Lost Forests And Their Impact

Lost Forests and Their Impact
Lost Forests and Their Impact
An estimated 18 million acres of forest, roughly the size of Panama, are cut down each year for human usage. Deforestation is the removal of forests
or trees from an area on a massive scale. Since the dawn of human civilization, clearing up vast areas of forested land solely to serve human interests
has been a necessary environmental evil. Most existing nations, cities, villages etc. were built on deforested land. Interestingly, in current times the rate
of deforestation has continued to increase in many areas like the Amazon rainforest, Indonesian forests, and the North American West. It has been
estimated that the world's supple of rain forests could cease to exist within a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation. Historically, some of the
primary motives behind this devastating occurrence include: the need for areas to establish human dwellings and/or farmlands (e.g. pastures for
livestock), the need for wood and non–wood based products and the use of wood as a fuel source. Although, deforested areas and their byproducts
provide many relatively short term conveniences for humans, the long term costs far outweigh the benefits. In this paper, some of the long term dire
consequences of intentionally deforesting lands for commercial and noncommercial purposes are highlighted.
Forests are the environmental scaffoldings of the world, for without them we would not be here. Plants were one of the first few life forms to survive
on land
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The United States Forest Service
The United States Forest Service is in favor of logging to a certain extent but there are several groups that oppose logging in the United States.
Groups such as NativeForest.org and EarthRoots.org state that logging in the United States and specifically in industrial areas has led to deforestation
and near extinction of many animals. Forests cover 31% of the land area on the planet. They produce vital oxygen and provide homes for people and
wildlife. Many of the world's most threatened and endangered animals live in forests, and 1.6 billion people rely on benefits forests offer, including
food, fresh water, clothing, traditional medicine and shelter.
However, forests around the world are under threat from deforestation, jeopardizing these benefits. Deforestation comes in many forms, including fires,
clear–cutting for agriculture, ranching and development, unsustainable logging for timber, and degradation due to climate change. This impacts
people's livelihoods and threatens a wide range of plant and animal species. Some 46–58 thousand square miles of forest are lost each year, which is
equivalent to 36 football fields every minute.
Forests play a critical role in mitigating climate change because they act as a carbon sink soaking up carbon dioxide that would otherwise be free in the
atmosphere and contribute to ongoing changes in climate patterns. Deforestation undermines this important carbon sink function. It is estimated that
15% of all greenhouse gas emissions are the

Beech Forest Ecosystems
BEECH FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
This essay will look at beech forest ecosystems, describing the main characteristics, along with pre–human and current distribution of beech forests.
Vegetation structure and native fauna associated with the ecosystem will be looked at with examples of species given.
Environmental effects such as altitude, latitude, rainfall and soil drainage, and how they can affect beech forests will be investigated. Anthropogenic
effects will also be looked at, explaining how human activity can affect ecological processes and the composition of plant and animal species within
the beech forest ecosystem.
DISCUSSION
New Zealand beeches belong to the genus Nothofagus or 'Southern Beeches', and consist of three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They form the highest tree line in the Wairau Valley in the vicinity of Nelson Lakes, and at Mount Ruapehu in Central North Island (Wardle, 1984).
Silver beech dominates the wetter, western mountains, growing from sea level to the treeline in Southland and Fiordland. Black beech forms lowland
to mountain forests on eastern slopes from Canterbury to the East Cape, and is the only beech species in the Taranaki region.
All beech species grow together in the north–west South Island and on the East Cape. Red and silver beech co–exist on mid slopes in the north–west
of the South Island (Orwin, 2009).
The beech forest canopy is made up of one or more species of beech (Salmon, 1986). There are no emergent trees, and trees, shrubs and ferns in the
understory are sparse (McLintock, 2009). Among the scattered shrubs which may be present, the small leaved Styphelia (Cyathodes) fasciculate, S.
Juniperina (prickly mingimingi), Coprosma rhamnoides (red fruited karamu), and C. Microcarpa are often encountered. The forest floor has a deep
carpet of leaf litter, soft cushions of the pale green milk moss (Leucobryum candidum) and masses of the translucent fans of the kidney fern
(Trichomanes reniforme).
Beech forests become more complex with higher rainfalls so its growth appears more luxuriant as a result of lichens, mosses, liveworts and moss–like
filmy ferns clothing the forest floor and trunks and branches of trees. Where the canopy is partly open there is more species

Forest Fires In North America
All around the world, environments are constantly changing. Forest fires take part in the way our environment change and although an increase in
forest fires in North America can negatively affect some species, it provides opportunities for many others. Certain species have found ways to adapt
and thrive in forest fires while others need fire for reproductive success. Forest fires also promote diversity and a healthy ecosystem. The longer
term one looks, the more opportunities can be seen for species to evolve through forest fires. Although many people believe forest fires negatively
affect species, forest fires help to keep a healthy ecosystem and promote diversity. When a forest fire occurs, it kills many plants and animals. When
older plants and animals are killed in a forest fire, it allows the forest to be reborn again. It gives opportunities for new plants, fungi and other
organisms to recolonize the land. Also, ashes that remain after a fire contain lots of nutrients for incoming trees and other vegetation. Fires often burn
through and destroy the lower branches of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A disease such as a bark beetle infestation can destroy the part of the tree that transfers nutrients throughout the tree. Forest fires kill these pests and
some other infected trees which will give other healthy trees the opportunity to be nourished by the burned vegetation that contains nutrients. It also
eliminates the number of pests that can infest these trees. Forest fires also allow for new habitats to be formed. Forest animals take shelter in
wildlands, and often can get covered in heavy brush. A fire will clear all that away and leave room for new shrubs and grasses. When heavy shrubs
are removed from a fire, water supply is increased. This increased water supply can benefit different types of plants and animals that now inhabit that

Forest Observation Paper
In the North Carolinian piedmont, there are several different forest communities. The main types are, loblolly/ slash pine forest, mesic forest, oak
forest, and floodplain forest (NC Wildlife 2015). Soil types, elevation, climate, and nutrient availability are important components of determining forest
types. There are also certain species, considered indicators that help predict the type of forest community. The change in environmental factors and
species distribution allow for different forest types (Cortes, Islebe 2005). Measuring the environmental factors of a plot and identifying the different
species present can predict Forest types and is commonly done by land and forest managers (Fortunel etc. Al 2014). This experiment tests different
locations of the NC piedmont, to help determine forest types in this area. Through looking at different areas of the piedmont, I hypothesis there will be
four different types of forests, representing the most common types in this area. In addition, I predict soil types and nutrients are important indicators
of forest types.
Methods
Data was collected in the piedmont area of North Carolina. This data collection occurred at fifty different 20x50 meter plots. In each plots every steam
greater than 1 cm DBH was measured. After the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 1 demonstrates, how NMDS explains the differences in species composition based on ordination distance via a stress plot (R^2= 0.946). Figure
2 demonstrates the tree species with environmental significance to help illustrate the differences of the plots and how species are associated with one
another, the tree species listed are those important for determining forest types. The environmental factors showing the highest significance are PH, Ca,
Mg, Al, Mn, Sand, Silt, Clay, elevation, and distance H2O (P<0.001). Figure 3 and 4 display the four different forest types present in the plot

Forest Succession Report
Introduction
Forest succession is the process of change in the species structure in a forested community over time. Succession is fundamental to forest ecology
because it allows ecologist to predict what communities will do in disturbances such as wildfires, flooding, and clear cuts. Succession can be site
and time specific requiring the use of scales such as micro of mega. Based on the knowledge from previous labs such as silvics and seed ecology
students predictions could be that because of seed banks and species silvics succession can drastically change over time based on a stands management.
Methods
The succession lab was conducted at the Stephen F. Austin ExperimentalForest at five sits in moderately warm weather on November 9th.
Measurements ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 10 BAF prism was used to establish a variable radius plot. Percent cover in each plot had to be examined and determined by each group. Data
collected varied based on type of plot used. The 1/2000th acre plot because of its small size focused only on number of grasses and forbes species and
their percent cover. The 1/200th plot was larger so species of trees, shrubs, vines forbes, and grasses were recorded and their percent cover. Finally the
10 BAF variable radius plot recorded only number of species and their abundance that met the basal area requirements.
Results
Results among the site showed a trend for increased species richness and basal area after the open field site. However, the open field had the highest
percent cover of grasses compared to the other sites at 55%. Grass percent cover was low in the 20–year old pine stand which was 2.4% and began to
increase slightly at the mixed hardwoods site at 4.6%. Basal area was highest at the mixed hardwood site and was lowest at the open field where there
were little to no trees.

Deforestation : The Major Causes Of Forests And Climate...
According to Adam, D 4000 years ago, the history of deforestation cutting trees has been purifying the forest on a large scale, often adversely
affecting the quality of the land and causing climate change. Forests still cover about 30% of the world's area. Today, valuable trees are cut down
indefinitely and the quality of the land has been impaired today , problems are occurring on this earth. This is because trees have many uses for
mankind and the world. Biodiversity expert Dr. Md. Mizanur Rahman says "Climate and forest are interrelated". The rise of rainforest destruction,
which forms a precious cooling zone around the Earth's equator, is recognized as one of the main causes of climate change. Forests capture and store
carbon dioxide and play a major role in mitigating climate change. On the other hand, the forest becomes a source of greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide
is destroyed, excessively harvested and burned. Forest destruction brings about climate change such as the internal fever of the earth, change of weather
patterns, rainfall exceeded.
First of all, deforestation will change the climate as it could lead to heating inside the Earth. The earth is warm because of inconsistent and
unpredictable temperatures. A large amount of heat energy finally comes out from the sun is stored in the atmosphere. This adjusts the climate of the
earth. In addition, the atmosphere consists of small particles and several gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide. BBC News (2012)

Forest School/Reggio Emilia
Forests School
The forest school approach embraces the outdoors as a learning environment for children to explore. It first originated in Denmark and was introduced
to the UK in the 1950's. This approach is important as it helps to raise a child's self–esteem, confidence and also enable problem solving.
Forest school provides a challenging environment for children as it allows children to take risks and accomplish various tasks using their own inactive
and problem solving skills. Whereas the natural world provides them with different opportunities that they may not have experienced before.
Forest school is an outdoor education for children where they are permitted to visit local forests and woodland areas where children are given a ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A child centred approach is important because, if a child has an option to choose what they want to do, they will be able to process information more
efficiently through the motivation of play, and how much time they have to explore by themselves. The EYFS declares that "children learn though
actively investigating the world around them." Therefore the more they engage with an activity of their choice the more they will take from it and learn.
Therefore emphasis on the Reggio Emilia approach is placed upon children's many 'symbolic languages'; these languages help the child explore and
being to develop their own view of the world. These languages are based on: drawing, sculpting, dramatic play and writing, in order to achieve the
best in a child and basing activities on aspects of: creative thinking, exploration and discovery, free play, following the interests on the child, valuing
and encouraging all ways children express themselves, allowing children to talk about their ideas and then to re–visit them. A child's environment has
always been considered important in their learning and features in the Reggio Emilia approach; this philosophy claims that a child's environment is
known as a 'third teacher' as children must be able to learn through their experiences of senses: touching, moving, listening, seeing and hearing; which
all

Descriptive Writing Into The Lash Forest
Into The Lush Forest
The sun had just kissed the hill, giving warm color to the sky, but I was feeling cold. The excitement in my heart was slowly losing its fire. My
group was lost, and I felt alone, in the crowd of trees, a cold crowd perhaps. "Sandhya, did you read all the information? It is two hour long hike. You
have hardly ever walked an hour. Take rest at home. You would not be able to walk all the way. " I remembered the wise words of my mother.
However, I was here walking slowly through the dense forest defying my mother's advice. I along with Nitisha and Puja were making loud noises
with our steps, crushing the fallen leaves, and the broken twigs. I could hear the constant buzzing sounds of the mosquitoes and the crickets
chirping. I was keeping calm until a little lizard scattered off through the grass. Adrenaline rushed through every vein in my body as I heard a
strange, yet terrifying growling sound. At that moment, every instinct in my body told me to run. I looked everywhere; all I could see were my two
friends, and the cold quiet forest. Even worse my anxiousness increased as I tried to locate where the sound was coming from. Trees, flowers, and
everything else where my eyes reached looked lifeless. I felt as if they had no soul and I was slowly losing mine.
I wished it had been a regular Saturday morning, me being home with my mother. Nevertheless, I was there with my school mates for the annual
school hike. "This forest is dense. Please do not wander

Cloud Forest Ecosystems: Tropical Rainforest
Cloud forests are tropical ecosystems scattered throughout Central and South America, Africa, and Oceania (Scatena, Hamilton, & Juvik, 1995).
Frequent, low level moisture shrouds the flora and fauna found in these jungles in a constant hazy mist. This fog cover differentiates the cloud forest
environment from lowland tropical rainforests or temperate rainforests (Doumenge, 1995). To support an ecosystem, many processes such as
photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, nutrient cycling, and predator–prey dynamics must work together to sustain life (Buddle, 2015). The hydrological
cycle, specifically the processes of cloud formation and water interception, is the critical factor that shapes the emergence of a cloud forest and its
species composition (Gotsch, Nadkarni, and Amici, 2016). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Montane forests occur in the tropics on the windward side of mountains at elevations between 1000 and 3500 meters (Scatena, Hamilton, & Juvik,
1995). These high–altitude environments generate orographic lift, the process of a geographic barrier forcing an air mass to ascent from a low to
high altitude, which rapidly cools the air, and condenses water vapor into clouds (Fabry & Lapointe, 2015). At sea level, tropical regions also receive
larger year–round energy inputs from the sun than higher latitude areas, which promotes greater evaporation, thus increasing orographic lift (Fabry, &
Lapointe, 2015). On the mountain, however, the persistent cloudiness lowers radiation, which reduces air temperature and light availability. (Reinhardt,
Smith, & Carter,

An Analysis of 'A Forest Hymn' by William Cullen Bryant
A Forest Hymn by William Cullen Bryant The poem A Forest Hymn talk of the origin of all the nature that surrounds humanity and the activities
of these naturally found objects. It gives an indication that the source of all the nature that we see is God and He is the one who controls their
actions in all aspects and as to that, the poet implores the entire humanity to humble itself before the creator and controller of nature and worship
him, not necessarily in houses or in crowds as both of these are weak and cannot stand before the might of the creator, but in natural settings. This
poem is therefore widely a statement of pantheism, which is a position that god and nature are the same. According to Matt Slick, (2011) the word
pantheism is derived from Greek words "Pan" meaning all and the other section from "theos" meaning God. This then implies that all nature found in
the universe, from the stars, mountains, planets, wind, rain, storms are all part of what God is hence pantheists contest that God is all and all nature
is part of God. This should not be confused with the Christian perspective that God created all nature but these are inferior to him and are in no way
equal to him. This poem is generally a pantheism statement exemplified since it equates nature to be having the same powers as God. The poet
indeed starts off by stating clearly that "The groves were God's first temples. Ere man learned" an indication that if man is inferior to God, yet God
used nature

Temperate Deciduous Forests Research Paper
Temperate Deciduous Forests are located in the north eastern[21] half of America, [22] middle of Europe, many places in Asia, and southwest
Russia. They have a decent [23] amount or precipitation at about 30 to 60 inches of rainfall a year. [24] Making it the second rainiest biome in the
world. They [25] also have a mild climate with ranges of 40 to 70 degrees. Ohio is part if the north eastern [26] half of America so this is the biome we
live in as well. It is also home to many different plant and animal species because it is all over the world.
The Snowy Owl is one of many bird spices [27] in the temperate deciduous forest. It's about 6lbs, 26in long, and has a wing span of 4.7 to 5.4in
long[28] . They feed on mostly smaller animals and birds. They also get their name from the color of their feathers. Their feathers are also one of
their adaptations. With the white and somewhat grey color of their feathers [29] blending in with the snow of America's winters and the snowy areas
of Russia is very easy for them. Another adaptation is that unlike some birds these owls will occasionally nest in the ground. They will dig in the
side of a hill or ridge and use frozen moss and the snow to keep it hidden from any predators.[210] ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are about the size of a medium dog and are very energetic. They [211] are very good swimmers and are known to be good at adapting to
knew[212] human environments like farms or settlements. One of the adaptations they have is that they are nocturnal. This means they are more
active at night. They do hunt and play during the day but do most of it when it has become dark, with this they have also developed good night vision.
Another helpful adaptation they have is that they can hear a very large range of frequencies. This helps them hear if there is rodents or other prey
underground or above ground.

Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
(REDD) Program – Equity and Effectiveness
Introduction
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) is a program that, like its name suggests, has the main objective of reducing
the emission levels of green–house gases from land uses, through incentives in developing countries. The program includes measures related to
conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forests carbon stocks (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
2008).
It is well known that climate change is one of the most controversial environmental issues that has been discussed, and in the climate change picture
REDD is a topic which contains diverse points and dimensions that request attention. The REDD program includes goals that are seen by many people
how extremely important and essential ones to address the climate problem, whereas other environmentalists may put in doubt its efficiency and
feasibility. Given its potential importance to the global climate and its complexity, it is necessary consider biophysical, social and economic magnitudes
of REDD.
REDD is an initiative with a variety of features. It does not involve only local management and impacts, but rather does include a global effort and
integration of public and private sectors. It is important to think about all the management levels, all impacts and consequences of the program, risks,
applicability, benefit and cost and so

Q's on Forests
(Q.)
What is Devsari or Dand?
(1 Mark)
(Ans)
Devsari or Dand was a small token fee paid by people of other villages bordering thevillages of Bastar. It was charged when someone from the other
village wanted to have some forest products fromBastar.
(Q.)How did the forest laws initiate the scope of employment?
(1 Mark)
(Ans)
Many communities left their traditional occupation and started trading of forest products or other economic activities. For example, the Mundurucu
people in Brazil who started collecting latex from wild rubber trees became totally dependent on rubber trades in the later years.
(Q.)
Who could hunt according to the new Forest Law?
(1 Mark)
(Ans)
The customary practice of hunting was strictly prohibited by the Forest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1 Mark)
(Ans)
The Forest Act brought severe hardships for villagers across the country. After the Act, their everyday practices– cutting wood, grazing of cattle,
collection of fruits and roots, hunting and fishing were treated as illegal activities. People were forced to steal wood from the forests and when caught,
were at the mercy of the forest guards.
(Q.)
What are the recent developments in forestry?
(3 Marks)
(Ans)

1) The concept of forest management has changed since 1980. It was observed by the government that implementation of strict forest laws was leading
to stealing of timbers and illegal hunting.
2) Forest dwellers were kept away from the implementation procedure of these laws andtherefore, it generated conflict between the two parties – the
government and the villagers.
3) Indian adivasis preserve the forest land and resources and therefore, the government is involving local people in the matters like safetyand security
of forest land, forest products and wild animals.
(Q.)
Elaborate some of the activities of the people of Bastar.
(3 Marks)
(Ans)
1) The people of Bastar believe deeply in the village and its offerings. Since the village peopleknow the boundaries of the village, they look after the
natural resources.
2) If people from a village want to take some wood from the forests of another village, they pay a small fee called devsari, dand or man in exchange.
Some villages also protect their forests by

Evolution Of Collaborative Management Of Forest Management
considering. As senior experts at the Center for International Forestry (CIFOR), Colfer and her colleague, Byron, argue that traditional forest
management was a system rural communities use in upland farming to show ownership of uplands fields, prohibitions and regulations about land and
other resource use, and to settle disputes over natural resources. Similar to the traditional forest management, the agroforestry management system is
used by the communities in Benuaq Dayak to recognize forest successional stages (Colfer & Byron, 2001). The authors' argument is based on a study
conducted among the Benuaq Dayak community of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study provides a detailed overview, using participants'
observations to examine the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This article validates that collaborative approaches to managing forests and other natural resources are the best way forward.
2.6 The impacts of the Civil War on forest management inLiberia
The fourteen years of civil war in Liberia results in a class of marginalized young people who currently lack trust in their government or any kind of
institutions for that matter (Richards, Archibald, & Bruce et al., 2005). These young people, who make up more than half of the population in the
country, believe that the administrative justice has failed them. As a result, these young people preferred to take chances with various rebel groups
during the civil war (2005). In order to erase these beliefs, a study suggested that a new peacebuilding approach is necessary. This new approach,
authors argue, is an inclusive Community–driven Development (CDD). Richards and his colleagues (2005) also argue that this process is capable of
playing a crucial role in shaping different kinds of societies, provided those societies incorporate marginalized and socially excluded populations in the
rebuilding process. This new approach calls for equal participation of all interested parties in the distribution and management of states' natural
resources. No study reinforces this better than chapter nine of Colfer & Byron

The Rain Forest Essay
The Rain Forest
The destruction of the rainforest is a problem that the people of the world can not continue to ignore. 14 percent of the Earth's land used to be covered
by rainforests yet this number has dropped significantly to only about 6 percent (http://www.ran.org/ran/info_center/index.html).Rainforests provide the
people of the world with many necessities, some of which would no longer be available if rainforests did not exist. In the last 50 years, rainforests
have declined at a terrifying speed of 150 acres per minute or 75 million acres per year (http://www.ran.org/ran/info_center/index.html). People must
open their eyes to the horrible tragedy that will inevitably occur if the citizens of the world do not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here, trees receive the necessary sunlight to undergo photosynthesis which is crucial for the survival of the forest as a whole. Many tropical birds,
monkeys, apes, snakes, and other animals reside in the canopy
(http://www.davesite.com/rainforests/review1.shtml).
Temperate rainforests are located along the Pacific coast of Canada, the
United States, New Zealand, Tasmania, Chile, Ireland, as well as Scotland and
Norway. Most temperate rainforests are much younger than tropical rainforests only being less than 10, 000 years old. The temperate rainforests differ
from the tropical in that their soil is full of much more nutrients. Temperate rainforests are also much more scarce than tropical rainforests
(http://www.davesite.com/rainforests/review1.shtml).
The rainforests of the world are homes to just about every group of animals known to man and it would be impossible to give recognition to them all.
The only animals that appear to be few in number are large mammals. The largest animal of the rainforest is thought to be the okapi, "a shy, elusive
beast from west Africa (Nichol 56)." Gorillas, apes, the orang–utan of the Far East, gibbons, and chimps which can grow to the size of a human are also
among the larger animals in the forest. A wide variety of monkeys including the tiniest monkeys in the world, the pigmy marmoset, live among the trees
in the South
American rainforests (Nichol 61).
One of

Deconstructing of Forest and Woodland
Introduction
The definitions for the words "forest" and "woodland" are heterogeneous around the world and are circumscribed to each countryВґs structural stands in
local eco–regions.
Countries as Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, India, Japan, Mexico or US, with a great diversity of climates and soil conditions attributable
to their large land extensions and altitude gradients (Borja–Jimenez et al. 2013), can be identified as territories with high variety of forests and
woodlands.
The great diversity and diffuse thresholds among ecosystems difficult construction of criteria for their classification into inventories and application of
management and conservation policies.
Box & Fujiwara (2013) differentiate forests from woodlands: forest is an ecosystem dominated by tall trees, in a closed structure (considered closed
when tree crowns are touching) and woodland is an ecosystem dominated by tall or short trees with an open distribution.
The etymology of both words has different meanings according to the language. In Chinese, жЈ®жћ— (sД“nlГn), the first character, sД“n (also mori in
Japanese) means "tree", "forest", "dark", "gloomy"; the second character, lГn, means "forest", "grove", "thicket", "wood". Differently, жћ—ењ°
(lГndГ¬) means "wood" (first character) –"land" (second character). It also means "holt" that means "little forest". The word bosque in Spanish derives
from the German word busch meaning "bush", "shrub", "jungle". Different from English, in Spanish the terms

Pine Forests Of The Colorado Plateau
Ponderosa pine forests of the Colorado Plateau cover a large portion of the higher mesas and mountains from elevations of 6000 to approximately 8000
feet. They often form almost pure stands encompassing tens of thousands of acres at elevations above 6500 feet in the southern area. Located southwest
of Flagstaff to the White Mountains of eastern Arizona, the Mogollon Rim comprises the southern edge of the Colorado Plateau in Arizona. The
escarpment reaches close to 200 miles across central Arizona, with an average elevation of approximately 7000 feet. It contains the largest ponderosa
pine forest in the United States.
The three–needled Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum) is the prevalent form of pine throughout the Colorado Plateau.
Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) is commonly associated with the ponderosa pine at lower elevations as well as the New Mexico locust (Robina
neomexicana). At higher elevations it shares habitat with southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis), Rocky Mountain white fir (Abies concolor var.
concolor), Rocky Mountain Douglas–fir, (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca), and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Understory plants which are
commonly found in these forests include grasses such as mountain muhly and Arizona fescue, forbs such as lupine, as well as apache plume,
buckbrush, currant, and cliffrose.
a.The disturbance regime known for this ecosystem (citations please)
Since the 1930s fire ecology for ponderosa

Forest Inc Case Study
Gareth Davies is a forest ecologist at the Forestry School in Fredericton, New Brunswick, he has been in the forest industry for over 20 years. He
recently stated that there are three main categories of land in Canada, the vast majority is provincial land, next there are lesser pieces of land that are
forest research centers, and national parks. and the rest of the land belongs to First Nation communities. According to Davies, в…” of the land in the
province of New Brunswick is owned by the public, and the remaining в…“ is privatized. Only a microscopic 5% of the public forest in New
Brunswick is protected from thinning and/or herbicide treatment, sadly, the rest is open for spraying. Moreover, this is the reason behind the clear cut
location that was visited in Minto and the plantation location that was visited at the UNB woodlot being heavily packed full with needle trees – the
areas were being sprayed to rid the area of the broad leaf trees, this is especially costly, also. The companies, for example JDI Irving, would be granted
a 20 year lease for cutting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One specie planting is typical on any plantation, with the spruce species being the most popular. Davies expressed that historically spruce has held
more value in the wood harvesting industry. The mono planting method is the main reason behind the plantation that was visited being mostly single
species, all of the trees looked of similar height and width and color – this is very unlike any natural forest. A natural forest should have a wide array of
species that wouldn't necessarily be there otherwise. Davies stated that once a natural forest gets so old, it becomes more structurally diverse, but the
industries insist of keeping forest under 60 years of age. The mass deforestation seems to be inevitably leading to loss of tree cover everywhere around
the world, especially in New

The Forest Of The Rumpi Hills
The forests of the Rumpi Hills also contain what is commonly referred to as the Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve or previously known as the Rumpi
Hills Native Administration Forest Reserve created by Forestry Ordinance No 38 of 1937 and approved by Forestry Ordinance No 16756/79 of 2nd
July, 1941 (SWPA, 2016). The North Boundary is the road from Lipenja Mukete through Ikoi and Dikome Ngolo to Madie; the South Boundary goes
through Nalende, Monyange, Itoki and Ilor to Moko. Whereas the East Boundary, goes through Dikome Balue, Mofako, Itende to Bisoro; the West
Boundary goes through Dibonda and Ndian and Ituka to Lipenja which is also the starting point of the reserve (SWPA, 2016). These boundaries give
the Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve a characteristic inverted letter "C" shape and structure, see figure 7.
The reserve is composed of land belonging to the Ngolo, Bima and Balue tribes, the first two form part of the North West while the latter, forms part
of the South East area. Most of the villages are on top of the hills, so that, a more or less vertical climb of anything up to 400 meters has to be faced
before reaching a village or settlement.
The proposal that, part of the Rumpi Hills forests should be made a forest reserve was first made by Mr Rosevear in a memorandum written in 1933
on the potential forest reserves of the Kumba Division, Cameroon (SWPA, 2016). The actual preliminary survey of the area was done by Mr F.S Collier
in 1937, after a tour round the approximate

Deforestation Of Latin American Forest
Deforestation presents in an abundance of ways, including fires, clear–cutting for agriculture, ranching and development, unsustainable logging for
timber, and degradation due to climate change. The foremost reason of deforestation in Latin America is the requirement for food, fuel, shelter, and
foreign exchange. Year on year, a space of tropicalforest the size of Great Britain is "converted" from an area equal to the size of Europe. Ever since
1950, according to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), half of the world 's forests have disappeared. "Latin America has lost 37
percent of its tropical forests," says the FAO. As more and more of Latin American forest are degraded, more and more detrimental effects are being
seen. Deforestation is changing a number of resources for tribal groups, altering their way of life, temperatures are increasing at a dangerous rate
because of a buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, habitats and species such as plants and wildlife are being annexed due to the destructive
effects of deforestation. Deforestation is inarguably helpful to supplying money to countries that sell the products from the forest, but huge wealth
being generated from the forests comes with large–scale environmental and social costs. The local residences are not benefitting and the funds are
being siphoned out of the region.
According to Cultural Survival, which campaigns for Indigenous Peoples ' rights and supports Indigenous communities', millions

The Priest River Experimental Forest
The paper introduces one of the earliest experimental forests that is also regarded as a forestry research center, the Priest River Experimental Forest
(PREF). The forest was established in 1911, lies between the Priest River and the Selkirk Mountains in the State of Idaho. By interpreting its particular
existing conditions, including geography, climate, hydrology, soil, vegetation, readers can easily understand its significant role in the region of
Northern Rocky Mountain, providing many valuable forestry information or both management organizations and forestry administrations. The
diversity of the soil type in the Priest River Experimental Forest (PREF) provides good conditions for some mixed conifer vegetation species that are
also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Key words:
Priest River Experimental Forest; AMAT; Collaborative Project; Genetic Variability; Northern Mountain Conifers; Rocky Mountain Region
1. Introduction: As one of the earliest experimental forests that is also regarded as a forestry research center, the Priest River Experimental Forest
(PREF) was set up to provide valuable information for both management organizations and forestry administrations. All of these resources would
improve forestry management and sustainability research in the western region. The Priest River Experimental Forest (PREF) was established in 1911.
It lies between the Priest River and the Selkirk Mountains in the State of Idaho. The Priest River Experimental Forest (PREF) contains two Research
Natural Areas: Canyon Creek (977acres), which was established in 1937; and Wellner Cliff (310acres), which was established in 2006. Headquarters
area is located in the West of the forest, including an office or lab building, three residential buildings, a bunkhouse with mess hall, and a modest shop.
Before 1930, the forest was served as the headquarters for the Priest River Forest Experiment Station. After that, it was combined into the Northern
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range and now is managed by the Rocky Mountain Research Station.
2. Existing Conditions
2.1. Geography The elevation of the Priest

Descriptive Essay On Rain Forest
It was two years ago, in Australia. My parents, my sisters and I were visiting the country in camping car, and we had decided to go on an excursion
in a rainforest. The weather was enjoyable, there were a couple of clouds in the sky, just enough to make the heat bearable. We had walked in many
other forests, but only in other countries. Me and my sisters were very excited to walk through our first Australian rainforest. If we had known what was
awaiting us there we would have certainly not chosen to go at all. That day would teach us to never walk in an Australian rainforest unless you are sure,
and absolutely certain about the weather.
We were walking, exploring the forest. The vegetation was dense. And the sun hardly came through the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Dad," she said in a scared voice "what is this, it won't come off me!". As the words came out of her mouth, we all realized what it was. It was a
leech. Now everything didn't seem so funny at all. Understanding that my little sister screamed "Mom! I have some on my leg!" We were all
panicking, we did not know how to get them off. My mother then had a really great idea : "
"I know what to do" she stated.
"What" asked my two sisters in unison.
"I know that salt repels leeches, and I also know there is salt in the mosquito repellent, so we should try and spray the repellent on the leeches and see
if that works." She answered.
"Do it on me first!" Screamed my two sisters, eager to get these disgusting blood suckers off their skin.
After testing the repellent on a leech on my father's leg, the worm detached from our skin in a spasmodic movement of what looked like pain. And
so, quickly and effectively we started to get rid of the leeches. Everyone had some on their skin, except me. I was glad I had taken what I thought
had been a piece of dirt off my leg, because there was no doubt now, that it was a leech.
Once we were sure that all of them were gone, we started thinking about how these worms got into our clothes when we were walking, and instantly
we knew: it was the rain. The leeches must have been on branches and trees, and feeling our presence, have let themselves drop on us alongside the
drops of water. That thought in mind we went back to the camping car

Ecocide In Aranyak-Of The Forest-An Ecocide
Aranyak–Of the Forest– An Ecocide: The term ecocide refers to extensive damage done to the ecosystem of a territory due to human atrocities or to
such an extent that the normal living of the inhabitants is severely disturbed ("Ecosophy – Wikipedia", 2017). Human nature is essentially
anthropocentric which assumes the primacy of man over other organisms in the environment. We are committing ecocide by deforestation of a land,
burning fossil fuel, emitting green house gases from the industrial hubs, by exploiting natural ecocritical understanding of Aranyak–Of the Forest
(1976) in the light of ecocide. Ecocriticism is best exhibited in Aranyak–Of the Forest where the protagonist Satyacharan, a city dweller gets hypnotized
by nature. Initially urban lifestyle revolted against the loneliness of the forest. He has been sent to the forest as an estate manager to clear up a forest
land of 30 thousand bighas. But as the novel progresses he fell madly in love with nature. The novel is told in the manner of a reverie which ever
haunts his imagination. It is a good example of an ecocide. The narrator writes– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By my hands was destroyed an unfettered playground of nature. I know too, that for this act the forest gods will never forgive me. I have heard that to
confess a crime in one's own words lightens somewhat the burden of the crime. Therefore, the story" (Aranyak: Of the Forest 3).
The novel deals with the protagonist Satyacharan's development of his attitude to Nature. The votary of urban life has transformed into a devoted
lover of nature in her pristine beauty. The city man Satyacharan was to draw up new tenants. His role was that of a colonizer to set up more human
habitation or industry in the forest. At first, he had hardly any care for the forest land and its so–called savage people. He

Green Forest Is Easy On The Eye
Green forest is easy on the eye, it breaks the harshness of roads and buildings and adds interest to farmland and mountain slopes. In its sanctuary
birdsong and air currents play with your auditory senses and aroma 's of nectar, decayed logs and leaves fill the air.
After a long absence from New Zealand, I decided to reacquaint myself with the types of forests found in the Land of the Long White cloud. In this
article, I have based the forest communities on the categories from The New Zealand Plant Conservation Network: Beech Forest, Podocarp/broadleaf
and Kauri Podocarp/broadleaf.
An introduction
New Zealand is in a temperate zone, located between the Antarctic Circle and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is also in the path of the roaring forties, a
strong westerly wind circling the globe, between the latitudes of forty and fifty degrees. Etched by fiords, mountain ranges, volcanoes, plains, plateaus
and just over 15,000 kilometres of coastline, it shapes a diverse landscape.
Over time, plants have evolved and adapted to this landscape and climate. Today there are 2,418 native species of forest plants, which includes ferns
and grasses. Native mosses, liverworts, hornworts and lichens make up approximately another 3,480 plants. Most plants are evergreen with about (still
counting) 28 deciduous species.
Beech Forest
"I like how a montane beech forest defines a distinct line across mountain slopes and the excitement you feel when you emerge into the alpine zone".
Found on hilly

Forest Deforestation Essay
Forest plays an essential role for local livelihood practices and considered as an important source of national revenue as well. However, in developing
countries such as Indonesia, forest degradation has become at an alarming rate as a result of the over–exploitation, unsustainable practices, forest fires,
and non–eco–friendly development projects in the forested areas like forest conversion into mining and monoculture plantation. Massive deforestation
naturally results in biodiversity losses and in many places leads to soil erosion, siltation and damage of the forests' hydrological functions, thus
worsening food security and compromising forests' future economic and environmental attributes [1] and it has been reported that Indonesia lost
more than 6 million hectares of natural forest between 2000 and 2012 [2]. Not only rich in biological resources (10% of the world's remaining
flowering plants species, 12% of mammal species, 16% of reptile species, 25% of fish species and 17% of bird species), these forests are also home
to tens of millions of Indonesian citizens. Many, if not most of these citizens are indigenous people with culturally rich and diverse customs and
traditions [3].
Forest ecosystems provide homes and sources of livelihood for a majority of the indigenous peoples of Indonesia. Indigenous peoples make significant
contributions to the conservation and sustainable management of forest ecosystems, nevertheless, rapid and growing deforestation rates in Indonesia

Characteristics Of Tropical Forest
Tropical Forest: Tropical forest's major features are equatorial and subequatorial regions. The climate revolves around typically high temperatures.
Tropical rain forests tend to receive large amounts of rainfall ranging between 200–400cm. On the other hand, tropical dry forests receive 150–200cm
of precipitation and has 6 to 7 months of no precipitation, also known as the dry season. (Urry, Pearson, 2017) Tropical forests are covered by large
amounts of plant life that overlap each other, which tends to cause competition for light. For example, broadleaf evergreen trees are dominant in the
forest. When the dry season occurs their leaves drop to the ground floor and become homes to many species. Some of these species include insects,
spiders, and arthropods. The animal diversity ranks the highest in tropical forest than the other terrestrial biome. Humans have impacted the tropical
forest by creating communities and expanding population growth within the forest. Now the agriculture and development the humans are creating are
destroying the tropical forests.
Savanna:
Similar to the tropical forests, the savanna also has equatorial and subequatorial regions. The average rainfall it receives ranges between 30–50cm.
Also, it has a dry season that occurs that can last up to almost nine months. (Urry, Pearson, 2017) Unlike tropical forests, the temperatures in a savanna
biome stays in low ranges and they can vary by seasons. It is populated with trees that have thorns and small leaves, this helps them survive in the
environment. Most of the plants are adapted to droughts and fire, which is very common factor in the dry seasons. Forb plants and grasses cover the
ground. Most of the animals the savanna inhibits are wildebeests, zebras, hyenas, and lions. Overall, there are more insects, including termites. Humans
have impacted the savanna by starting fires that have minimized the tree population by destroying seedlings and saplings. Lastly, hunters have reduced
the large animal population.
Desert:
Deserts are mainly found at latitudes near the interior of continents. They hardly receive any rainfall each year. Temperatures can vary by seasons and
daily, depending on whether its considered a hot or cold dessert.

North American Temperate Forest
Forests are an irreplaceable part of Earths ecosystem. Every forest is unique due to flora and fauna which houses it. They are homes for many
species from simple bacteria to big carnivore animals. Forests absorb carbon dioxide and provide oxygen and is a great place for recreation and
biological studies. Temperateforest of northeast United States is an example of rich diversity and harmony of plants and animals. Unfortunately,
constant growing of human population and demand for more land for agriculture and housing leads to deforestation and destroying of the natural
habitats. Deforestation and Agriculture, are an two of many factors which have negative impact on temperate forest in northeast United States.
North American temperate

Literature Review Of Fynbos And Forest Biome
Literature Review
Source 1
Species of special concern program
By Len du Plessis
August 2010
Summary:
Fynbos and forest biomes are the main contributors to vegetation diversity in the Garden Route. Indigenous forests in the Garden Route cover 35 765.4
ha. The biome of the Garden Route contains 69% of South Africa's sub–continent plant species. Approximately 30% of the Garden Route is covered in
fynbos. Mountain and lowland fynbos have been converted into pine plantations, having huge effects on the spreading of these invasive plants and the
biome of the Garden Route. Alien invasive plants use excessive amounts of water which robs the native plants thereof and are in direct competition for
space and soil nutrients against the natural biome. Alien ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moolman
March 2012
Summary
There are short–term and long–term plans for clearing alien invasive plants. When seed banks of AIP's are present, the restoration potential is low and
the impact on the environment is high. The Garden Route's fynbos biome is most affected by the AIP's.
Ground should be 60% free of slash, which stimulates germination, in order to control AIP's. In order to achieve initial restoration goals, alien weeds
should be cleared and bear ground should be exposed followed by a controlled fire through the area as heat and smoke germinates cues required by
fynbos species. Steep slopes and plant species may influence the restoration potential. Controlled fires prevent local fynbos specie loss. No fire or too
frequent fires reduce restoration potential. Initial clearance of sites includes burning, tilling and pitting, and within rotation management, it includes
ground vegetation clearance, fertilizing, thinning, harvesting and unplanned fires. Variables that affects the AIP's reduction potential includes annual
rainfall (mm), average altitude (m), slope, geology, soil texture and type, pre–plantation vegetation type, alien invasive species present and its density,
erosion and pollution

Forests Are Very Important For The Environment
Intro:
Forests are very important for the environment. The importance of forests cannot be underestimated. We depend on forests for our survival, from
the air we breathe to the wood we use. Forests also provide a habitat for a vast array of plants and animals, many of which are still undiscovered.
They also supply the oxygen we need to survive. Forests are a home to many endangered species but forests are also endangered due to these species.
For example the red deer eats just about any plant that they can reach, therefore is a threat to forests and saplings. Any of the forest trees that thrive in
mature forests cannot survive on bare, exposed sites. In the forest, they are protected from wind, desiccation (drying out) and the extremes of
temperature. Forests start off as young trees (also known as saplings). They then grow and develop into forests. Many physical and biological
components influence forest trees. Individual sapling and tree growth and vigor are determined by a variety of physiological and external effects,
such as age, available light, water, and nutrients. Since tree crowns are a component of forest ecosystem structure, they directly affect the composition,
processes, and vigor of the understory plant and animal components of the forest. The height of the crown reflects the general health of the tree
therefore would need to be tall in order for the tree to survive. There are a number of forest restoration groups who are helping to restore native forests

The Decrease Of Forest Cover And Forest Resources
Introduction
Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries of the world with a population more than 150 million. The rate of population increase is
decreasing in Bangladesh but still it is high enough to create immense pressure on different sectors like agriculture, forestry, economy etc. To fulfill the
demand of increasing population more agricultural lands, buildup areas, settlements, roads and highways are necessary. These development activities
will definitely corroborate the decrease of forest cover and forest resources in Bangladesh. It is evident that global climate is changing and Bangladesh
is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world due to climate change. In the near future temperature will increase, sea level will rise, and
incessant rainfall events will increase in a whole there will be an accentuation of extreme events. These extreme events will affect the forest resources
and biodiversity of Bangladesh. For example only 0.5 meter sea level rise will inundate the whole Sundarbans. So for ensuring habitat and sustainable
environment for the present and future generations of the country amelioration of forest and forest recourses, conservation and identification of
biodiversity and increase of forest cover up to idea limit are necessary. Forest Resources in Bangladesh
Bangladesh lies in the north–eastern part of the South Asia between 20В°34'and 26В°38' North latitude and 88В°01' and 92В°41' East longitude. The
area of the country is 14.757

The Indonesian Forest Holocaust
The Indonesian Forest Holocaust
Marianne Phan
Introduction
The tropical rainforest of Indonesia was once the most biologically diverse forests in the world. Its rainforests accounted for 10% of the world's
plant species, 12% of the world's mammal species, 16% of reptile species and 17% of the bird species (Hamilton 1996). In the late 1960s, commercial
exploitation of Indonesia's natural forests became a means to boost economic development under the Suharto's regime by enabling the government to
issue logging concessions. However, the lack of natural resource management of its natural forests caused backlash from locals and international
communities led to the downfall of the Suharto regime in 1998 (Yasmi, Guernier & Colfer 2009). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first section of the essay will provide an overview of the issue and the vicious cycle contributing to the depletion of Indonesian tropical forests. The
second section will investigate into the current regulations implemented by the Indonesian government to regulate the environmental impacts of
deforestation. The essay will then conclude by examining the business opportunities and risks that arises from this regulatory system.
The deforestation epidemic in Indonesia
The detrimental effects of deforestation
Ongoing practices of deforestation will cause detrimental effect on the entire ecosystem throughout Asia and the world. It is evident that deforestation
contributes a substantial volume of carbon emissions globally, with deforestation in most developing countries accounting for approximately 30
percent of global emissions (Johnson 2009). Dense atmospheric CO2 concentrations from land clearing and logging will produce too much carbon
dioxide to linger in the atmosphere. Moreover, forest fires are resulting from deforestation as moisture from the soils are dried up, therefore causing
further destruction of forests (Mongabay 2006). Once the trees are burnt, it will also release leftover carbon that was previously stored as carbon
dioxide within it. This will lead to greater concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which would then modify the surface temperature due to
the creating a

Environments, Causes And Dangers Of Forests Around The World
Forests are home to about 80% of the world's biodiversity and cover around 31% of Earth's surface. The biodiversity that exists in all forests include;
ecosystem diversity, genetic diversity, and species diversity. Each and every forest consists of many different habitats for animals, plants, and even
insects. They also consist of different climates based on which type of forest it is. There are many different types of forests found all over the world
but can be classified into 5 categories. The categories include; tropical rainforests, coniferous forests, deciduous forest, mediterranean forest, and mixed
forests. The biodiversities in all these forests have learned to adapt to their surroundings and climates. That being said not every animal, plant, or insect
found in one type of a forest can live and survive in any other. Forests supply the oxygen we need to survive on this planet, but forests around the
world are threatened because of mankind. According to WorldWildLife.org, 58 thousand square miles of forest are lost each year. That is equivalent
to 48 football fields a minute. Every single day people are contributing to the loss of our habitats by buying, selling, and supporting the men and
women in which cut down, pollute, and destroy our forests. Forests are the main reason why our species, humans, can live and survive on Earth so
why are we ignoring the fact that WE are destroying them?
Tropical rainforests cover around 6% of the Earth's surface, however they used

Forest Conservation
FOREST CONSERVATION
Forests are one of the most important natural resources that have been gifted to mankind for their sustained existence on earth. Without question, they
provide us with huge amounts of tangible and intangible benefits, without which indeed, all life, less to say human life, would fall under the risk of
extinction. Hence, it is vital for us to realize this importance of forest cover, conserve them, and ultimately work towards a sustainable way to
maintain our forests and meet our needs at the same time. In this paper, I have focused initially on the barbaric behavior of us human beings towards
forests, and how they have been and are still being massacred around the globe to meet our ever increasing and limitless wants ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Davis).
CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION: These two terms are often confused with one another, but they refer to two slightly different concepts.
Preservation of anything is basically keeping it in such manner that it cannot or should not be touched or used. For instance, if a forest is being
preserved it means that it is to be kept untouched and nothing is to be extracted from it. It is to be left to its own accord. On the other hand,
conservation implies more towards a sustained use, or use in a sustainable fashion. As in the example given above, if a forest is declared as conserved,
it means that resources may be extracted in a systematic and accounted way, so as not to compromise the forests ability to replenish itself in terms of
resources, and so that it may continue its intangible functions properly.
SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: The term refers to the existence and maintenance of a system, on its own accord, over a
period of time, or that a system is able to stand and function by itself for a certain duration. This term then leads on to sustainable development, which
the latest of concepts in development of a nation and its entities. Sustainable development means the development targeted at making resources
available both useful yet sustained, so as no to compromise it for future generations.
FOREST MANAGEMENT:
The society of American

The Effects Of Forest Degradation
Forests are one of the most important natural resources with diverse economic, socio–cultural and ecological uses. The livelihoods of hundreds of
millions of people Worldwide have been engaged on forest products either directly or indirectly. Forests have a vital safety net role in time of needs
(Anonymous, 2008). Changes in land use and land cover are increasingly rapid, and can have adverse impacts and implications at local, regional and
global scales (Brandon, 1998).
Besides, the vicinity of human settlement, agricultural lands, and the scale of timbering, mining, quarrying and other land use activities have grown
enormously (Richards,1990). In relation to forest resource cover change and its impacts Williams (1990) and Davidar.et.al (2010) confirmed that the
most important factor that altered the face of the earth in many parts of the world is the clearing of forests
Forest degradation is a widespread global concern and an important contemporary issue for several United Nations (UN) organizations and
conventions. Forest degradation is broadly defined as a reduction in the capacity of a forest to produce ecosystem services such as carbon is storage and
wood products as a result of anthropogenic and environmental changes. ( Mosisa Ararso, 2015).
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2011), states that the degradation of forest resources is an important society concern that is perceived in
many different ways. Forest degradation can be a serious environmental, social

Efforts for Forest Conservation
Today forest loss due to conversion into to other land use has reached a dangerous level. Recent study conducted by the researchers from the
University of Maryland, the State University of New York, Google, the U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Research Center, and South Dakota State
University shows that during 2000–2012, the world forest was lost with approximately 2.3 million square kilometers per year. Particularly in Indonesia,
they said that deforestation rate increases from 10,000 square kilometers in 2000–2003 to 20,000 square kilometers in 2011–2012. As stated by
XXXXX ( ) that forest essentially has role in regulating the water,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. In other word, Forest loss can lead to variety of devastating impacts
such as floods, droughts, and landslides. These trends tend to be more awful in the future unless appropriate actions. This essay will describe the
implication, identify the main causes, and suggest solutions.
The impact of forest conversion involves ecology and humanity. The World Wildlife Foundation indicates that deforestation has negative effects on
biodiversity, the climate, and people. Furthermore, Riesco (2005) said that forest loss can have significant direct and indirect impacts on human health.
In addition, she said that:
"forest loss can contribute directly to the severity of these health problems through disruption of the water cycle and increased soil erosion, as well as
indirectly though very significant – through its effects on

Oaks: The Most Genetically Polymorphic Forest Species
Oaks are among the most genetically polymorphic forest species , hence their high adaptivecapacity 19 .
These species are a carrier species and an engineer . They contain a significant biodiversity ( epiphytes , birds, insects, parasites and other symbiotes)
and provide a low–acid, low–mineral soft humus that produces brown, neutral or even slightly alkaline brown soils 20 .
Botanists distinguish two major categories of oaks 21 : oak deciduous whose leaves fall in autumn, sometimes spring ( red oak , turkey oak ,
downy oak , Pyrenean oak and oak ); oaks sclerophyll whose leaves are evergreen: trees growing especially on the Mediterranean coast ( oak , Kermes
oak and cork oak) as well as in subtropical and tropical zones in America and Asia. The first, generally larger, have leaves divided into lobes or
crenate; the latter have tough whole leaves or spiny teeth. Tropical species have whole leaves, comparable to the shape of certain Lauraceae (camphor,
etc.). The visible craspedodrome nerve is pinnate with alternate secondary veins 22 . ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If left to live, the oak easily exceeds 500 years, and up to more than 1000 years and more, exceptionally. Many trees remarkable for their size and age
were (or still are) oaks, formerly called " cassanos " by the Gauls .
A forest of oaks is an oak grove . Oak often forms mixed forests in association with other hardwoods .
The density of the wood of oak is between 0.61 and 0.98 (heart: 1.17). It is a heavy, hard and resistant wood. It is widely used in cabinetmaking and
carpentry

Yucatan Forest Essay
When examining the studies on forests in the Yucatan Peninsula, it is crucial to understand the importance and severity of hurricane disturbances.
Forests in the Yucatan are affected differently by many different types of forest disturbances, especially anthropogenic and natural disturbances like
hurricanes which occur frequently (Boose et. al. 2003). The Yucatan forests also have calm topographical conditions, which provides clearer
relationships between forest structure and composition, and hurricane intensity and severity. Understanding the relative importance of hurricanes also
contextualizes the other disturbances that affect forest composition and structure. Anthropogenic land use conversion historically disturbs the Yucatan
forests; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Forest composition is commonly measured by species composition (number of species) in a given region (Cook 2001). With forest structure, you have
a wider range of variables to test the spatial arrangement and physical characteristics of the trees in a given forest. The spatial arrangement or density in
a forest includes measurements such as basal area, which is the ratio of the area of tree stems compared to the total area of a stand, and number of
stems per hectare. Physical characteristics of trees include diameter at breast height and canopy height (Cook 2001; McGroddy et al. 2013). This paper
analyzes information regarding how these conditions change with the varying wind speeds and paths of different hurricanes that have passed over the
Yucatan. Wind speeds are the hurricane component that affects forest composition and structure the most significantly (McGroddy et. al. 2013). While
forest composition in the Yucatan is largely unaffected by hurricanes, forest structural components such as basal area and canopy height are
significantly changed. Forests in the Yucatan region are conditioned and resilient to hurricanes, which affect them less significantly than forest fires
and anthropogenic land use

New York State Forest Rangers Women
As America was first forming, there were many issues beginning to arise and quite rapidly. One of the most common of these issues were our forests.
Many people took to our forests, illegally cutting down trees and taking valuable resources as well as butchering many animals throughout the region.
Eventually when this problem worsened, the state formed a group of men that would protect these forests and wildlife from harm. Preserving them for
future generations to see and explore rather than see exploited lands with nothing left. These men that began it all, were "First called "Fire Wardens"
and then "Fire Patrolmen" today we know this proud force of men and women by their contemporary title of New York StateForest Rangers." (New
York State Forest Rangers. Pg 14.) These men and women protect our lands from those that wish to drain it without a second thought.... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These rangers have to be skilled in surviving in the wilderness, in todays world they must also be highly educated and gender requirements no longer
exist. When they first began rangers started off by walking the lands on foot or by horse, a small glance into the future they have used Cars, SUVs,
Boats, ATVs, Snowmobiles, helicopters and other aircrafts. (Totino Richard. New York State Forest Rangers) These men and women protect us and the
forests that surround us from not only those that scavenge the lands but also mother nature herself. Either when the forests naturally catch on fire or
when it's unnaturally caused, the Forest Rangers are the first ones on the scene to attempt to contain anything that happens. They protect the land with
their lives and sometimes, thats what it

Lost Forests And Their Impact

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