentration of the undiluted sample, and the substance ...
In addition, it supports the argument that the tonoplast of a beet cell incurs sufficient betacyanin
leakage, and therefore membrane damage, at extremely high temperatures and low temperatures.
Table 2–2 demonstrates that the samples tested in conditions of 4°C, 40°C ,and 50°C have a much
lower concentration of betacyanin than the original sample. Considering multiple cuts of beats had
deposited betacyanin in a fixed quantity of water in the control group and the samples that were
manipulated were taken from the control container with some of its pigment remaining in the
container. The low concentration reading suggests that the cell was not effected enough by its
environment to release additional betacyanin, resulting in a lower concentration reading than the
control. At a temperature of 70°C the betacyanin concentration was greater than that of the control
by a factor of approximately two, suggesting that at high temperatures the membrane is no longer
functioning well enough to keep the betacyanin contained within the vacuole. At a temperature of –
5°C the betacyanin concentration was comparable to the results of the 70°C trial, suggesting the
same tonoplast damage can result from low

Riluzole And Cytoplasm
In order to fully understand the question, let us first identify the key terms in this paper; Riluzole
and Cytoplasm. Riluzole is commonly associated with the once–prominent disease called
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis or ALS. It is a drug (neuroprotective) that contains anticonvulsant,
sedative, and anti–schematic substances (Wang, et al, 2004).. Cytoplasm is what can be considered
as a water–like substance inside all cells. Without cytoplasm, certain parts of a cell like DNA
molecules, chloroplasts, and mitochrondia would not be able to survive. It is mostly made up of
water and salt ("What is Cytoplasm?") Now that those terms have been defined, we will now answer
the main question for this paper. "How could the increase or decrease of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They found out that the injuries of lab rats who were given less amount of riluzole progressed while
the subjects who were given enough amounts of the drugs have shown immediate improvements and
have recovered in time.
In addition, the authors have added that based on the experiments, the effects of riluzole to rats
depended on the extent of injury and the period of time it was taken after the injury. Some test
subjects were given riluzole right after injuries and have shown better malondialdehyde levels and
less spinal cord edema. The neurobehavioral and histopathological recovery of groups which were
given riluzole was also better compared to the groups that received other kinds of drugs.
Meanwhile, rats that were given riluzole an hour to four hours after injury have reduced neuronal
loss. It also prolonged the rats' lives after injury as compared to those who received different

Osmosis : Observing Elodea Leaves And Plasmolysis
Observing Elodea Leaves and Plasmolysis
In this lab we observed elodea leaves with different solutions on them using microscopes that
produced magnifications of 100 times and 400 times. We observed elodea leaves with drops of
water on them, we dropped a ten percent solution of salt and water on the elodea leaves, and we
later observed the elodea leaves with distilled water on them after the salt solution was washed off
the leaves. We observed changes in the plant cells when we dropped different solutions on the leaves
and watched the cell's shape change. We didn't learn about osmosis before doing this lab, so I did
not have any educated expectations of what would happen in the lab.
I observed the elodea cells with salt water on top of them and saw a gap between the cell wall and
the cell membrane that I did not see using tap and distilled water on the elodea leaves. Before salt
water was added to the elodea leaves and a drop of water was on the leaves I observed that the cells
were green, all cells were about the same sized rectangles and there was not a noticeable gap
between the cell wall and cell membrane. After adding two drops of salt water onto the elodea leaf I
saw green and rectangular cells and chloroplast under the magnification of 100. Although, under the
magnification of 400 I observed that there was a larger gap between the cell wall and the cell
membrane, called plasmolysis, and I was able to identify the chloroplast, cytoplasm, and the cell
wall. The cell

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