Modeling And Simulation Of Electric And Hybrid Vehicles

Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
INVITED PAPER Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Tools that can model
embedded software as well as components, and can automate the details of electric and hybrid
vehicle design, need to be developed. By David Wenzhong Gao, Senior Member IEEE, Chris Mi,
Senior Member IEEE, and Ali Emadi, Senior Member IEEE ABSTRACT | This paper discusses the
need for modeling and simulation of electric and hybrid vehicles. Different modeling methods such
as physics–based Resistive Companion Form technique and Bond Graph method are presented with
powertrain component and system modeling examples. The modeling and simulation capabilities of
existing tools such as Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT), ADvanced VehIcle ... Show more
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Advances in electronic design tools have validated Moore's law (as applied to the complexity of
integrated circuits) and have helped achieve amazing standards in computing power while
simultaneously decreasing costs. For designers of automotive systems to duplicate and manage
similar levels of complexity, design tools that automate the Vol. 95, No. 4, April 2007 | Proceedings
of the IEEE 729 0018–9219/$25.00 Ó 2007 IEEE Authorized licensed use limited to: University of
Michigan Library. Downloaded on January 15, 2009 at 22:22 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Gao et al.: Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles low–level details of the
design process need to be developed [3], [4]. Depending on the level of details of how each
component is modeled, the vehicle model may be steadystate, quasi–steady, or dynamic [5]–[15].
For example, the ADVISOR [5], [6] model can be categorized as a steadystate model, the PSAT [7]
model as quasi–steady one, and PSIM [8] and Virtual Test Bed (VTB) [9] models as dynamic. On
the other hand, depending on the direction of calculation, vehicle models can be classified as
forwardlooking models or backward facing models [5]. In a forward–looking model, vehicle speed
is controlled to follow a driving cycle during the analysis of fuel economy, thus facilitating
controller development. The main advantage of employing a steady–state model or quasi–steady
model is fast computation, while the
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Analysis Of Boost Converter And Interleaved Converter For...
Analysis of Boost converter and Interleaved Converter for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
of Hybrid Electrical Vehicle Arpita Moon Department of Electrical Engg. Priyadarshini College of
Engg. Nagpur, India Prof.(Mrs.)B.S.Dani Department of Electrical Engg. Priyadarshini College of
Engg. Nagpur, India Rahul Argelwar Department of Electrical Engg. Priyadarshini College of Engg.
Nagpur, India Abstract–Different converter topologies have been introduced for high power
applications in recent years. This paper shows Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor in Hybrid
electrical vehicle is proposed by an interface of boost converter, interleaved converter and inverter
as an integrated circuit. An inverter/converter circuit is designed in such a way so as to operate or
control the HEV during different modes of operation. The integrated circuit in HEV will operate as a
boost converter or interleaved converter depending on the load condition. The proposed integrated
circuit will reduce the current ripple and voltage ripple hence it will leads to reduction in switching,
conduction losses, and thermal stress on the motor. The effectiveness of proposed integrated circuit
is simulated in MATLAB/ Simulink. The simulation shows that the integrated circuit have a high
efficiency and can be used at high power application. Keywords–boost converter; interleaved
converter; ripple I. INTRODUCTION Electrical vehicles and Hybrid Electrical Vehicles are the
most commonly used drive

Gm Chevy Volt
Chevy Volt – An American Revolution in Energy Independence This paper begins by analyzing the
marketing environment of the GM/Chevrolet Volt and then discusses the target market for this
electric extended range vehicle along with a proposed marketing strategy and recommendations.
Marketing Environment The market environment refers to all of the forces that affect marketing
management's ability to build and maintain successful relationships with target customers. It
consists of both a macro–environment and a micro–environment. Some of the forces can be
controlled by the company and some of the forces cannot. The micro–environment at Chevrolet
includes such things as departments within the company, suppliers, dealerships, ... Show more
The Chevy Volt claims 230 miles per gallon for city driving and up to 50 miles per gallon using
generator assisted operation. From a technology and energy efficiency standpoint, the Chevy Volt
has some good marketing possibilities. The main detractor for the Volt is the price which is
estimated to be around $40K. Another important topic in the microenvironment is publics, which is
any group that has an interest in or impact on the organization's ability to meet its goals. Examples
of publics include financial data about the company, media reports that can influence customers'
opinions, and citizen actions groups in support or against the product. Chevrolet is currently under
the public microscope as they have recently accepted government bailout money which gives 60
percent ownership to the US taxpayer. Most media reports have good things to say about the Chevy
Volt, but also include a small level of skepticism about Chevrolet being able to deliver the Volt on
time and capture enough of the market share to succeed. The market share of Chevrolet is estimated
to be 22 percent in 2009 with a continued drop to 19.7 percent by 2014 (General Motors
Corporation, 2008). Marketing managers must also look at the macro–environment to come up with
a coherent marketing strategy. Demography is important for the marketer to try and determine the
population size, location, race, and occupation of the customers.

Marketing Management
Toyota Motors
Marketing Plan for Hybrid Vehicles by geographic location (Europe)
1.0 Executive Summary
The Toyota Motor Company continues to strive to be the global market leader in the automobile
manufacturing industry. Over the years, Toyota has managed to remain the leader of this industry
through its management structure, fuel efficient vehicle design and competitive pricing based on
global market knowledge. Toyota has realized that environmentally conscious products were needed
to ensure continued company (and sales) growth in the future.
Toyota has been actively reducing its carbon footprint since 1998. Annually, Toyota has been
publishing its Environmental and Social Sustainability report in order to enhance disclosure ... Show
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Toyota has determined it 's cars need to be: * Of high quality and reliability thus requiring
infrequent maintenance. * Widely affordable, including increased affordability of Hybrid and Plug–
in Hybrid vehicles. * Silent in a world which is increasingly aware of noise pollution. * Easy to use,
with particular reference to simplified user interfacing on new Hybrid and Plug–in Hybrid vehicles *
Clean. Even if in a traditional gasoline engine model emissions need to be kept to an absolute
minimum.
Whilst identifying the need for "cleaner" cars, Toyota has also launched the Plug–in Hybrid Electric
Vehicle (PHEV) demo project in 18 European countries. This project involves a limited production
line of 200 PHEV vehicles which are being road tested by customers in 18 European countries till
2013. So far the project has already increased awareness of PHEV cars and provided crucial data
with regards to technical performance and customer satisfaction. This data will be used in the near
future to launch a large scale PHEV production line.
Toyota realises the importance of its customers time. The increasing use of the internet, especially in
the early stages of a purchase, has made the company 's website an important asset. Therefore an
updated website will all models, colours, specifications and options is of vital importance.
2.2 Market Growth
Despite the afore mentioned drop

Japan: Toyota and the Hybrid Car Industry Can Toyota...
BMA5112 Asia Pacific Business Japan: Toyota and the Hybrid Car Industry Can Toyota Continue to
Maintain and Advance its Position in the Hybrid Car Industry? By: Du ThiXuanHoa Edwin Choy
NarminTartilaBanu Wai Yean Tze 1 Contents 1.0 2.0 2.1 Executive Summary
........................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction
...................................................................................................................................... 4 Japan's
Macro–Environment ......................................................................................................... 5 ... Show
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27 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................
28 Table 1: Country National Diamond
comparison........................................................................................ 16 Table 2: Toyota's overall
business strategy ................................................................................................ 25 Figure 1:
Government FDI segmentation 2003/2004 [2] ............................................................................... 6
Figure 2: FDI inflows 2003 [2]
......................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 3: Strategy
Diamond ........................................................................................................................ 22 Figure 4:
Comparison of Most Affordable Mid size Cars [25] ....................................................................... 25
3 1.0 Executive Summary The world is at a stage where it cannot ignore the environmental impact
fossil fuels have on the environment. Seeing the importance of green technology, Toyota was one of
the first to move into the market for hybrid cars. This report examines the actions taken, the
strengths and problems Toyota faces to ensure its leadership position and how they stack up

The Expansion Of Electric And Hybrid Vehicles
Supposedly implicit in the term "leading edge technology" is the expansion of electric and hybrid
vehicles in the GM line. Indeed, in order to meet its commitment to help achieve 500,000 electric or
hybrid vehicles on the U.S. road by 2017 and to help reduce the average carbon emissions of U.S.
cars by 15% by 2016, GM must continue to invest in green vehicles. However, multiple challenges
currently stand in the way of GM's previously defined goal to become an electric car provider. In
fact, this paper suspects these challenges prompted GM to omit mention of electric cars in its 2014
strategic plan, and insofar as the failure to specifically mention electric cars signifies a wavering in
the company's commitment to green technology, GM has opened itself up to significant criticism in
the formulation of its 2015 strategy. Given the current price of Brent Crude at $49.31 per barrel,
down more than $50 in less than two years, demand for fuel–efficient cars has seen a precipitous
decline. Through June 2015, the market share for hybrid electric cars and electric vehicles accounted
for 2.8% of automobile market share, down from 3.6% through the same period in 2014.
Correspondingly, GM's plug–in hybrid Volt fell 35% in July. To make the outlook more dismal for
electric cars, a global glut in oil and weakening world demand both point to sustained low prices for
oil over the medium term. Despite these negative signs, GM must reaffirm its commitment to the
design and

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Sustainable...
Nowadays, every single country in the world care about climate change including Malaysia. All
countries focus on sustainable development which involve low carbon society concept. Did you
know what is sustainable development and low carbon society? Sustainable development is eco–
friendly development whereas low carbon society is society that consumes sustainable and relatively
low carbon energy as compared as with our present day to avoid adverse climate change. Generally,
a low carbon society means a society in which the people live a simple high quality life by
emphasizing on family or community tie, and in harmony with nature with minimum emission of
carbon dioxide. It also can be define as an economy that has a minimal output of ... Show more
The objectives of this campaign are to expose to the public about the low carbon society such as
their advantages and disadvantages. Transitioning to low carbon society requires an understanding
of community practices and resultant emission, as well as the technologies, infrastructures and
institutions associated with and accessed by the society. Moreover, it also requires an understanding
of the connections between these integrated system components, its dynamics, a defined transition
and potential levers involved in transitioning. This paper accepts the notion that 'levers' includes
program designed to achieve practice or behavior change in households which result in less carbon
intensive lifestyles, and focuses on the factors that shape human behavior and influence householder
energy consumption. From that, the communities will understand more about the low carbon society
concept. This is because the cooperation between the engineers and the communities are important
in order to achieve the mission. Basically, the engineers will organized this campaign all over
Malaysia to let all the communities in Malaysia know about this mission. So, the engineers and the
public can interact with each other and also can exchange ideas in making the mission more
successful. As we know, different people have different opinion and suggestion, so, from that we can
gather all the information and create the best one in order to achieve the mission. To sum up, the
contribution of engineers in organizing the 'Low Carbon Society Campaign' and educate the public
can lead in working towards the 'Low Carbon Society 'for

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ( Electric Vehicle )
Imagine a world in which the air we breathe is clean, the skies are blue, automobiles are sleek and
fast, and don't burn fossil fuels. That world could be coming. It's a world filled with clean running
electric vehicles. An EV (electric vehicle) is a vehicle that gets some or all of its power for
propulsion from the electric grid. These cars present one of the best alternatives to gas based
vehicles as they are environmentally friendly, and circumvent the distribution of harmful elements
such as carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Some of the manufactures for the EVs and their
models include the Nissan LEAF, the Mitsubishi iMiEV, and plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (part
gasoline, part electric battery), such as the Chevrolet Volt or ... Show more content on
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In 1908 the electric car suffered a big blow. That year, Henry Ford introduced the mass–produced
Model T. It made gasoline–powered cars widely available and affordable. By 1912, the gasoline car
cost only $650, while an electric car sold for $1,750. By the 1920s, the U.S. had much better roads
connecting cities, which Americans were eager to explore. When crude oil was discovered in Texas,
gas became cheap and was easily available to rural Americans, while few had electricity. By 1935,
electric vehicles had all but disappeared (Energy.gov, 2014). Commercially available EVs hit the
market again in 2011 (Larson, P., Viáfara, J., Parsons, R., Elias, A., 2014). Environmental concerns
about air quality, growing concerns about global warming, and finite fossil fuel supplies prompted a
new emphasis on the production of more fuel–efficient vehicles (Nayum, Klöckner., Mehmetoglu,
2016). These concerns led to the development of improvements in automobile materials, system
technologies, and the design of improved rechargeable battery systems that are smaller, lighter
weight, and have a longer lasting charge. Advances such as these have rapidly accelerated the design
of better, more reliable EVs (Coffman, Bernstein, Wee, 2016). Unfortunately, sales of these vehicles
are not progressing as quickly as had been hoped, some prominent reasons being that EV vehicles
are still too expensive, consumers continue to have "range anxiety" (the fear of

Automobile Industry
Did you know that all the companies in America have something in common? They are all operating
in an environment of forces that create both threats and opportunities for their businesses. These
environmental forces, which make up something known as the "macroenvironment", include:
demographic, economic, natural, technology, political and cultural. Since the macroenvironment is
generally uncontrollable, businesses often must find ways to adapt to the constant changes. For
example, over the past few years, the auto industry has been affected tremendously by changes in
the technology, natural, and political environments and therefore forced to change their marketing
strategies.
The Technology Environment Kotler identifies the technology ... Show more content on
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(See appendix A).
How the Natural Environment Has Affected the Auto Industry The increased gas mileage offered by
the hybrid car would be increasingly important during the first decade of the 21st century because
while technology was increasing so were the prices of natural resources such as oil. Between 2000
and 2006 there was a shortage of crude oil which created fierce competition among the gas
companies (Maple leaf web). As a result, gasoline prices skyrocketed to over $3.00 a gallon in most
areas of the country. Immediately, the increase had a profound affect on the nation and sparked a
change in consumer buying behavior. In fact, a study from Harris Interactive and Kelley Blue Book
Marketing Research, indicated that after the steady price increases, 41 percent of in–market car
buyers either changed their minds about the type of vehicle they would purchase and were thinking
strongly about buying vehicles they normally wouldn't consider. Thirty percent of car buyers also
reported that if gas prices continued to rise by even a mere 25 cents, they would buy a more fuel
efficient vehicle (Kelly Blue Book). Statistics have confirmed these consumer statements, showing a
decline in large SUV and truck sales. By the end of 2004 the GM Hummer sales had declined by 25
percent (Kotler, 97).
How They Political Environment Has Affected the Auto Industry Unfortunately the shortage of oil
was not the only concern regarding the

2016 Toyota Camry Hybrid
The 2016 Toyota Camry Hybrid is a midsize sedan based on America's best–selling car. The front–
wheel drive Camry Hybrid offers room for five, is available in three trim levels, and averages up to
41 mpg.
Now in its tenth year, the 2016 Toyota Camry Hybrid utilizes the same engineering powering the
popular Toyota Prius, the world's best–selling hybrid. Its sporty styling, roomy interior, and build
quality make this sedan a segment winner and a fuel efficiency champion.
The Toyota Camry Hybrid is unchanged for 2016. As before, this sedan remains available in three
trim levels: LE Hybrid, SE Hybrid, and XLE Hybrid.
Exterior
The current–generation Toyota Camry and Camry Hybrid were introduced in 2012. In 2015, as part
of a product refresh, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the horsepower increases to 200 during hard acceleration, when the gasoline engine and
the electric motor are working in tandem. Off–the–line acceleration is admirable, causing the front
wheels to spin at times. On the highway, the Toyota Camry Hybrid has no loss of power, especially
during those times when it is needed.
Beyond the hybrid's respectable performance, its handling corresponds to what other sedans in this
segment provide – a relatively uninvolved experience. Steering is light to the touch and what most
drivers should find tuned to their satisfaction. Braking is firm and confident.
For hybrid drivers desiring to optimize fuel economy, the sedan should be operated in Eco mode.
The normal mode is the default mode and does not have a corresponding button. Both EV and Eco
modes are controlled by separate switches located between the front seats. The EV mode allows the
Camry Hybrid to operate at speeds of up to 25 mpg as an electric vehicle, but not for more than one
mile. Operating in anything but normal mode impedes performance, but the trade off is improved
fuel efficiency.
The EPA rates the 2016 Toyota Camry Hybrid at 43 mpg in the city and 39 mpg on the highway.
However, this driver averaged 33.5 mpg over 280 miles, as cold temperatures impeded its fuel
efficiency even when operated almost exclusively in Eco

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ( Phevs )
However, (Weiller, 2011) presented that a number of existing investigations have found that plug–in
hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have emissions advantage more than hybrid electric vehicles
(HEV) and conventional vehicles considerably when representing grid emissions [1–4].
Furthermore, EPRI, 2007; Yang, 2009; Yeh, 2009). Jamarillo et al. (2009) Find that PHEVs have the
ability to reducing emissions by 6–16 % compared to conventional gasoline vehicles, even in the
case of electricity use coal without carbon capture and storage is used to power transportation.
(ElNozahy, 2015) Pointed that an additionally examine in the U.S [9, 10] indicated that though 43%
of the U.S Light–obligation vehicle fleet is supplanted by PHEVs, the aggregate ... Show more
, 2009; Gonder et al. , 2009), and reduces greenhouse gases emissions GHGs) relying on the raw
materials of the marginal supply of electricity used to charge them (McCarthy and Yang, 2009;
benjamin What 's more Hirsh, 2009). Furthermore, (Yang, 2013) conducted that compare with a base
conventional vehicle, a PHEV can decrease gas utilization by more than 70%, given the accessibility
of daytime charging. (Denholm et. al, 2013) presented that PHEVs are comparable to conventional
hybrid electric vehicles, yet all the characteristic a bigger battery and plug–in charger that lets
electricity from the grid to displace a part of the petroleum fuel drive energy. Also, PHEVs reduce
petroleum utilize and output fewer tailpipe emissions when operating electrically, in any case
without the extent constraint of immaculate battery electric vehicles. They additionally
diversification and cost stabilization on fuels, since electricity could make produced from a lot of
various elementary fuel sources. Also, (Zhang et. al, 2011) found that given the magnitude of
establishment the infrastructure that would be required high power, non–home charging locations,
large batteries with home 1. 44 kW charging show the probability for reducing fuel consumption
with a significant minimum

Hybrid And Electric Vehicles : The Future Of Our World
Hybrid and electric vehicles are the future of our world. They won't be replacing every single gas
vehicle in the United States, but hybrids and electric vehicles will certainly become more prevalent
in everyday life. Electric and hybrid vehicles have actually been around for a quite a while with
electric cars dating all the way back to 1828. Hybrid vehicles have evolved a tremendous amount in
the past 100 years leading to improved fuel economy and lower cost of the vehicle itself. Hybrid and
electric vehicles come in many different sizes such as a large SUV to a small car. However, even
though there are a lot of benefits to an electric or hybrid vehicle there are still some cons to the
design and practicality. Moving toward hybrid and electric car is a good thing since it helps out the
environment and puts more money in our pockets with savings. Hybrid and electric cars are moving
in a fantastic direction and have come a long way since the invention with advances in fuel
economy, and technology advances such as new types of batteries too many different types of
transmissions to drive the car, there are many pros to them but there are however some downs.
Hybrid and electric cars are not new by any means as compared to the solely reciprocating gas
powered car. They both date back to the 1820's where there were many prototypes that were being
invented but not produced. It wasn't till the 1900's in America that electric cars would become more
popular than gas powered vehicles.

Electric Vehicles Vs Hybrid Vehicles
My recommendation report will be focusing on the Electric vehicles versus Hybrid vehicles by
keeping in view two criterions. Problem The use of vehicles has solved many of our problems and
has facilitated the human kind in many aspects starting from transportation purposes to the time
efficiency. If we just be looking at the positive side of the vehicles then the negative aspects of the
use of vehicles will be hidden from us. (Hooftman, Oliveira, Messagie, Coosemans, & Mierlo,
2016)The two important aspects that bring negativity in the selection of the vehicles are its effects
on environment and also its costs as compared to the benefits it is giving. The paper will select two
types of vehicles and will analyze them on the basis of environment concerns and cost/benefit
analysis to provide a better solution to select which product is the best. The basic problem which is
arising is that which product is most effective to be used which will satisfy both the criteria selected
for the analysis. The two criteria selected are actually the 2 most important aspects of selecting any
vehicle. Scope The paper compares two vehicles Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Vehicles on the
following two criteria; 1. Environmental Concerns 2. Cost/Benefit Analysis The above mentioned 2
criteria will be used to make a comparison and analysis of report of the two vehicles to judge their
effectiveness and efficiencies in both the criteria. Discussion Environmental Concerns With the
latest advancement in

E Tron, Its Nascent Line Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Audi launches "e–tron," its nascent line of hybrid electric vehicles. The Audi A3 Sportback e–tron
name is a mouthful. Once you get beyond the lengthy moniker for this unusual plug–in hybrid
electric vehicle (PHEV), calling it "e–tron" or "A3 e–tron" seems entirely appropriate. The "e–tron"
designation is an Audi registered trademark, representing this brand's electric and hybrid vehicle
efforts, much in the same way Ford uses "Energi" to describe its own line of electrified vehicles. The
2016 Audi A3 Sportback e–tron is its initial offering and will be followed by other models. That the
e–tron arrived on the market the same year Audi's diesel engines were put on hold due to parent
Volkswagen's emissions scandal seems fortuitous, although sales of this PHEV will certainly come
in at a much lower rate than what the diesel models would have provided. Nevertheless, Audi's US
sales continue to rise despite the EPA's stop–sale order for its diesel engines. Indeed, customers have
discovered that the marque's family of gasoline–powered models are a sufficient substitute – lower
fuel prices across the board has relieved consumer pressure to find the most efficient cars too. 2016
Audi A3 Sportback e–tron The 2016 Audi A3 Sportback e–tron has a familiar look – in essence, it is
a compact five–door A3 outfitted with a turbocharged 1.4–liter, four–cylinder gas engine, an electric
motor, and a battery pack. That pack is located behind the second row seat and can be spotted by

Fusion And Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Three model years passed by and I finally got behind the wheel again of a Ford Fusion. Just like the
last time, this model was the Fusion Energi, a plug–in hybrid electric vehicle based on Ford's
popular midsize car. Now in its fifth model year, the 2017 Fusion Energi is a close match to the
standard hybrid model as well as to the gasoline version. Besides the electric charging port located
just ahead of the driver's door, the other differences have to do with badging – you'll find Fusion
Energi markups on the exterior as well as inside the sedan. And that's a good thing too – the Fusion
is already an attractive model and no styling differentiation is warranted. Some manufacturers opt
for silly looking grilles or other embellishments to distinguish gas and hybrid models. On the other
hand, it seems Ford decided that a near uniform look for all Fusion models is entirely sufficient.
2017 Ford Fusion Energi Platinum The 2017 version welcomes a third trim level, Platinum, joining
the SE and Titanium editions. Also new this year is the grille, exterior LED lighting, and SYNC 3
infotainment system. All models now come with an 11–speaker audio system and a new rotary
transmission selector. What hasn't changed is the 2.0–liter, four–cylinder engine powering this
model nor the permanent–magnet AC–synchronous electric motor or the lithium–ion battery. Also
present is an electronically controlled continuously variable transmission to turn the front wheels.
Selling hybrids is a

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ( Phevs )
Abstract–Increased the numbers of Plug–in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) can have a significant
impact on distribution system performance, such as reduction in power quality and efficiency,
increase in power losses and voltage variations, as well as an adverse impact on the customers'
energy price. This paper proposed approach evaluates the effect of integrating a large number of
PHEV on power system operation as well as appropriate operation of PHEVs can improve the
voltage profile in the network by eliminating the voltage drops in highly–loaded buses with
discharging reactive power. Furthermore, the optimal placements for charging stations and
renewable energy sources (RES) are identified. The objective function includes minimizing the cost
of power delivery to the PHEVs, the reducing losses as well as minimizing the voltage deviation
between different buses in distinct hours. For increasing the load factor of the network, special
coefficient is introduced into the problem. The ratio between the hourly demand and the peak in the
day–ahead load characteristic is multiplied with the electricity tariffs which lead the aggregators to
charge their PHEVs in off–peak hours. For this purpose, Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is
presented for optimal planning of charging stations and RES. The proposed method is implemented
in 69–bus radial distribution system (RDS).
1. Introduction
Renewable energy resources are attracting the attention of energy developers. Renewable energy

Hybrid Cars And Hybrid Electric Vehicles
In the present generation where automobiles are very important in daily life, there is two types of
cars i.e. Gasoline vehicles and hybrid–electric vehicles, hybrid–electric cars which used quite a
while but not as much as their gasoline counterparts. The difference between these two cars is
mainly the Engine, tank, and the source on which the cars work. The hybrid–electric vehicle is more
a computerized and electric version where it switch between running on gasoline and electricity.
Other than that major changes, these cars are fundamentally the same. The body and the
maneuvering design of these are fundamentally the same. Hybrid cars were few to come by when
they were initially introduced, but current climate change and pollution issues have encouraged
people to opt for the cleaner and greener version of the automobile. Although both kinds of
automobiles are being used, there are a lot of aspects where these automobiles can be differentiated.
A few comparisons between these two vehicles is stated below.
1. HISTORY:–
a. Hybrid: This type of engine vehicles were invented in the 19th century but it came into market in
early 2000 and gained popularity in the 2005 from then on many started to use this type of vehicles.
b. Gasoline: This type of vehicles were invented in 1876 in Germany and the usage of these cars was
from 1882 and it is still very much in demand in the market for its features.
2. WORKING :–
a. Hybrid: The electric power is fed to the electric motor from the

Hybrid Vehicles Vs. Electric Vehicles
In this day and age, our world is being consumed by the rapid growth of the world's population.
From the beginnings of time with cave men thousands of years ago up until the Industrial
Revolution, the number of people living on this planet never passed a billion, and was always
growing at a slow pace. When the Industrial Revolution hit the population skyrocketed to over 7
billion people. The growth of population has not slowed down since then, and more technological
advances are popping up everyday to help balance the rapid growth. The amount of people in the
world is literally growing each and every day. As the population grows we put more demands on our
planet to provide for the billions and billions of people inhabiting it. The world ... Show more
In 1990, the decision by the California Air Resources Board to limit air pollution by enforcing the
rule that 2% of each automaker's sales must have zero emissions in the 1998 model year. This
decision opened the door completely for electric vehicles and essentially mandated the automobile
industry to make developments in hybrid/electric vehicles (Anglin 1). Functional hybrids have
additionally been around for over a century. By 1900, a Belgian carmaker introduced a hybrid that
had a small gasoline engine along with an electric motor. Like the history of electric cars, the
production of hybrid vehicles was at a standstill between the 1930's and 1960's due to the
development of the piston combustion engine, and the fact that oil consumption and air quality were
not pressing issues. After this period of time, hybrid vehicles once again attracted interest and by the
1990's more time and energy were going into the development of hybrid vehicles (Berman 1). Most
manufacturers developed EV's on an experimental basis in the 1990's, often with research subsidies
from the government. But since these initial breakthroughs, the manufacture of EV's driven solely
by an electric motor has been discontinued due to practical considerations. The key problem was
their limited range, often less than 100 miles, and the recharging process took upwards of several

Electric Vehicles Vs. Gasoline Vehicles Essay
Materials and Methods Source #1 In the first article, Electric Vehicles vs Gasoline Vehicles: A Cost
and Emissions Comparison, the cost and GHG emissions of plug–in hybrid electric vehicles
(PHEV), electric vehicles (EVs), and standard gasoline cars were compared. All the numbers used in
the research were based on averages in the Midwestern region of the United States, and was
published June 2nd, 2011 at 10:53 a.m. Its goal was to measure how much better, or worse, any type
of electric car is compared to your standard gas car. It also compared how much it costs you to drive
per mile. The source believes hybrid vehicles actually hurt the environment more than it preserves.
To calculate the cost per mile, they took the average power used for PHEVs per 100 miles, 35 Kwh,
and multiplied that by the average cost per Kwh in residential regions, $0.11. Then, it takes into
account the cost to get a charging station at your home. This really drives up the cost of electric
vehicles because it cost $50 to $90 for a subscription every month. After that, the emissions per mile
was calculated for all three cars by calculating the average. The regional average for hybrid cars ' 35
Kwh per 100 miles. It also took into account the regions power plant GHG emissions from natural
gas and coal. Source #2 In the second article, Emissions from Hybrid and Plug–In Electric Vehicles,
the types of energy used to make power for PHEVS, gas cars, and EVs

Energy Efficiency Comparison Between Hydraulic Hybrid And...
I am assessing a journal article entitled: Energy efficiency comparison between hydraulic hybrid and
hybrid electric vehicles. The journal article was published by Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing
Institute, on May 26, 2015. Author Jia–Shiun Chen from the Department of Vehicle Engineering at
National Taipei University of Technology, submitted the journal on March 4, 2015. The purpose of
this journal article is to inform the outcomes and results of an experiment done at the National
Taipei University of Technology. The experiment compared seven different types of hybrid vehicles
in a combination of electric, hydraulic, and internal combustion engine or no combination at all. The
main question being addressed is which combination is more energy efficient. The journal article
was not focused to a main group, but can appeal to engineers, investors, vehicle companies, and
consumers. The journal article was written at an engineering level which included many equations,
graphs and tables which may confuse the average consumer and investor.
The journal article is well formatted and well organized including descriptive titles and subtitles
while having a coherent development. The abstract section of the journal enticed the reader with a
typical argument against the

Project Management : The Automotive Industry Essay
Abstract.
The automotive industry is a wide field of connecting many engineering and scientific fields
together in one systematic place. A lot of changes has occurred on this field since it came into
existence. Because it's a whole system of science and engineering, it is affected by a lot of factors
and needs to adapt according to changes in these factors. This paper provides a critical review of
chapter fifty–five of 'Project management in the automotive industry' by Christophe Midler, and
Christian Navarre, that was conducted to provide a review of automotive industry's history
regarding project management. Followed by a personal estimation of the next phase.
Introduction.
The article provides a discussion on how automotive industry was affected by the surrounding
circumstances, and how did project management for this industry has changed gradually from being
functional focused, to project based, to innovation based. And how these circumstance helped
shaping automotive industry into implementing these strategies.
Project management transformed automotive industry based on product strategy and competitive
environment. The article discussed these changes and divided them into four phases, starting from
postwar period and ending in 2003. Each one of these phases discusses a major change in the
industry that happened during a specific period of time, and the outcomes of these changes and did
these outcomes change the industry as a whole.
Automotive industry is wide and

Engineering Principles And Processes Of A Hybrid Electric...
Table of Contents
Engineering Principles and Processes 2
i. Briefly describe the difference between a "Hybrid Electric Vehicle" and an Electric Vehicle. 2 ii.
With the aid of diagrams explain the difference between a Series and Parallel Hybrid Electric
Vehicles. 2 iii. Research and outline the function, engineering principles and operation of the
following parts of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Include suitable diagrams to aid your explanations. 3
Regenerative braking 3
Battery types used 3
Electric motors 4 5
Internal combustion engine (Relate the information to HEVs) 5
Case Study – Toyota Camry Hybrid 6
i. Location and size of the manufacturing facility. 6 ii. Picture of your vehicle. 6 iii. List the
technical specifications of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ii. With the aid of diagrams explain the difference between a Series and Parallel Hybrid Electric
Vehicles.
Both series and parallel hybrid electric vehicles primarily contain the same parts, however, they are
configured differently. Both types of hybrid electric vehicle contain a gasoline–based engine, a
battery which is rechargeable, an inverter, transmission and an electric motor. The main difference
between the two, disregarding the difference in sizes of the separate parts, is that series hybrid
electric vehicles have a generator whereas in a parallel hybrid electric vehicle the motor acts as a
generator. Moreover, in a parallel HEV, the engine is directly connected to the wheels, however this
is not the case in a series HEV.
In a parallel HEV, the motor and the combustion engine work in accordance to power the vehicle.
The gasoline–based engine and motor are both connected to the transmission. As fuel travels to the
engine or the battery is turned on, it propels the car.
In a series HEV, the motor is charged by the battery or generator (powered by gasoline–based
engine). Thus, the gasoline engine does not directly propel the car, unlike in the parallel HEV. The
transmission is responsible for determining how much energy is required and whether to retrieve it
from the battery or the generator. Pictured above, is a parallel HEV system, as made obvious by the
position of the electric motor and

Advantages of the Toyota Hybrid Electric Vehicles Over the...
INTRODUCTION
The growing dependence of many countries, especially the USA and Europe on the imported oil and
the daily increase of oil price and the heightened concern on the global warming and the
environmental pollutions which has forced many car manufacturing companies to study the new and
innovative techniques in solving this very important issue.
Toyota as the world 's third car manufacturing company and the first in Japan has introduced a new
era in the vehicles history.
Initial hydrogen, fuel cell and pure electric vehicles were not much successful as they were all very
expensive and not very efficient. The true electric vehicles did not have the required standards of an
American car buyer because they cost a lot, around US$ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CONVINCING CONSUMERS:
The main issue on Hybrid vehicles was that most of consumers did not believe it as a real car.
Overtime, Toyota succeeded to convince the automobile buyers that Toyota Prius is a real, usable
and efficient hybrid car.
DRIVING RESPONSIBILITY.
Toyota Prius has been equipped with a monitoring system which helps the driver to know how to
run his/her car to have a better function and reduce the fuel usage and save more energy. This helps
the driver to feel responsible on his/her driving and to maximize the car fuel efficiency.
LONG TERM PLAN BEFORE LAUNCHING THE PRODUCT:
Although Toyota invented this new hybrid vehicle more than ten years ago, it did not offer the car to
the USA consumers immediately. The main reason was that Toyota was aware of the new
technology challenges. While Toyota was on the market research and new product development,
other companies were focusing on merger and acquisition. Brand recognition, technology changes
and improvement take several years to finish and Toyota wanted to launch a product which has
cleared all the possible obstacles such as space, efficiency, speed, safety, weight which can meet all
consumers ' expectations.

MAINTAINS ITS COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OVER COMPETITORS
The introduction of Toyota Prius was not just a short term goal. Toyota had much broader goals.
FIRST MOVER

Advantages Of Hybrid Cars
Hybrid cars use both internal combustion engines as well as an electric motor. The electric motor
requires no charging source, as electric cars do, as the movement during driving allows for kinetic
energy to be produced which in turn, charges the electric motor. This process is known as
Regenerative Braking. Newer hybrid cars made by the company, Tesla, can reach top speeds up to
155 mph. Tesla Model S can reach 60 mph in under 3 seconds, with an average time of 3.1 seconds.
This then is proof that modern hybrid cars can be a challenge to other sports cars, and can even
reach higher speeds than most average cars. Tesla cars have better features than most regular cars on
the road, such as auto parking, which uses minimal power. Another big advantage ... Show more
The aim of Chevron was to prevent any advancement as well as prevent the public from making a
move towards using non petrol vehicles. Chevron was not successful as Ovonics was able to
overcome Chevrons tactics. BP has had to shift their focus to other alternative energies because of
their decrease in profits with the growing success of the hybrid cars. BP has had to invest a lot of its
money in doing this in order to maintain their profits. Oil companies still invest up to $52 Billion
towards the fossil fuel industry, and of this a very small amount is actually invested in the Hybrid
Car industry – any investments made by an oil company in hybrid car manufacturers is most
probably to gain controlling access of the company in order to destroy the company. Sponsoring of
Formula 1 electric race cars by Gulf, an oil company, has only but helped its reputation and
increased its wealth. This small investment towards the hybrid car has furthered the company's
ability to dig for more oil and even combined with more oil companies, such as the "Standard Oil of
California" company in 1985 Hybrid cars effect on the

Government Should Not Prop Up Electric And Hybrid Vehicles
Government should not prop up Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, a technology that shows little
promise, by generous taxpayer subsidies. Imagine, after coming home from work, you just plug your
car battery into an outlet in your garage, and then the next morning, your car is full of energy. You
would not be late because you never have to stop by any gas station to fill up the gas tank, and you
could save money for gas each week. You would not see smoke from the tailpipe and your car is
quieter. That image sounds great, and those are some of the benefits an electric car could bring to us.
The Obama administration has set a national goal of one million electric cars on American roads by
2015 and this goal was supported with $5 billion in taxpayer ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Consumer Reports said: "City traffic is supposed to be the hybrids ' strong suit, but their shortfall
amounted to a 40 percent deficit on average." Richard Burr, deputy editor of the Detroit News
editorial page, claims that when driving under real–world conditions, the 2004 Toyota Prius fell 42
percent short of its city miles per gallon (MPG) rating and required more refueling than a diesel car.
Gas would have to reach $5.6 a gallon for over 5 years to offset the higher sticker price of the Ford
Escape hybrid. According to the Department of Energy, the compact car gets close to 40 miles per
gallon and the Eco version gets 42 mpg on the highway. It also costs far less at a starting price of
about $17,000. For electric cars, they currently have a limited range, weight issues associated with
the storage batteries, and need to recharge for several hours with relatively high–cost electric power.
Moreover, the cost of producing larger batteries to improve the range of EVs is currently
prohibitive. This makes electric cars are so expensive. Robert Bryce, a former veteran writer for the
Austin Chronicle and a journalist who focuses on energy issues and politic gives an example: the
new Chevrolet Volt costs $41,000 as much as a new Mercedes–Benz C350 whereas the Honda Fit
costs about one–third as much as the new Volt. Therefore, Burr and Bryce charge that owning a gas–
electric hybrid or an electric car is merely a fashion statement and should not

Drawing The Reader Into The World Of Hybrid Cars, By Katie...
Drawing the reader into the world of hybrid cars. Self–righteousness in a large economy size is a
text written in May 2011 and was published in the Car and Driver Magazine. With its informal, but
informative style it explains what the Toyota Prius hybrid car is all about. India's $4B plan for
electric, hybrid vehicles is an article from 'Cool but Weird' written by Katie Fehrenbacher on the
30th of August, 2012. This text convinces the reader with 5 solid arguments why the plan of the
Indian government to get 6 million electric and hybrid vehicles on its roads by 2020 cannot be taken
too seriously. Both texts are completely different, with a different audience, different purpose and
different structure, however, both texts share the same theme ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Car and Driver magazine opens the article in an effective and interesting way by using irony
while saying 'The Latin word 'prius' means "Ahead of the curve," not "creep along in the passing
lane" as some owners seem to believe.' Later the text uses an alliteration 'Penny–pincher' and a
metaphor 'Toyota engineers went the extra mile', implying that the Toyota engineers worked extra
hard. This metaphor fits the theme of hybrid vehicles perfectly. These series of techniques like irony,
an alliteration and a metaphor are used to keep the reader interested and entertained while
convincing him at the same time that the Prius is 'The king of gas electrics'. The 'Cool but weird' text
uses less literary devices, but when looking closely at the text, there are still a few that can be found.
The author uses a simile in her second argument to compare other lofty proclamations from the
Indian government, this simile is used to prove that not all plans from the Indian government are
considered to become a reality. The author also used a generalization, 'a lot of those buyers want
western models and brands like SUVs and classic luxury cars'. Katie Fehrenbacher used this to
create a picture and to quickly explain to people who do not know a lot about this topic why selling
hybrid cars in India could be

Essay about Top Five Most Popular Choices in Hybrid Cars
Top Five Most Popular Choices in Hybrid Cars
It used to be that when seeking to purchase an automobile, consumers basic concerns where; 1) what
options are available to them in exchange for their hard earned money? 2) How much is it going to
cost and what exactly will their investment buy? Such concerns, such as its impact on our
environment, or our need to be more energy efficient, were at the time none issues.
Today we have a better understanding as to what affect, our choices make, and the impact it has on
our environment. Those who stand watch over the use of our worlds' natural resources are concerned
of a pending world energy crisis. To this purpose, these professionals are seeking new technological
advance ways to utilize our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Has plenty of interior room for a midsize car. Handles great on the road and gets very competitive
averages in fuel usage with an estimate of 41 miles per gallon in the city and 35 miles per gallon on
the highways.
Using the best in technological features such as the half gas and half electric drivetrain giving peak
performance, be it in the city or on the highway. Coming equipped with front wheel drive, LCD
gauges, with a horsepower of 156, from a 2.5–liter 1–4 engine using regular gas. Equipped with a
two speed CVT W/OD transmission and getting around 700 miles plus in city driving on just one
tank of gas. All the normal features you come to expect of a midsize car and then some. Things like
remote keyless entry, Garage door transmitter, automatic temperature control, heated door mirrors
and much, much more. Some negatives would be limited trunk space, unsupportive backseat, and
steering being a bit skittish on the highways. (cars.com, 2012)
Toyota Prius Hybrid
The Toyota Prius has been the car that its competitors sought to beat. The Toyota Prius Hybrid 2012
may not have the most attractive drawing qualities as its competitors; it has become the synonym for
hybrid cars in America. It might not win trophies on it's over all artistic look but it packs a lot where
it counts. For those who can live without the looks and willing to accept the trade off for something
that delivers high mileage performance, the Toyota Prius 2012 is right for them averaging 51 mp in
the

Review Of Motors From Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Review of Motors used in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Ujjwal Singh
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Texas at Dallas
800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, Dallas (TX), 75080, USA uxs151330@utdallas.edu Abstract–
This paper deals with the different motors used in the hybrid electric vehicles. The performance like
the efficiency of induction motor, internal permanent magnet motor and switched reluctance motor
is studied. In recent years permanent motors are often used for driving HEV. This paper compares
the characteristics of Permanent Magnet (PM) motor with Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) and
Induction Motor (IM) and gives us prospects for future development of HEV using these motors.
Keywords– Hybrid electric vehicle, permanent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also use regenerative braking that converts kinetic energy of the vehicle into electrical energy
that charges the battery rather than wasting that energy in form of heat energy as conventional
brakes does. The HEVs produces comparatively very less emissions from its ICE than a gasoline
car. Many HEVs reduces emission by turning off the ICE at idle situation and then restarting when
needed.
This paper compares the characteristics and performance of IM, SRM and interior permanent
magnet drive motor (IPM). HEVs were not widely available until the launch of Toyota Prius in 1997
in Japan, which was followed by Honda Insight in the year 1999. The data related to design for IPM
is taken from the report on Toyota Prius HEV 2004 [1] and the comparison done with IM uses same
design of the stator. Mostly it is said that PM motor are the best match for the HEVs in terms of
performance and efficiency. This is despite that induction motors and SRM have been used in cars
like Tesla and General Motors. Also the SRM and IM have an advantage over PM motor in terms of
manufacturing cost and durability. SRM is the perfect magnet free alternative as suggested in [2]
and offers zero field coasting and controllable flux. Hence, the IM and SRM offer more flexibility of
controlling flux.¬¬
The paper also reviews some machine considerations like a SPEED model [3] using PC–BDC and
PC–FEA for the Toyota Prius 2004 motor model and is also validated using the data in [1]. The

Priua
MBA800: Business Strategy Case Toyota Motor Corporation – Launching the Prius Executive
Summary: Hiroshi Okuda, Toyota Motor Company is most recent appointed president, must decide
whether to continue endorsing the project committee in charge of developing a fuel–efficient
vehicle, the Prius. The project is made to be a shift for Toyota; yet developing the prototype has
represented a large cost for the company since the technology needed to be created from scratch.
Toyota has been recently criticized for producing non–innovative, look–alike models, not attractive
for young new customers. Despite that Toyota Motor Company has registered an increase in its net
sales; the profit margins have substantially fallen for the past 5 years. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, abandoning the project would mean a complete loss of the resources invested in the past two
years. Toyota would continue to be criticized for producing similar, non–innovative cars that could
represent a continuing lose of its market share and profit margins. Recommendation: Toyota should
continue developing the Prius, despite the technical difficulties present at the moment. The
company's kaizen maxim is the most reliable tool to guarantee that, once mass–production of the
Prius starts, the new model will comply with Toyota's efficiency and reliability standards. The value
created by the Prius is not only that of uncovering a new possible market, but of making Toyota a
carmaker that sets the standards of it (Exhibit D). Okuda should continue to pressure the G21 to
produce a safe, reliable and innovative car. The Prius should be produced by 1997 to avoid other
companies winning the race, as happened with the Direct Injection technology. Additionally, the
Prius should be marketed first in Japan. Japan is not only Toyota's largest market (allowing to have
more cars to be evaluated by the production line staff); but also the gasoline prices are the highest
among its different markets, a car 100% more fuel–efficient would be of great value for potential
buyers. If the car probes to be a success, Toyota will have in its hands a product able to be
commercialized to its other markets in America and Europe. The hybrid powertrain will not only
make Toyota a

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Research Papers
Joe Martinez ID: 009806210, Enrique Manzo ID:009614447
Electrical Engineering Department, California State University, Long Beach
1250 Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach, CA 90840
Joe.Martinez@student.csulb.edu
Enrique.Manzo@student.csulb.edu
Professor Dr. Sleiman
Fall Semester December 1, 2015
Introduction
Purpose:
The purpose for this research report is so that students can familiarize themselves with hybrid
electric vehicles and their features that make them unique in contrast to other vehicles. This report
will educate the reader on the "BMW i8's" vital components such as the engine, battery, and other
elements related to electric vehicles. To put into perspective the significant advantage hybrid electric
vehicles have over vehicles ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In SPORT mode, the thrust and brake regenerative energy are their peak and thus it is the ideal mode
when charging the battery. In HYBRID mode, the battery is charged via by brake energy
regenerative, thus not much energy is fed back to the battery in this state.
Engine: The BMW i8 consists of a TwinPower Turbo 1.5 litre 3–cylinder petrol engine rated at 362
HP along with a torque of 420 lb–ft. The petrol portion of the engine is rated 231 HP whilst the
electric motor is rated 131 HP for a combined total of 362 HP. In addition, the vehicle is capable of
achieving speeds of 62 MPH in 4.4 seconds, peaking 155 MPH. The top speed the vehicle is capable
of reaching varies from SPORT mode to HYBRID mode. When driving the BMW i8 in both SPORT
and HYBRID modes, the vehicle is capable of achieving up to 76 MPGe. Furthermore, though the
vehicle of able to reach speeds of up to 155 MPH in SPORT mode, the hybrid electric vehicle is
only capable of achieving speeds of up to 75 MPH for 22 miles while in HYBRID mode only. In
addition, when driving the vehicle strictly on gas, the hybrid electric vehicle is capable of driving up
to 28 MPG.
Compare and Contrast
In efforts to display the pros and cons of owning a hybrid electric vehicle, the BMW i8 will be
compared to the Honda Civic Type–R. To start off, the BMW i8 is a hybrid electric vehicle whilst
the Honda Civic Type–R is a vehicle that runs on petrol only. Due to the design and structure of the
i8, the

Essay on Why Hybrid Cars Should Not Be Purchased
As the gas price is rising up to 140 cents per litre in Canada, many people switch their vehicle to
gasoline–electric hybrid car to gain savings from the better fuel efficiency. Many potential
consumers for hybrid vehicle and hybrid vehicle owners think that the hybrid system is worth the
extra penny due to better fuel economy. However, the realistic is that it has higher maintenance
despite of its outstanding fuel economy figures. In fact, the hybrids cause more environmental
damage than conventional petro powered vehicles and there are better alternatives. Therefore,
hybrids should not be on consumers' shopping list due to a numerous negative facts that consumers
are unaware of.
Many Automobile manufactures want consumers to believe ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, consumer is forced to pay for the battery pack which costs around $4,000 from their
pocket, not manufactures'. When the battery pack is replaced, despite of good fuel economy, it costs
more to own hybrid than conventional vehicle.
Many people buy hybrid cars because they have been told that hybrids are much more eco–friendly
than any other vehicles out on the market and they feel proud for supporting the Mother Nature.
Surprisingly, it is a fact that a recent report announced that the Toyota Prius has a higher life time
energy cost than Hummer H1 SUV (kentlaw.edu). It also states, "There are, however, environmental
costs to mining and smelting (in Canada) 1,000 tons a year of zinc for the battery–powered second
motor, and the shipping of the zinc 10,000 miles – trailing a cloud of carbon – to Wales for refining
and then to China for turning it into the component that goes to a battery factory in Japan"
(kentlaw.edu). In other words, the hybrids emit less carbon dioxide and other gases but it releases far
more energies and toxic gases into atmosphere at production and disposal stage.
In addition, consumer must be aware that there are better alternatives to hybrids on market. Thanks
to advancing technology, many petro powered and diesel powered vehicle get similar EPA fuel
economy on highway. From German automotive manufacture, they have developed Clean Diesel
such as Blue Tec from Mercedes–Benz and TDI from Volkswagen which

Hybrid Types Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Full Hybrid Transmission System 1 FULL HYBRID DESCRIPTION Hybrid Electric Vehicles
(HEV) differentiates from basic electric vehicles (EV) through their use of two power sources. The
purpose of having two power sources is to utilize the properties of both the electric component and
combustion engine to create a vehicle that's more efficient and less environmentally damaging.
Different types of hybrid systems utilise different properties of the power sources through
compromise, allowing better performance for the vehicles specifications. Full Hybrids, considered
the most fuel efficient, can automatically swap between series, parallel and full–electric modes
(further explained below) allowing the vehicle to run at full utilization and economy through
different uses, such as in traffic, highway driving and racing. Examples of full hybrid vehicles
include that of the Toyota Prius and many of Toyota's Synergy Drive Hybrid range. Series
powertrains refer to using an electric motor to rotate the wheels, whilst the alternate power source
drives an on board generator which essentially increases the reliability of the electric motor without
directly powering the wheels. Unlike series mode, in parallel mode both power sources are used to
provide power to the wheels. This can be configured in a wide variety of ways by alternating the use
of full–electric or full–combustions, or having different wheels powered by different sources, i.e.
front wheels electric drive and back wheels

A World Focused On Climate Change And Sustainable Development
In a world focused on climate change and sustainable development, many people have become more
interested in the environmentally–related behavior of corporations and have increased their desire
for "green" products. In response to this growing demand, numerous corporations have shifted to
becoming more sustainable and are making green marketing claims. While some of these companies
are actually carrying out robust sustainability practices, many companies' practices do not match up
to the image they convey to the public and are guilty of greenwashing. In fact, a study conducted by
TerraChoice (2010) found that in 2010, over 95 percent of "greener" products were found to be
greenwashed (6). The term greenwashing stems from whitewashing, and is defined by the Oxford
English Dictionary as "disinformation disseminated by an organization so as to present an
environmentally responsible public image." Advertising plays a major role in shaping consumer
behavior, and companies guilty of greenwashing are educating consumers with false or distorted
information. This is important because the general population's desire to purchase products that are
environmentally friendly is being hampered by the current cloud of greenwashing allegations,
making it increasingly difficult for consumers to distinguish fact from fiction. Although the upward
trend in green consumerism has affected several industries, it has had a noteworthy impact on the
automotive industry, which has experienced a recent

The Hybrid Vehicle Is A Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Since 1984 the United States military has been using various versions of the High Mobility
Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), or Humvee as it's more commonly known. As the
environment, technology, and mission needs change, so must the design and capabilities of vehicles
used by the military. A version of the Reconnaissance, Surveilling, Targeting Vehicle (RST–V)
nicknamed The Shadow is a hybrid electric vehicle developed to meet the changing demands. Its
creation is intended to meet the demands of an ever changing battlefront and reduce the limitations
posed by previous vehicles. This paper will cover what a hybrid vehicle is, brief history of the
technology, how it is being used to develop new vehicles for the military, and what ... Show more
The first hybrid electric vehicle is developed by Ferdinand Porsche in 1901. The Lohner–Porsche
Mixte Hybrid, being the first ever of its kind, makes use of a gasoline powered engine in
conjunction with electric generators and motors. In the early 1980's hybrid vehicles become more
advanced through the use of the regenerative brake design. Modern versions of hybrids enter the
scene in the late 1990's with the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius. These models suffer a slow start
due to high purchase costs and relatively low costs of fuel. As the purchase price of hybrid vehicles
decline over the following years and the cost of fossil fuels increase, hybrids have become
increasingly popular. Today, the use of hybrid vehicles are continuing to rise and become more
popular with the addition of plug–in hybrid electric vehicles. Plug–in vehicles are able to be charge
from an external power source while it is parked, allowing for the batteries to fully charge without
the use of the combustion engine. This technology isn't only for civilian applications. The Shadow is
developed by two American companies, General Dynamic Land Systems (GDLS) and Lockheed
Martin Missiles and Fire Control. They are awarded an initial contract in 1997 by the Office of
Naval Research as well as the Defense Advanced Research Agency (DARPA). The purpose of this
contract is to create a vehicle compatible to meet multiple mission variants, which is currently being
fulfilled

Evaluation of Planning
Toyota's Internal and External Factors
Velma Mobley and Jose C. Romero
MGT/230
March 28, 2012
Sang Kim
Internal and External Factors paper
Despite, Toyota's philosophies of good service, and daily improvement, over nine million Toyota
cars were recalled. Toyota's management began to be investigated by NHTSA (National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration). Team C will address issues with Toyota products and the strategies
that the company used to resolve their problems. The paper will focus on four functions of
management and the internal and external factors that will affect management. Toyota needed to
evaluate their planning, organizing, leading, and controlling functions. This is the responsibility of
management internally. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Toyota has demonstrated good ethics behaviors during their crises. Toyota's four function of
management helped the company to identify the internal and external factors that were affecting
their organization. Once these issues were diagnosis, and new procedures were implemented, Toyota
took full responsibility for resolving the problem. The incidences that lead to the recalls of Toyota
manufactured automobiles caused the company's management to pay close attention to their
planning. Unlike pinto, Toyota took full responsibility and fixed the problems. The company's
adjustments were focused on ensuring customer safety and regaining customer trust. Toyota
implemented a diversity policy because of a racial outburst as a result of an advertising campaign.
Blacks called the ad racist and thought it was directed at afro–American race. Toyota felt hiring Mr.
Jones was a solution to a diversity problem. * Conclusion. Managers face many challenges in
management. When a problem occurs managers have to generate a plan. The planning process is
analyzing the situation by gathering and interpreting information. Planning alternative goals is an
important step in the planning process. Once there is a problem, part of the plan should be to ensure
the goals are specific, measureable, attainable, time based, and relevant (Bateman & Snell,
2009).
An

Toyota Prius The Hybrid Market
Toyota dominates the hybrid market, but its one plug–in model was around for just a few years
before it was canceled in 2015. Less than two years later an all–new model has rolled out and it
sports the Prius Prime name. The 2017 Prius Prime is the fourth model in the Prius family name and
shares its platform with the standard Prius. The subcompact Prius c hatchback and the wagon–line
Prius v are the other models. The Prius Prime is available in Plus, Premium, and Advanced grades.
Because the Prius Prime is all new for 2017, there are no changes. Both the Prius and Prius Prime
are built on the new Toyota New Global Architecture, what will yield additional non–hybrid models.
Exterior: 6 It has been said that "beauty is in the eye of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Where the instrument panel is normally located, swaths of plastic material covers that area. The
panel is located on top of the dashboard above the center stack. Every interior feature has an ultra–
modern look, including the air vents, the steering wheel, and the transmission shifter. Hard plastics
and soft touch materials dominate with much sculpting across the dashboard, between the seats, and
on door inlays. Unlike some Prius models, the Prius Prime seats four, not five. Bolstered bucket
seats up front and a 60/40 split fold–down rear seat with a center armrest containing two cup holders
are in the rear. All four seating positions offer ample head, shoulder, hip, and leg room. Fabric–
trimmed seats are standard. Our test Advanced model came with Softex seats, material also
wrapping the steering column and located on the door armrests. It has the look and feel of leather, is
easy to clean, and resists spills. Environmentally conscious buyers will appreciate not just the
material, but also Toyota's decision not to use real leather. Standard equipment includes keyless
entry with push–button start, power windows and door locks, air conditioning, and a tilt and
telescopic steering column. A power driver's seat with lumbar support is one optiion you'll definitely
want. Performance: 8 Primary power is supplied by a 1.8–liter four–cylinder gasoline engine with
95 horsepower and 105 pound–feet of torque. Also at work are a pair of electric

Honda and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Honda and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Honda was founded in Hamamatsu, Japan, by Soichiro Honda in 1946 as the Honda Technical
Research Institute. The company began as a developer of engines for bicycles, but by 1949 it had
produced its first motorcycle, called the Dream. In 1959, Honda entered the U.S. automobile and
motorcycle market by opening the American Honda Motor Company. A few years later, in 1963,
Honda released its first sports car, the S500, in Japan. Honda Motor Co. Inc. grew rapidly to become
one of the largest automobile companies in the world. Its "globalization" strategy of building
factories around the world that would meet the needs of local customers had resulted in a total
worldwide presence of more than 100 factories ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sales of hybrids were further hindered by consumer ignorance regarding hybrid technology: as of
2004, 50 percent of U.S. consumers still believed that hybrid cars require battery regeneration via
electric plug.
Hybrid cars were also expensive to produce relative to traditional automobiles. While Honda
charged a sales price for the Insight that was comparable to its non– hybrid counterparts––around
$20,000, depending on options–it was estimated that Honda lost as much as $8,000 per car when the
hybrids were originally launched, as a result of insufficient volume to achieve economies of scale.
Total Hybrid Electric Passenger Vehicle Sales in United Sates, 2000–2004
Year Unit sales
2000 9,367
2001 20,287
2002 35,691
2003 47,525
2004 83,153
Strategy at Honda
At Honda, being an environmental leader means never uttering the words "It can't be done." That's
why for more than two decades Honda has led the way in balancing what consumers want with what
the environment needs. Technologies change over time–but our commitment to the environment
never will.
Honda Corporate Web Site, August 2003
Honda's strategy had consistently emphasized innovation, independence and environmental

friendliness. In 1972, Honda introduced the Civic, which became n immediate success, ranking first
in U.S. fuel–economy tests for four consecutive years starting

Persuasive Essay On Cheating And Failure
Volkswagen is the popular of companies who have been accused of cheating the tests, but why
would any company want to cheat and what could they possibly gain from it. Money is absolute in
this world and thats why its the first on the list. My hypothesis is that Vw wanted to be able to
advertise as a company who sells cars that are efficient so they could sell more. Vw also didn't want
to sacrifice a significant amount of power and fuel economy for their customers, those two factors
pale in significance when compared to just not being able to pass the tests and have a good vehicle.
The test for emission are like asking someone to jump and grab a bar above them, with weights
around their ankles to prove if you can run further than they could last year. When money, power
and people are involved in something its a safe bet the one other thing will be involved: politics.
Politics become a factor in this when the social impacts of everything come into play. People love
clean air and people love their cars. Sadly cars don't like clean air, naturally polluting it. To help
mediate the problem, in the nineties politicians decided to try to implement some laws to reduce the
smog created by cars quite successfully. Those same politicians nearly ten years later decided they
should try to reduce smog yet again, afterall it was such a success the first time. This time it made it
worse, but the politicians made enough money from it that they didn't care. Since then politicians
stiffen

The Prius Of The Toyota Prius
The Toyota Prius is the most popular gasoline–electric hybrid vehicle in the world. Launched in
2001 in the United States, Prius is derived from the Latin term "to go before," an apt moniker for
this ground–breaking, front–wheel drive model.
2016 to Present: Toyota Prius
The fourth–generation Toyota Prius was released for the 2016 model year. As before, it is a five–
door hatchback and is categorized as a midsize model with room for five. Four trim levels are
available: Two, Three, Four, and Five.
The styling direction of the latest Prius complements the Toyota Mirai, its hydrogen–powered
electric vehicle. The current Prius maintains the slippery profile of past models while bringing in
sharper accents, deeper body sculpting, and a more rakish profile.
All fourth–generation models are marked by sleek headlamp assemblies, a narrow upper grille, and
a large lower grille opening, the latter honed in by deep embrasures. From the sides, a sloping roof
line, a rising belt line and deep sculpting along the rocker panel is evident.
At the rear, the Prius' liftgate is split by a rear spoiler. Dramatic combination lamps mimic the style
of the headlamps; pronounced body sculpting is also evident.
Inside, the cabin features bucket seats up front and a 60–40 split–folding bench seat with a center
arm rest in the second row. The Toyota Prius has digital instrumentation and color display featuring
such hybrid information as an energy monitor, eco savings record, and a drive monitor.

Modeling And Simulation Of Electric And Hybrid Vehicles

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