Picture Naming Therapy L2

Picture Naming Therapy L2
Design The design of this experiment will be a simple between subject experiment consisting of one
independent variable and one dependent variable. In this experiment, the independent variable will
be language recovery. The two levels of the independent variable will be therapy for L1 and therapy
for L2. The dependent variable will be the number of pictures named correctly from an aphasia
battery picture naming test that will be taken at the end of their treatment. Participants The
participants for this experiment will be randomly selected from both Doctors Hospital and Laredo
Medical Center (LMC) and will consist of aphasic patients from both genders. The group age will
be from 25–65. This experiment will use random assignment when forming ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This Aphasia Battery Picture Naming Test is a test that will measure whether language was
recovered following therapy (See Appendix A for Picture Naming Test). Both groups will be taking
this test. This test will consist of 30 items and the participants will be told to tell the examiner the
name of each picture and will be given 20 seconds to identify each picture. If in the first attempt to
name the picture the participant fails, the examiner may give a phonemic clue. So, overall the
participants will be given two chances to correctly identify the name of the picture. Language
recovery will be measured by naming 18 pictures correctly out of the 30. Through random
assignment, the results from both the groups will be compared to one another to determine how
quickly and which language do bilingual aphasics recovers first; their native language (L1) or their
secondary language (L2), following their therapy. Furthermore, before participants leave, they will
be thanked for their participation on this study, and will be given information about what the study
was
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A Research Study On Vitamin E And Vitamin
Method
The method of S1 was a literature search utilizing the Pubmed database for studies that contained
subheadings of diet, antioxidants, and prostatic neoplasms. The references of selected studies was
reviewed to identify additional articles. Studies that only examined plasma levels were excluded.
Selected were 12 intervention studies and 32 observational studies.
Results S1 reported on 16 studies concerning vitamin E and vitamin E components: two case–
control, six prospective and four intervention studies found no effect. However, three case–control
and one intervention study found a beneficial effect for PCa. The evidence of vitamin E was
inconsistent, the majority found no benefit for the vitamin E. Concerning selenium and selenium
supplements, there were six studies: four intervention, one each case–control and prospective study.
Another study found a group receiving supplemental selenium had a reduced incidence of PCa (RR
=.037; 95% CI, 0.18–0.71; P = 0.002) and follow–up agreed with the original finding. However, the
effect was limited to those with the lowest plasma selenium concentration at baseline, indicating a
confounding selenium deficiency. The other five selenium studies found no relationship with PCa.
Concerning vitamin C, six studies reported: one intervention, two prospective and three case–
control studies. Two case–control studies reported a reduced PCa risk, the three others reported no
association to PCa. One of the case–control studies that

Quantitative Research Design Critique Template
NU310_Unit 5
Quantitative Research Design Critique Template
"Quantitative studies usually focus on concepts that are fairly well developed, about which there is
an existing body of evidence, and for which there are reliable methods of measurement" (Polit and
Beck, 2012). I chose the Quantitative method of data collection for my research, because I want to
determine the effective of regular instruction, face–to–face training, and follow–up on inhalation
techniques in increasing treatment adherence in patients with COPD
Critique Study: Efficacy of a multifactorial intervention on therapeutic adherence in patients with
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a randomized controlled trial
1. What type of question (therapy, prognosis, etc.) is being addressed? Does the research question
concern a possible causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables?
The type of question being addressed in the study is to the effectiveness of a multi–factorial
intervention on therapeutic adherence. The aim of the study is to determine the causal connection
between the effectiveness of multi–factorial intervention and therapeutic adherence in patients with
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
2. What would be the strongest design for the research question? How does this compare to the
design actually used?
The design of the study was randomised controlled trial. The 146 patient with COPD were divided
in two groups using the randomisation techniques. The

Film Analysis Of Mothlight, By Stan Brakhage
Mothlight, by Stan Brakhage, is also a film heavily focused on the visuals. Released in 1963,
Mothlight's running time of four minutes consists of nothing but what look like pictures of winged
insects and foliage. Further investigation reveals that Brakhage created the film without a camera,
and instead used two strips of splicing tape to press the object enough to emit light through it
(Braunstein 285). No viewer of Mothlight will stop to wonder about a conceivable plot the film
could be trying to convey. The film itself does not express that there is a plot to be perceived.
Instead, audiences view the visuals and think only about the visuals because it is the only thing
being presented. Once the connection to the title of the film is made, the next natural question to ask
is "How?" The question is no longer directed at the screen in which the film is being projected.
Instead, the question becomes about the physical objects being presented. Brakhage was able to use
film to show or emphasize a part of nature one might not have taken a second to observe. By
directing attention to film as a physical object, Brakhage used Mothlight to enlighten audiences with
a unique technique to showcase the visuals of film. A Movie and Mothlight are both subverting
preconceptions of mainstream cinema at the time, but they both do so by calling the audience's
attention to the film medium. A Movie puts effort into directly reminding audiences that it is a film
while Mothlight gets

Experimental Psychology
Research Paper Requirement For this research requirement I chose three different experiments to
examine thoroughly. The first of these experiments came from the Journal of Experimental Child
Psychology. The study done in this journal was an examination of orthographic learning and self–
teaching in a bilingual and biliterate context. The aim of the study was to figure out the advantages
and/or disadvantages of a student learning a native language when they are either monolingual,
bilingual, or biliterate, and the study was focused on learning English because this is the most
commonly learned non–native language in the world. The method for this experiment consisted of
taking a sample of 88 sixth–grade children that came from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The participants were then randomly assigned REM percentages of either 16.2% (below average) or
28.7% (above average). After hearing these results the experimenter explained that there is not much
a relationship between perceived sleep and actual sleep quality. After hearing these results, the
participants were then asked to complete the PASAT (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test), which
tests auditory attention and speed of processing (two skills that are most affected by lack of sleep).
The test consists listening to a tape that says a series of numbers every 1.6 seconds; participants add
the first two numbers and give a verbal answer. When the next number is heard they add it to the
previous number instead of the number they just said out loud. The results strongly suggested that
placebo sleep strongly affects a person's cognitive ability. To those that were told they got below
average sleep (16.2% in REM) they received an average score of 22.13 out of 50 questions. Those
who were told they received above average sleep quality (28.7% in REM) received a score of 34.81
out of 50. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a person's mindset can have either a
positive or negative influence on their daily cognitive abilities. A second experiment was conducted
to account for demand cues that could have affected the results in the first experiment. It was
conducted in the same fashion as experiment one except for

Introduction. It Is Almost Impossible To Go Through A Day
Introduction
It is almost impossible to go through a day without listening to some kind of music, whether it's at
work or in public music is all around us. In the short time music listening has been around it has
changed so much. We have gone from purchasing records to paying for a subscription that supplies
with all our music needs in volumes we have never been able to do before. The evolution of music
listening has shown the most change just within the past 15 years or so. Millennials grew up with
CD players, iPods, smartphones, and music purchasing sites like Napster and Itunes. The newest
trend in music listening are sites like Pandora and Spotify who let you listen to a mix of music
depending on your likes and won't play songs based ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We will explore the software that has contributed to Spotify's success, what sets them apart from
other streaming services, and how they will be able to keep growing in the future.
In 2014, Spotify acquired a software called Echo Nest, which specializes in analyzing artists, music
sites, and different artists. This software finds new music for Spotify to use in its playlists that keeps
listeners interested and engaged. The picture displaying multiple genres of music is representative of
how the software works and how it analyzes different data to introduce and create new music and
playlists.
Overview
In order for Spotify and other music streaming services to provide its users with all they desire and
more, the gathering, analysis, and application of data and metrics is critical. In this industry, the
music provider must stay on top of listener trends in order to accommodate the listener's
preferences. The metrics used by the music industry have drastically shifted in the last 10 years.
With the availability of streaming services, album and record sales have plummeted. They have
been replaced by streams. It used to be commonplace for a popular album to sell millions of copies.
In today's world, even the best–selling albums have trouble breaking 1 million copies sold. One of
the more

External Validity And Its Impact On The World
Within the past few weeks of my social statistics class I have had the amazing opportunity of
learning about various validities and data's. The three validities in which I learned about were,
internal, external and construct. I will explain these validities as well as experimental data and their
usefulness in the world. Lastly, I will explain how one of these data could be useful to me in
resolving an issue that I may meet in life. External Validity includes generalization claims, or the
study 's capacity to sum up the outcomes crosswise over various circumstances, gatherings of
individuals, or experimental methods. External validity is the degree to which your research results
apply to more than simply the general population in your analysis. The primary criteria of external
validity is the procedure of generalization, and whether results come about acquired from a little
example bunch, regularly in the research center environment, can be stretched out to make
expectations about the population as a whole. It is related to the concept of generalization, in which
there are three types. The three types of generalization in which external validity is associated with
are population generalization, environmental generalization, and temporal generalization.
Generalization is an essential concept towards external validity. Population generalization is a kind
of external validity in which portrays how well the sample utilized can be inferred to a

Examining How Affectionate Writing Can Reduce Cholesterol...
1. Purpose: To examine whether affectionate writing can reduce cholesterol levels.
2. Participants:
a. Study 1: 22 female and 12 male students in an undergraduate, upper–division communication,
ages 20 – 31; 77.8% Caucasian, 8.3% African American, 8.3% Hispanic, 5.6% Asian/Pacific Island,
2.8% Native American, 5.6% Other. Two married, others single.
b. Study 2: 22 female and 8 male students, ages 19 – 31, also from upper–division communication
courses; 90% Caucasian, 10% Hispanic, 3.3% African American, 3.3% Native American, 3.3%
Other. Two married, others single.
3. Sampling: Both studies used a non–probability convenience sample by choosing students enrolled
in college classes.
4. Concepts:
a. Random assignment: Both studies used randomizer software used to achieve stratified random
assignment, hoping to ensure an equal sex distribution across conditions in experimental and control
groups. Participants had equal chance of being in treatment or control group.
b. Matching: In both studies, participants were prescreened for history of diagnosis/treatment for
hypercholesterolemia and use of blood–thinning agents. Only one participant failed to meet the
qualifications. This ensured that no participants contained these abnormalities, which could
otherwise influence results.
c. Double–blind procedure/technique: To engage in double–blind, researchers would have to be
unaware of which subjects engaged in affectionate letter writing (treatment group) and which

Optimization Of Processing Parameters By Using Taguchi Method
An Overview of Optimization of Processing Parameters by Using Taguchi Method
Iqra Najib (2013–PE–16)
Mommna Munawar (2013–PE–––)
Email: usmannajib942@gmail.com
Department of Polymer and process Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Abstract
Taguchi method is used to find best process parameters and improved quality results. Taguchi
technique/method investigates the variation in experiments and generally approach of system,
acceptance aims and parameters have been significant in improving product quality worldwide.
Highest possible performance in this method is obtained by determining the optimum combination
of design factors. The present work focused by using orthogonal arrays (OA) and analysis of
variance (ANOVA). Orthogonal arrays are used to get optimal values with the effect of graphs and
analysis of variance was employed to investigate the characteristics and experimental results
provided the effectiveness of this approach. This technique has improved quality of design and
shorten the design cycle.
Keywords: Taguchi method, orthogonal array, Analysis of variance, S/N ratio, warpage and sink
marks.
Introduction
Taguchi method is the statistical technique used to study the or developed to enhance the quality of
manufacturing goods and more recently applied to many fields like biotechnology, advertising,
marketing and engineering. Professional statisticians have welcomed the goals and improvements
bought by this method and also we can study variations in

Experimental Theory, State Of The Art, And Economics
The Fischer–Tropsch (FT) process is a part of the larger Gas to Liquids technology. The purpose of
the FT process is to convert syngas, which is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, to liquid
hydrocarbon fuels. Syngas for FT can be coal, natural gas, or biomass derived, which opens several
pathways for how FT can be industrialized. Since its creation, the FT process has continuously been
researched and commercialized, but it remains an unpopular pathway to obtain liquid fuels.
Ongoing development of the process is primarily due to the value and promise of the FT products.
This paper will give an overview of the FT process with a focus on describing the process,
experimental theory, state of the art, and economics.
2. Process ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[1]
2.1 Reactions and Products
The FT process or FT synthesis is a set of catalytic processes for converting synthesis gas (syngas,
carbon monoxide hydrogen and/or other gases mixture) into liquid hydrocarbons. [2]
The reactions in the FT process are generally described as the following:
Alkanes: (2n + 1)H2 + nCO ⇒ CnH2n+2 + nH2O (1)
Alkenes: 2nH2 + nCO ⇒ CnH2n + nH2O (2)
Oxygenates: 2nH2 + nCO ⇒ CnH2n + 2O + (n – 1)H2O (3)
Water Gas Shift: CO + H2O ⇔ CO2 + H2 (4)
The reaction stated before can be achieved with the help provided by the catalysts. The catalysts that
can be used in this process are varied. The preferred catalysts are the metals that have electron
configuration of d7 (although not required) [4]. These includes (1) Fe (Iron) = [Ar] 3d6 4s2, (2) Co
(Cobalt) = [Ar] 3d7 4s2, (3) Ni (Nickel) = [Ar] 4s2 3d8, (4) Mo (Molybdenum) = [Kr] 4d5 5s1, (5)
Ru (Ruthenium) = [Kr] 4d7 5s1. (6) Rh (Rhodium) = [Kr] 4d8 5s1, (7) W (Tungsten) = [Xe] 4f14
5d4 6s2, (8) Other platinum group noble metals. [5]
In real life, catalysts considered for FT synthesis are based on transition metals of iron, cobalt,
nickel and ruthenium. Among these catalysts, it is generally known that nickel (Ni) tends to promote
methane formation, as in a methanation process; thus generally it is not desirable. Iron (Fe) is

relatively low cost and has a higher water–gas–shift activity, and is therefore more suitable for a
lower hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio (H2/CO) syngas

Psychology : The Science That Almost Never
Experimental Psychology: The Science That Almost Never Was.
Unit 4 History of Psychology paper
For many, Wilhem Wundt is considered the father of modern psychology, but his work was built
upon the labor of those who came before him. And so if we are to fully appreciate the great strides
that have been made in this area of science credit must be given to those who, like the Wright
Brothers did for aviation, helped get it off the ground in the first place. Two such contributors were
physiologist Ernst Weber and philosopher John Locke. While not encompassing, by any means, the
history of psychology in its entirety these three gentleman helped set the foundation by which
experimental psychology is grounded. For without them, the very discipline of psychology might
have never been accepted.
Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795–1878), one of the founders of psychophysics and a predecessor of
experimental psychology, was born in Wittenberg, Germany. He studied medicine at the University
of Wittenberg, received a medical degree in 1815 and was made Professor of Anatomy at the
University of Leipzig in 1818, where he taught until he retired in 1871. He's known for transferring
the experimental methods used in physiology into the field of psychology. He formulated Weber's
Law which relates intensity of stimulation to perception and describes an absolute detectable
threshold for all senses. One of the first psychologist to actually experiment, Weber used human
subjects in his studies of

Evidence Based Practice Essay
Evidence Based Nursing Practice in Nursing • "Doing the right things right" (Craig & Smyth,
2002, p.4) • Used to improve the experiences associated with health care and illness • Early
examples o Infection control (aseptic technique) o DVT (deep vein thrombosis) prevention
Development of the EBP Concept • Began with medicine o Archie Cochran, a British
epidemiologist in 1972 published a book criticizing the medical profession for not reviewing
medical research studies o Believed that the strongest evidence came from RCT (randomized
clinical trials). RCT are the most strict kind of research design. • A RCT has to have three things: •
Control group • Placebo group • Experimental group o Founded the Cochran Foundation in ...
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5. Evaluate the outcome Challenges of EBP • Gaps in the evidence for what nurses do • Rapidly
changing evidence bases • Life–long learning which may challenge long–held beliefs •
Transferability to the clinical setting from the research setting Seven Cardinal Sins of EBP • Do
research vs use research • Do statistics vs interpret statistics • Convenient and Comfortable vs
patient–centered • Evaluation of learners based on fact retention vs. application of knowledge •
Inflexible priorities vs. flexibility • Rigid curricular parameters vs. open for rumination (there are
no right or wrong answers) • Discourage the "stupid question" EBP Skills for the Baccalaureate
Student • Identify the 5 steps of the EBP • Form a clinical question using PICO format for a
therapy / intervention, diagnosis, harm, prognosis, meaning, or human response clinical problem •
Conduct a successful search for best evidence in response to a clinical question • Critically
appraise studies for validity, importance and applicability. • Differentiate between statistical
significance and clinical meaningfulness • Apply best evidence from a search and critical appraisal
• Search for and critically appraise clinical practice guidelines and best evidence summaries •
Apply clinical practice guidelines and best evidence summaries to clinical practice. • Discuss
ethical issues in the conduct of

Effectiveness Of The Rotavirus Vaccine Essay
Effectiveness of the rotavirus vaccine in New Zealand infants between 8 weeks and three years old
Abstract
Background. Rotavirus is a gastrointestinal illness characterized by vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach
ache and a fever. Children less than three years old are particularly at risk of dehydration from the
sudden vomiting and diarrhoea, which can require hospitalisation. A vaccine against rotavirus was
recommended globally by WHO in 2009, and it has recently been approved into the New Zealand
immunisation schedule. As yet there are no studies following the effectiveness of this vaccine since
its introduction using New Zealand study subjects specifically.
Methods. In this matched case control study, cases are infants between eight weeks and three years
of age who will be seen in a participating ED with rotavirus, confirmed with a positive rotavirus
antigen test, between November 2014 and November 2016 in New Zealand. For every case we will
enrol 1 or 2 controls who are seen in the same ED without rotavirus and they will be matched for
date of birth (within two weeks) and date of visit to ED (within two weeks). Vaccine effectiveness
will be calculated by 1 minus the matched odds ratio, multiplied by 100 for the percentage. Aims
To measure the effectiveness of the new rotavirus vaccine against Emergency Department
attendance, or admission, for rotavirus in infants between 8 weeks and three years of age in New
Zealand.
To try and measure the effectiveness of the vaccine

Keeping A Diary Doubles Diet Weight Loss
Method Activity
1. Correlational vs. Causation The topic "Keeping a Diary Doubles Diet Weight Loss" seems to
offer a solution in relation to weight loss and keeping a diary. Therefore, without reading the article,
the topic offers an impression of a causal claim. Causal claims are supported by having independent
and dependent variable. The independent variable is the factor that can be manipulated to result to
change on another factor (Christensen, Johnson & Turner, 2014). In other words, the independent
variable represents the cause while the dependent variable represents the effect in an experiment
(Rea & Parker, 2014). Therefore, the factor that is being manipulated to cause changes in the claim
"Keeping a Diary Diet Weight Loss" is the food diary; thus, the independent variable is food diary.
The factor affected by the independent variable, which represent the output is weight loss; thus, the
dependent variable is weight loss.
1.1 Justifying the Claim Based on the Research The research offers some grounds for supporting the
claim, but notable factors affect a direct link between keeping a food diary and double loss of
weight. Therefore, though the research supports the claim, the confounding factors, notable in the
research, such as compliance to support group meeting, adherence to DASH, and compliance to
moderate intensity level of exercises for at least 30 minutes can also have an influence on weight
loss. It is difficult to significantly isolate food records

Propensity Score Matching And Time Varying Confounding
STUDY 3: PROPENSITY SCORE MATCHING AND TIME–VARYING CONFOUNDING IN A
STUDY OF STATINS AND THE RISK OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM
Aims
To evaluate the association between statin use and the risk of VTE controlling for time–varying
confounding.
To examine whether this association differs by body mass index (BMI)
To examine various characteristics of exposure including type of statin, dose of statin, and
recency/duration of statin use in relation to VTE risk
Study design
This study will be a population–based cohort study.
Study population
The study population will consist of all adult patients aged 40–79 years during the period 1995–
2015 in the CPRD. I will exclude all patients with a history of cancer (non–melanoma), VTE,
cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease, heart failure, coagulopathies, vasculitis, and chronic
kidney disease prior to cohort entry. Participants will be required to have at least one year of
recorded history in the database before the study entry date. The date of entry into the cohort (start
date) will be defined as the last of the date patients became 40 years old or 1995, and registered in
the CPRD).
Because dyslipidemia covers a broad range of lipid abnormalities and statins are widely prescribed
to a broad spectrum of people (from relatively healthy, middle age to the older, very sick population
with numerous comorbidities) controlling for confounding by indication in this study will be a big
challenge. To mitigate this, an option will be

A Study On Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Background Information:
The study took place in north Europe Scandinavian countries such as Denmark, Norway and
Sweden. The local paediatrician from Norway and Sweden and the forensic institution of Denmark
invited parents of sudden infant death syndromes (SIDS) to take part in the study. Sudden infant
death syndrome is the sudden, unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently healthy baby.
There were several aims behind the study. The main aim of the study was to overlook whether
smoking was a cause of risk for sudden infant death syndrome and whether the consequence is owed
to maternal smoking during the pregnancy or to inhaling smoke from other people's cigarettes also
called passive smoking. Likewise, they wanted to observe if the influence of smoking cessation
played a big role in SIDS. They also wanted to research whether the risk before and after the birth
on SIDS in children are different of smoking and non–smoking mothers. And lastly, the results of
different smoking habits in the Scandinavian countries were investigated and analysed.
The principal objective in this case–control study is to provide a valid and reasonably good estimate
answer to the unexplained deaths. In practice, this objective is usually supplemented by several
others. A typical objective would be to link the disadvantages of smoking and health risks to the
unborn baby and any other dangers smoking could provoke.
The study design:
The study type they used is a case –control study. A

The Assessment Of The Journals For Week 2 & 3
The assessment of the journals for week 2 & 3 that I studied had the following strengths and
limitations. The strengths of the experimental designs are: it has randomized controlled and real–life
studies. Next, group populations such as women and minorities were used to test their studies.
Third, emphasis was laid on HIV/AIDS, weight loss, or fat intake. Moreover, the strengths outlined
with quasi–experimental designs are a part of the pre–test and post–test in clinics for women and
children nutrition. Furthermore, the population becomes more responsive to fat reduction if
someone takes the initiative. According to Burger (2009), "limitations given in the first journal
Would people still obey today? said some participants, more male ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The reminder of this film made me realize that this tactic can cause psychological damage and
horror to the persons subjected to such experiments. Second, according to Hoff, Gregorich, &
Grinstead (2008), limitations were "generalized only to women attending family clinics. Because of
use of clinics in the trial study, an oversample might have occurred with regard to those whose
interests were in female–initiated barrier needs. Third, the accuracy of data might have been
compromised by reliance on self–reports" (pg. 7). This study of limitations showed that women who
used or did not use condoms may or may not have increased safe sex practices with men. Third,
experimental design limitation described by VanWormer, Martinez, Benson, & Crain found that
"generalization of countries may appear to have differences in sampling approaches. Next, external
validity might affect the internal validity of the conclusion. Afterward, standardized procedures
seem to show some difference between countries that could not control" (10). A sampling of surveys
found that social economics and psychological factors were important factors, but bigger
contributions such as age, gender, socioeconomic, and education levels affected the results
significantly depending on certain factors. Finally, Vilarruel, Cherry, Cabriales, & Ronis (2008)

Why The Paradox Between Practitioners Of The Different...
1. Introduction
It is well known that economics is the study of how individuals and groups make decisions with
limited resources so as to best satiate their needs and wants. Similar to many disciplines, economics
relies on well established assumptions; among others include: individuals base their choices on
stable, well–defined preferences. In addition, many economic models are built on the assumption
that individuals are solely motivated by self–interest. Indeed, the relatively miniscule consideration
for fairness in standard economic theory sticks out like a sore thumb when one studies between
economics and the other social science disciplines.
The question remains, why the paradox between practitioners of the different disciplines? A
potential hypothesis is that economists themselves are poles apart in the sense that economists
behave differently in situations involving social cooperation. If proven right, a natural follow–up
question is whether this distinction is nature or nurture.
This paper tests the differences between economists and non–economists by using two quite famous
economic games: the Ultimatum Game and also the Dictator Games. Having participants play both
games is the key innovation of this study's design, allowing yours truly to separate altruism and
equity from strategy.
2. Literature Review
In the process of reviewing prior research on these matter, we discovered a study by Marwell and
Ames (1981) who found that economists "... more prone to

ABAB Design Essay
Design A single–case experimental design in which an initial baseline stage (A) is followed by a
treatment stage (B), a return to baseline (A), and then another treatment stage (B); the researcher
observes whether behavior changes on introduction of the treatment, reverses when the treatment is
withdrawn, and improves again when the treatment is reintroduced. An ABAB design with a
baseline design will be used to assess the effects of general and specific praise for on–task
behaviors. Baseline data will be general praise statements and the intervention will be specific
praise for on–task behaviors. Researcher will follow up after 3–4 weeks after the participant's
completion of the study. Completion of the study will be signaled when participant has shown an
increase of on–task behaviors. Results ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Treatment 1 and Treatment 2, specific praise statements were used, the results showed the on–
task behavior decreased when specific praise was used. The results showed baseline data for on–task
behavior ranged from an average of 20%–80% of on–task behavior per half hour–long therapy
session (See Graph). With an ABAB design, there was no noticeable improvement with alternating
treatments. During baseline 1 the participant was on–task between 60%–80% of the time spent with
him. This baseline was very high for on–task behaviors and results of treatment did not follow the
baseline. The baseline averaged at 90% for six data points. During treatment 1 the on–task behaviors
decreased and were an average of 40%. This was difficult to believe because the baseline was a high
average. Baseline 2 was taken over three data points and averaged 40%, the same as treatment 1
presented. During treatment 2 some improvement was noticed and averaged out at 37% on–task
behaviors present. Although this was lower than treatment 1 (40%) it showed that the treatment
fidelity

Man With The Movie Camera: Shot Change Constructs A New...
Man with The Movie Camera: Shot Change constructs a New Perspective
Avant Garde Film Midterm
11395
Question #4
Time was used by Vertov as an important factor in editing as well as in the daily lives of humans.
With editing he utilized the essence of time to his advantage. Vertov wanted a certain rhythm of cuts
to exist in the movie. He desired a choppy effect. The cameras, themselves, were supposed to
produce a rithym in movements, too. The point was he wanted to make as many cuts and rigid
motions as possible to make the film appear as hark jerky as possible to the audience. One reason
was that he did not at all want the continuous motion of normative movies to be present. He ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The camera man was on one carriage and he was being filmed from another carriage. There was a
lot emphasis put on the work place. Heavy labor was the common bond between the workers in
Russia. There were scenes of laborers in factories, outside, and in mines. Vertov made sure he
showed all aspects of
Russian life and he pointed out the balance which should exist. In doing so there was a large portion
of leisure scenes. Although the Russians were hard workers, they did need time to relax. The movie
showed a lot of sporting events and the fascinating concept in these activities there was a an equal
proportion of women and men. Vertov showed the film with an equality of the sexes. Both the work
scenes and leisure ones got longer throughout the movie. The sequences keep getting longer and this
is the case with another sequence – the life cycle.
The order of the cycle is messed up with birth, marriage, and death all represented. As the progress
of the day progressed the sequences generally got longer.
Along with the idea of time being important, space represented a key element in Man with the
Movie Camera. The director Vertov utilized the camera to view both vertical and horizontal motion.
He also developed the idea of close–ups and long shots to give the audience more of a perspective
on life. It was used as another method for making the experience more realistic.
Space was also related to some visual

Movie Analysis : Film Analysis Of The Lemon Movie
Movie Analysis
This paper presents analysis of five movies and the analysis of every movie examined various
aspects film form which range from visual design, literary design, editing, cinematography and
sound design. First and foremost, we have the Lemon Movie which was produced by Hollis
Frampton in 1969. In general, this movie is a silent movie and it has no sound at all. The Lemon
Movie seems to be an experimental movie that was performed by having a static lemon. It is an
ostensibly a one short film that represents a radical pairing of materials and methods. It gives a
portrait of a superstar fruit which begins to show up in darkness before it gradually comes into sight.
From the movie, we learn of how important light can be. It is however difficult to learn the flow of
the movie since things seem not changing except for gradual process of coming to light then
disappearing. The most interesting thing in this movie is how the lemon changes its outlook when
the light comes and disappears.
Secondly, there is Moth light Movie which was produced by Stan Brackage in 1968. It is a four
minutes movie that sis made up of remains of insects wings, leaves as well as detritus materials. The
materials used for movie are sandwiched between strips of perforated tape. On the screen the
materials used for the movie are in constant motion and they make the movie to be catchy and
appealing to the eyes hence it is interesting to watch. What seems difficult to understand is how the
insects'

The Experimental Design Proposed By Taguchi Method
Introduction The Taguchi method involves reducing the variation in a process through robust design
of experiments. The overall objective of the method is to produce high quality product at low cost to
the manufacturer. The Taguchi method was developed by Dr. Genichi Taguchi of Japan who
maintained that variation. Taguchi developed a method for designing experiments to investigate how
different parameters affect the mean and variance of a process performance characteristic that
defines how well the process is functioning. The experimental design proposed by Taguchi involves
using orthogonal arrays to organize the parameters affecting the process and the levels at which they
should be varies. Instead of having to test all possible combinations like the factorial design, the
Taguchi method tests pairs of combinations. This allows for the collection of the necessary data to
determine which factors most affect product quality with a minimum amount of experimentation,
thus saving time and resources. The Taguchi method is best used when there are an intermediate
number of variables (3 to 50), few interactions between variables, and when only a few variables
contribute significantly. 4.1.2 Taguchi's Philosophy Taguchi's comprehensive system of quality
engineering is one of the great engineering achievements of the 20th century. His methods focus on
the effective application of engineering strategies rather than advanced statistical techniques. It
includes both upstream and

Experimental Procedure Of Using Taguchi Method Essay
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
In this investigation the experiments are perform in three stages. In the first stage experiments are
performed by using Taguchi method in order to maximize the desirable performance parameter and
minimize the undesirable performance parameter. In the second stage, experiments it carried out by
using one factor– at–a time approach. In this approach first set the optimum process parameter as a
constant and adding the Graphite powder concentration from 1 to 21 gm/lit in the dielectric fluid.
And identify the effective powder range for Inconel 718 alloy material. In third stage, experiments
are performed by response surface methodology by addition of different graphite powder
concentration in the dielectric fluid. Optimization of process parameter using Taguchi method Trial
experiment for establishing range of powder concentration Optimization of process parameter using
Response surface methodology
3.1 Design of Experiments (DOE)
A Design of Experiment (DOE) is a structured, organized method for determining the relationship
between factors affecting a process and the output of that process Conducting and analyzing
controlled tests to evaluate the factors that control the value of a parameter or group of parameters.
"Design of Experiments" (DOE) refers to experimental methods used to quantify indeterminate
measurements of factors and interactions between factors statistically through observance of forced
changes made methodically as directed by

Essay Week 1 Homework
Question 6. Many drug safety research studies are sponsored by pharmaceutical companies that
would financially benefit if the results of the study are favorable. Is this an example of a potential
confounding factor? A confounding factor is an important difference between the two groups you
are comparing, other then the one you're primarily interested in. With regards to this question, there
would most likely be two groups involved in the experimental study: the control group and the
treatment group. The control group would receive a placebo while the treatment group was
administered the drug. Because the sponsoring pharmaceutical most likely has a personal interest in
the success of the drug, and hence a desirable effect from the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With regards to construction laborers – I would like to see similar demographic information, if
deaths occur at varying rates regarding geographic location, and how deaths toll when comparing
varying construction projects. Often, construction workers are young men who are in better health,
then perhaps a seasoned older fisherman who's skills improve with age and experience.
Construction workers may be promoted to "safer" jobs, such as managers, team leader, etc. and are
not directly out in the field handling equipment that may be directly associated with the deaths.
Although the driver/sales workers and truck drivers had the largest count of total deaths, and refuse
and recyclable material collectors had the least count of total deaths, the fishers/and fishing workers
had the highest rate of total deaths to total employed and construction laborers had the lowest rate of
total deaths to total employees (we were calculating the ratio to determine the rates based on the
subject group – deaths – to the total possible participants – employees). 15. Observational or
experimental? Observational study. Can you think of a confounding factor here?
???????????????????????????????????/ Depending on the environment in which the study was
done, the participant may have felt rushed or pressured to choose to answer immediately rather

Anderson Quillan Syndrome Essay
Introduction
Anderson Quillan Syndrome (AMS) is a rare disease with a prevalence rate of 300/100,000 as
determined by a recent ecological study. There is speculation that AMS is a consequence of certain
exposures, namely increased tea or chocolate consumption and smoking. There is a possible genetic
link, but not all AMS patients exhibit this genetic risk. A case–control study (CCS) is proposed in
which AMS cases are compared to two control groups. Control group C1 are living genetically
related family members of AMS patients and control group C2 is a more diverse cohort of non–
AMS subjects without known family history of AMS. The primary goal is to determine whether
there is an association between the named exposures and AMS. The secondary goal is to determine
whether the presence of a known family history of AMS is a confounder.
Proposed Study Design
Evaluating the association of a rare disease (Anderson Quillan Syndrome) and its multiple
exposures, various study design could be utilised. Upon initial analysis, an experimental RCT would
seem the most accurate and effective in temporal causal determination, but there are ethical
concerns as subjects could be knowingly subjected to harmful exposures. Alternatively, cohort
studies measure events in temporal sequence by incidence rates, but with limitations. Limitations
include subject selection and loss to follow up biases, time (longer subjects follow up), increased
resources required (larger samples, costs) and

Effectiveness Of Dry Needling And Stretching Vs. Stretching
Critically–Appraised Topic
Citation: Mason JS, Crowell M, Dolbeer J, et al. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DRY NEEDLING
AND STRETCHING VS. STRETCHING ALONE ON HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY IN
PATIENTS WITH KNEE PAIN: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL. International Journal
of Sports Physical Therapy. 2016;11(5):672–683.
Brief Description of patient: – Patient is a 27 year old male that presents with atraumatic knee pain
in his left knee. Patient has difficulty performing squats, lunges, and other knee related activities
while exercising, he also has limited range of motion both active and passive. When tested for
ligamentous issues all tests results were negative.
PICO Question: In a younger patients with non–traumatic knee pain is dry needling more effective
than stretching in relieving knee pain and increasing range of motion as well as function.
Databases Searched and Key Words: PubMed: Dry needling, Stretching, Knee pain
PEDro: Dry needling, Knee pain
Question Type: Therapy (Intervention)
Methods: This study was a double blinded randomized controlled trial, the randomization was via a
computer, and placed and numbered by someone not involved in the recruitment or data collection.
Allocation of treatment was distributed to the investigators after baselines were measurements were
taken. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a dry needling group or a placebo group. Patients
were taken from a direct access clinic, screening went lasted from January 2015 to September 2015.
In total 60

Research And Management Of Chronic Low Back Pain
Part B – Critical Literature Review
Part B of this paper will critically review and compare four articles identified as relevant to the topic
chosen for systematic review proposal. The review will therefore be analysing the research methods,
description of the study, design and significance of findings to the topic of research and
management of chronic low back pain. Further, the review will discuss some strength and weakness
associated with the chosen articles and relevant findings and their implication for current and future
practice. Critical Literature Review has been described as a systematic process through which the
strengths and weaknesses of a research study can be identified (Young 2009). Such process would
assist the reader to appraise and evaluate the study 's usefulness and therefore determine whether its
findings could be dependable and be used in clinical practice (Young 2009). As previously stated,
the articles were searched through the UOW Library databases; and the total of articles identified
during search were 148 journal articles, and articles which were not indirectly meeting the criteria
were excluded from this review; and inclusion criterial included studies that randomized controlled
trials.
Articles
1. Koumantakis, G., A., Watson, P., J. & Oldham, J., A. 2005, "Trunk muscle stabilization training
plus general exercise versus general exercise only: randomized controlled trial of patients with
recurrent low back pain", Physical therapy, vol. 85, no.

Educational Psychology : Vocabulary Terms
Regan Garey
1–18–16
Educational Psychology
Vocabulary Terms
1 Action research– a process of different methods that are used to diagnose and solve issues that
arise within schools or problems that teachers can face themselves. This process helps to improve or
change the actions of those people involved.
2 Behavioral health– the range of mental and emotional well–being of a person. This would include
how that person copes with normal, day–to–day activities to the challenges of life and everything in
between. Behavioral health also includes the treatments of diseases that people can go through, such
as depression or substance abuse disorder. (What is Behavioral Health?
http://www.carolinashealthcare.org/what–is–behavioral–health )
3 Causation– the relationship between an event or situation and a possible reason or cause
("Merriam–Webster" http://www.merriam–webster.com/dictionary/causation )
4 Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP)– the CAEP believes in the highest
level of educator preparation to make students' learning excel. In order to achieve this, they use
evidence received from standards put in place in order to give accreditation to the individual teacher.
This is in efforts to strengthen learning environments from pre–K up through student's senior year.
("Navigation" http://caepnet.org/about/vision–mission–goals)
5 E.L. Thorndike– Thorndike is considered by some to be the professor to begin teaching
educational psychology. He was a professor at

Evaluating And Quantitative Research Designs
Assessing and Recommending Quantitative Research Designs Application Week 3 Laura Stuart
Walden University Assess the strengths and limitations of each of the research designs presented in
Week 2and 3. The assessment of the journals for week 2 & 3 that I studied had the following
strengths and limitations. The strengths of the experimental designs are: it has randomized
controlled and real–life studies. Next, group populations such as women and minorities were used to
test their studies. Third, emphasis was laid on HIV/AIDS, weight loss, or fat intake. Moreover, the
strengths outlined with quasi–experimental designs are a part of the pre–test and post–test in clinics
for women and children nutrition. Furthermore, the population becomes more responsive to fat
reduction if someone takes the initiative. According to Burger (2009), "limitations given in the first
journal Would people still obey today? said some participants, more male than female, saw that pain
shock up to 150 volts or a lesson on obedience did not persuade them to say if they wanted to
participate. This was because they were not made aware of the suffering that could afflict them.
Second, the payment of money and the teacher–student scenario did not let them know what to
expect. Therefore, these participants said they were denied the option to say no to this demonstration
and/or experience. Also, "participants encountered sitting in front of shock generators and gave
incorrect answers

Link Between Autism And Vaccinations
No Link Found between Autism and Vaccinations
The purpose of report is to explore the possible link between the development of Autism or Autism
Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and vaccinations containing thimerosal. Around the world, there is a
debate over the administration of the mumps, measles, and rubella (MMR) vaccination due to the
use of the preserver, Thimerasol. Thimerasol's use is controversial to the fact that the compound
contains the toxic chemical element, mercury (Hg). In 1999, the Center for Disease Control and the
American Academy of Pediatrics pushed the FDA for the removal of mercury from vaccinations
administered to children under the age of six. Although this measure was only of a cautionary
nature, it led to many parents ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They state that their subsequent spread into the general population poses concerns for public safety.
They go on to state that they compiled studies that examined the relationship between the MMR
vaccination and the post–administration development of Autism or the spectrum disorders. The
information that they extracted consists of the study characteristics, methods, and outcomes. They
finally state that they found no relationship, of any kind.
The first section in the methods section describes the protocol to be followed. In order to find
appropriate studies for the meta–analysis, Taylor and Swerdfeger, examined articles from Medline,
Pubmed, Embase, and Google Scholar using the guidelines outlined by the Preferred Reporting
Items for Systematic Review and Analysis (PRISMA) and independently assessed the risk of bias
using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). Eslick then reviewed the articles. Following this, Taylor
manually extracted the study design, the country of completion, sample sizes, interventions,
outcome measures, and measures of effect from the articles. All literature had to be published and
there was no language restriction on the studies,
The second section details the eligibility requirements for the analysis. The first criterion of which
was that the publications included cohort and case–control studies that looked at the prospective
interconnection between administration of either the MMR

Is It The Right Decision For Withhold Experimental Drug...
Dilemma: Was it the right decision to withhold experimental drug PLX4032 from Mr. Ryan for the
sake of following protocol and not tainting the trial's results, even though standard chemotherapy
was ineffective?
Assignment 4 (I need a title)
The story of Thomas McLaughlin and Brandon Ryan is of a path that suddenly diverged with a roll
of a dice. As cousins, not only did they share a life together by riding dirt bikes in the summer,
spending holidays together at their grandmother's house, and even having the same occupation in
welding; they also shared the same lethal skin cancer: Melanoma. Their option to enroll in a clinical
trial testing the efficacy of PLX4032, a developmental drug aimed at shrinking tumors for those
diagnosed with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not only could a complete experimental trial help avoid mistakes based on early promise in a study,
there was also the possibility that Mr. Ryan would not benefit from PLX4032, which in effect would
have delayed the study as the principals of a randomized controlled trial would have been
compromised.
By maintaining Mr. Ryan in the control group and withholding PLX4032, we realize that this
decision would only cause Mr. Ryan to suffer, and to die prematurely. Despite dacarbazine being
one of the few FDA approved chemotherapy drugs, and thereby labeled the standard form of care in
the treatment of metastatic melanoma for over 3 decades, we see that historically this intervention
has proven to be ineffective (Bhatia, Tykodi, & Thompson, 2009). Through a pooled analysis,
research indicates that this drug has only a 15.3% objective response rate, with only 2% of patients
living past 6 years (Bhatia et. al., 2009). Likewise, the side effects implicated with toxic treatment
are inevitable with dacarbazine, so subjecting Mr. Ryan to this regimen of treatment causes needless
suffering. Even doctors involved in the study, including Dr. Keith Flaherty of Massachusetts
General Hospital, have expressed their hatred toward dacarbazine by stating that they would prefer
to never give a dose again in their life, and by lobbying for chemotherapy patients worsening in the
trial to be positioned in a new trial headed by PLX4032's competitor

Body Dsymorphic Disorder : Research Proposal Of Body...
Body Dysmorphic Disorder Research Proposal
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is something that has interested me for a quite some time now. It
is something that I would love to research one day. When a person has body dysmorphia, they
typically focus on one particular body part in which they perceive as having an imperfection/flaw.
They become obsessive over it. Usually this obsession of the perceived flaw is over a body part such
as the nose, stomach, thighs, skin, etc. Because of this I would like to study the correlation of BDD
and Anorexia Nervosa, in terms of which body part the person perceives the flaw to be in. My
control group would be people who perceived their flaw to be something about their nose or simply
their nose in general. My experimental group would be participants who perceived their flaw to be
something about their stomach, or their stomach in general. My hypothesis is that those participants
from my experimental group, would have a high correlation with also suffering from Anorexia
Nervosa, while the other group would typically not. In order for me to carry out this research, I
would conduct interviews using a small sample size. I would use a small sample size for a few
reasons. The first is because BDD is a fairly rare disorder, therefore making it hard to find
participants. This type of study is also extremely sensitive and would take a lot of courage for
someone suffering from BDD to participate in, making it even harder to find

Subliminal Perception Essay
Subliminal Perception
Subliminal Perception is a signal or message embedded in another object, designed to pass below
the normal limits of perception. These messages are indiscernible by the conscious mind, but
allegedly affect the subconscious or deeper mind. Subliminal techniques have occasionally been
used in advertising, but the purpose, effectiveness and frequency of such techniques is debated. It is
proven though that stimulation below the level of a person's conscious awareness can be shown to
have on some aspects of behavior. Following my research regarding, subliminal perception, I came
to the conclusion that it is used in advertising, but I am not sure to what extent. Companies such as
KFC and McDonald's use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the majority of beer and alcohol ads prominently feature attractive women, naturally
leading to a unconditioned response. Classical conditioning is also used by well–known brands, in
which a uncconditioned stimulus might consist with a well–known brand symbol that implies
products that have certain qualities. The print advertisement that I chose for classical conditioning is
from Geico. The Strong brand symbol of the Geico Gecko did not happen over night, but through
strong marketing campaigns supported by repetition, The Gecko has become a household symbol.
Sensory Perception:
Sensory perception is defined as, "The immediate response of our sensory receptors (eyes, ears,
nose, mouth & fingers) to the basic stimuli such as light, color, sound, odor & texture. Formed with
the process by which people select, organize and interpret these sensations." Understanding the role
that the touch, taste, smell and sight play in marketing is important. It is our senses that interpret
information and give us meaning to what objects are around us.
Smell:
Scent marketing is taking interesting turns as manufacturers and marketers find innovative ways to
put scents into products.
The print work I chose to exemplify the smell perception is Air Wick. This particular advertisement,
although it is smaller than the average size, it offers a wide array of sensory stimuli. While the print

The Concept Of Perpendicularity
Perpendicularity Perpendicularity is a member of the orientation family. It can be used to control the
orientation of surface, axes and center– planes. If used on features of size, it is often used as a
refinement of, or to augment a positional control. It is also often used to orient secondary datum
features of size to primary plane datum. Perpendicularity is a characteristics of orientation applied to
a feature or feature of size wherein that considered feature surface, line element, median plane or
axis is being controlled (to within a specified tolerance) 90° to a datum plane or datum axis.
Perpendicularity is a common symbol that requires the referenced surface or line to b perpendicular
or 90° from a datum surface or line.
Taguchi method ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This method is a unique and powerful statistical experimental technique, which greatly improves the
engineering productivity. For present study, identifying the product the product parameter values
under the optimal process parameter values and the objective of the parameter design is to optimize
the settings of the process parameter values for improving performance characteristics. Therefore
the parameter design is the key step in the Taguchi method to achieving high quality without
increasing cost. Traditional Design of Experiments focused on how different design factors affect
the average result level. In Taguchi's DOE (robust design), variation is more interesting to study
than the average.
Robust design: An experimental method to achieve product and process quality through designing in
an insensitivity to noise based on statistical principles. A statistical / engineering methodology that
aim at reducing the performance "variation" of a system.
The input variables are divided into two board

Experimental Research : A Long Tradition Of Psychology And...
INTRODUCTION
Experimental research has had a long tradition in psychology and education. The usage of
experimental approaches over the past 40 years had been influenced by developments in research
practices. The experimental method formally surfaced in educational psychology around the turn of
the century, with the classic studies by Thorndike and Woodworth on transfer (Cronbach, 1957).
Experimental research is commonly used in sciences such as psychology, medicine, sociology,
biology, and so on. It is a collection of research designs which is based on a methodology that meets
three criteria: random assignment, the feature being tested and appropriate measures. To explain it
further, random assignment refers to other entities that are randomly assigned to different treatment
groups, experimental control are all the features of the treatments that are identical and lastly,
dependent measures are known as the appropriate measures which are appropriate for testing the
research hypothesis. The researcher will then manipulate, controls and measures one or more
variables to determine their effect on a dependent variable.
We all need to remember that the researcher cannot use pre–existing large or small classes, because
doing so, would violate the criterion of random assignment. This violation if often called self–
selection which is a serious methodological flaw in experimental research. Note that the term self–
selection does not imply to respondents that have decided to be part

Group Equivalence At The Start Of A Study
1. I will explain to the students that correlated groups designs are assuring group equivalence at the
start of a study and can be done by using correlated–groups designs. These designs do not use free
random assignment but, in other words, provide equivalent groups at the start of the study and allow
other controls to be applied. An important reason for using correlated–groups designs is that they are
generally more sensitive to the effects of the independent variable manipulations. I will then explain
to the students the types of correlated groups designs. First, there is the within–subjects designs,
which involves participants being exposed to all experimental conditions. Ultimately, each
participant serves as his or her own control, because each participant is tested under each
experimental condition. Therefore, the scores in every condition are correlated with the scores in
every other condition. The critical comparison is the difference between correlated groups as they
are related to the dependent variable. For example, during the Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump
election debate there was a polling. The chairperson took a vote before the debate, to establish a
baseline opinion of who will do the best, and will ask the audience to vote again at the end. The
team that gained the most votes obviously managed to sway opinion in the same subjects much
better, and therefore they can be announced as the winner. Secondly, there is the matched–subjects
designs,

Wilhelm Wundt Research Paper
Essay #1
Julio De Leon
Cal State San Marcos
Gustav Fechner:
Wilhelm Wundt:
In the nineteenth century Wilhelm Maximillian Wundt was the founder of the newest science of the
time, which was psychology, he wanted to separate psychology from philosophy. Wundt did a lot of
contributions in making psychology to become a real science; another thing that made psychology
become a new science is the extensive propaganda for Experimental Psychology (Benjamin, 2014,
p.66). He established the first laboratory of experimental research in psychology laboratory in
Berlin at the University of Leipzig. He had a journal called Philosophical Studies and he wrote the
first book in the field of psychology Principles of Physiological Psychology where he talked about
the new science of psychology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ebbinghaus obtained a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Bonn. One of his biggest
attributions in psychology was the work he did in memory and retention. Ebbinghaus worked by
himself he had no money and he also had no subjects he worked by himself because he had no
money and had no subjects; he was the experimenter and the subject in his research (Benjamin,
2014, p.49). He wanted to study associations but in a different way than previous research, he
wanted to study them as they were being formed. He did not used words that had a meaning, He
tried and worked really hard to eliminate all the biases in his research, he created nonsense for him
not to have any associations with the word, Example: AXD. The creation of the nonsense syllable
was advancement in research, especially in studying memory and associations (Benjamin, 2014,
p.50). With all the work and research he also did research in forgetting inventing what is now called:
Forgetting curve. The forgetting curve measure how strong is the memory and how retention in
memory lowers down (when forgetting is

Literature Review On Child Aggression
S. Lee, J. Manganello, J. Rice, C. Taylor (2010) preformed a study to understand childhood
aggression. The journal article of Mothers' Spanking of 3–Year–Old Children and Subsequent Risk
of Children's Aggressive Behavior starts by saying that they are not the first to perform this research
and many of studies have displayed connection between corporal punishment with children and
child aggression. They are testing their research with new controlling factors, which have not been
controlled together before. (Lee et al., 2010) The main goal of the article is to determine the
association between the use of corporal punishment against 3–year–old children and recognize later
aggressive behavior among those children.
Taylor et al wanted to learn the relationship between of CP on 3–year–old and the outcome of being
more aggressive at the age of 5. They hypothesized that if they linked other significant maternal
parenting risk factors and demographic features that the aggressiveness increase. (Lee et al., 2010)
This observational study has integrated more than one study design, which includes longitudinal,
cross–sectional, survey, retrospective. The longitudinal design has been displayed because it collects
data about children over a long period of time. It was utilized in this study by starting from mothers
spanking their child at the age of 3 and observing those children's behavior at the age of 5. Cross–
sectional is exhibited because it investigates and compare the different

A Research Study Conducted By Usher Et Al ( 2012 )
The aim of this literature review is to analyse and evaluate the quantitative research study conducted
by Usher et al (2012). This is a randomised controlled trial that was undertaken to test a nurse led
weight management and exercise intervention which was designed for participants with serious
mental illness (SMI) who take second generation antipsychotic medications. This review will
explore the strengths and weakness of its research methodology which includes study design, study
sample, data collection and analysis by investigating their research study to find out if there is a link
between individuals with serious mental health illness gaining weight from taking second generation
antipsychotic medications.
Mental illness is a medical condition that disturbs a person's way of thinking, feeling, their mood,
and the ability to relate to others and daily functioning. Whereas serious mental illness includes
major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder,
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder. http://www.nami.org
Antipsychotic medications have effectiveness in the treatment of acute psychosis (irrespective of
cause), chronic psychotic disorders, and other psychiatric conditions.
Second–generation antipsychotics (SGAs), also known as atypical antipsychotics, normally have
lower risks of extra pyramidal side effects and tardive dyskinesia compared to FGAs. Nevertheless,
these medications

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