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(2014) Water without Borders: The Columbia River Treaty Renegotiation and Transboundary Water Governance (10.5 MB)
- 1. Water without Borders: The Columbia River Treaty Renegotiation and Transboundary Water Governance Border Policy Research Institute Western Washington University January 23, 2013 Dr. Emma S. Norman Assistant Professor of Geography Department of Social Sciences Environmental and Energy Policy Program
- 2. Questions… • What does the CRT tell us about changing governance patterns? • Are borders ‘softening’ or ‘thickening’ • Lessons learned? • Why does it matter?
- 4. CRT 101 • 1961 / Ratified in 1964 • Constructed 4 dams • Flood Control • Cost Sharing • Shared Energy / Benefits • Mechanisms for Cooperation • Possible Termination: • 2024 / 2014 (Sept. 16) • Treaty ‘Modernization’
- 5. When does the story start?
- 7. Now
- 8. Many Entry Points • Act 1: People and Place: Knowing the River • Act 2: Harnessing Energy • Act 3: Treaty Making / ‘Sharing’ Power • Act 4: Rethinking Power
- 9. Many bends in the river: How I came to my questions…
- 10. Knowledge of, connection to Place Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Tribe Marmes Rock Shelter (1967) Human inhabitants dating back 11,230 year
- 11. c. 1900 Sceneries of Columbia River, Drying salmon, Celilo Falls, Oregon". No. 10541, B.W. Kilburn Company. James Davis photo The Great Provider
- 12. Knowing / Naming the ‘Big River’: Wimahl, Nch’i-Wàna, swah'netk'qhu, Columbia Map of Lew and Clark, Across the Western Portion of N. America, published 1814 Robert Gray, Named the Columbia river, in 1792
- 13. Social Power / Power of Maps David Thompson: map-maker, trader, explorer “. . .in their power” • upstream / downstream protocol. . . • know your neighbors. . .
- 14. Dipnet fishing at the Cul-De-Sac of Celilo Falls (Columbia River) circa 1957, Oregon,
- 15. Harnessing the Columbia River Creating the Discourse , folk singer Woody Guthrie “Roll on Columbia. . . . “ Commissioned by Bonneville Power Authority
- 17. Crisis and Political Mobilization: Columbia River Flood, 1948 Vanport, OR
- 18. Treaty Now and Then What the Treaty Does • Coordinates Flood Control • Generates Energy • Generates Revenues • Cost-Sharing • Federal Controlled / Acted Grievances • Loss of Ecosystems (Salmon Habitat) • Inequitable Cost-Share • Lack of Indigenous Rights • Lack of Community Participation & Decision Making and Participation
- 19. Changing Ecology John Day Dam Fish Ladder Slackwater Pools
- 20. Changing Governance Mechanisms 1st meeting of the International Joint Commission, 1912 International Watersheds Boards, 2012 Round Table Discussion on Water Security, 2011
- 21. Different Eras • Cooperative Development • Comprehensive Management • Sustainable Development • Participatory – Projects of mutual benefit – 1944 – 1964 – i.e. Columbia River dam - Linking environment and economy - 1986 – 2000 / current - Increased local participation • 2000 - current • i.e. Watershed Boards -Issue – based -1965 – 1985 i.e. Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement/Annex
- 22. Renegotiation Process Regional Recommendations ~ 3 years Federal Review ~ 9 months
- 23. Renegotiation Process Inclusion of Indigenous Groups Inclusion of Citizen Groups Greater Consideration for Ecosystems Provisions for adaptation to Climate Change ? ? Maintains Similar Flood Control Provisions
- 24. Modernized Treaty Regional Recommendations (BC) Post 2024 • Better address the region’s need for a reliable and economically sustainable hydropower system; • Continue to provide a similar level of flood risk management to protect public safety and the region’s economy; • include ecosystem-based function as a third primary purpose of the Treaty, to ensure a more comprehensive approach throughout the Columbia Basin watershed; and • create the flexibility within the Treaty that is necessary to respond to climate change, changing water supply needs, and other future potential changes in system operations while continuing to meet authorized purposes such as navigation.
- 25. Modernized Treaty Regional Recommendations (US) Post 2024 • Greatest Possible Shared Benefits - Continued Cooperation of Operations of Treaty Reservoirs; • Health of ecosystem should be a shared benefit and shared cost of the U.S. and Canada; • All operations based on ‘best available science’ and ‘measurable outcomes’. • create the flexibility within the Treaty that is necessary to respond to climate change, changing water supply needs, and other future potential changes in system operations while continuing to meet authorized purposes such as navigation.
- 26. Modernized Treaty Categories • Hydropower • Flood Risk Management • Ecosystem Based Function • Water Supply • Navigation Recreation • Climate Change
- 27. Ecosystem Based Function • 2. “A modernized Treaty should recognize and minimize adverse effects to tribal, First Nations, and other cultural resource in Canada and the United States. To the extent there are adverse effects……Federal Columbia River Power Systems Cultural Resources Program.
- 28. Other Transboundary “Hotspots” Continued Lessons”
- 29. Flathead River Basin Issue: Different Priorities / Asymmetrical Governance
- 30. St. Mary and Milk Rivers “Spite Canal” – Alberta / Montana Issues: Cost Share / Benefit / Failing Infrastructure / Communication Breakdown
- 31. Red River Basin / Devils Lake Devils Lake, 1984 Devils Lake, 2009 Issues: Flooding, Diversion, Lack of Communication, Unilateral Action
- 32. Great Lakes / Freshwater Nation Issues: Ecosystem Degradation – Extraterritorial Pollution
- 33. What CRT tells us about governance patterns • Greater need for… • Inclusion of Indigenous treaty rights, land claims, and self–governance • Consideration of environmental provisions • Aligning governance mechanisms with increased public expectations for public involvement and regional representation.
- 34. Are borders ‘softening’ or ‘thickening’?
- 35. Lessons Learned… • Know your neighbor • Keep communicating (in times of non-crisis) • Think Systemically / Holistically • Power (like water) comes in many forms • Learn from the Past • Be prepared for the future Think like a river….
- 36. Why does it matter?
- 37. More Questions & New Projects What is the the ‘right’ scale for water governance? Negotiating Water Governance: Why the Politics of Scale Matter (Ashgate, 2014) How can shared governance lead to self-determination and decolonization? Governing Transboundary Waters: Canada, the United States and Indigenous Communities (Routledge, 2014) Polly Spenner, 2012, Collage #5
- 38. Thank you! www.waterwithoutborders.info Drs. Alice Cohen and Karen Bakker Legal Consul: John Shurts and Richard Paisley Border Policy Research Institute
Editor's Notes
- Essentially, we propose a demographic study of the stakeholders in the GL fishery take, with attention to how changing demographics affect stakeholder involvement in fishery management.
- The treaty allows for cross border management of water in the Columbia River that flows 2,000 kilometres through B.C., Washington and Oregon. Four dams were constructed under this treaty: three in Canada (Duncan Dam, Mica Dam, Keenleyside Dam) and one in the United States (Libby Dam). The treaty provided for the sharing with Canada of one-half of the downstream U.S. power and flood benefits, and allows the operation of Treaty storage for other benefits
- Four dams were constructed under this treaty: three in Canada (Duncan Dam, Mica Dam, Keenleyside Dam) and one in the United States (Libby Dam). The treaty provided for the sharing with Canada of one-half of the downstream U.S. power and flood benefits, and allows the operation of Treaty storage for other benefits
- Chevvy Impalla - gas mileage: xxx My Fair Lady – Julie Andrews I want to hold your hand by the Beatles Nelson Mandela sentenced to life imprisonment in South Africa (June 11). Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution after North Vietnamese torpedo boats allegedly attack US destroyers (Aug. 7). Background: Vietnam War Khrushchev is deposed; Kosygin becomes premier and Brezhnev becomes first secretary of the Communist Party (October). Background: Rulers of Russia since 1533 World Statistics - Population: 3.276 billion population by decade Nobel Peace Prize - Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (US)
- 53 city / 46 highway Person of the Year Top Selling Car – Prius American Hustle 1Daft Punk feat. Pharrell and Nile Rodgers, "Get Lucky” Obamacare Boston Marrathon Royal Baby Birth Paula Dean Lawsuit Death of Nelson Mandela 7.2 Billion People on Earth
- Many different Native Americans and First Nations peoples have a historical and continuing presence on the Columbia. South of the Canada–U.S. border, the Colville, Spokane, Coeur d'Alene, Yakama, Nez Perce, Cayuse, Palus, Umatilla, Cowlitz, and the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs live along the U.S. stretch. Along the upper Snake River and Salmon River, the Shoshone Bannock tribes are present. The Sinixt or Lakes people lived on the lower stretch of the Canadian portion,[43] while above that the Shuswap people (Secwepemc in their own language) reckon the whole of the upper Columbia east to the Rockies as part of their territory.[44] The Canadian portion of the Columbia Basin outline the Traditional homelands of the Canadian Kootenay- Ktunaxa. The Chinook tribe, which is not federally recognized, who live near the lower Columbia River, call it Wimahl in the Chinookan language.[45] and Nch’i-Wàna to the Sahaptin-speaking peoples of its middle course in present-day Washington;[46] The river is known as swah'netk'qhu by the Sinixt people, who live in the area of the Arrow Lakes in the river's upper reaches in Canada.[47] All three terms essentially mean "the big river".
- Celilo Falls: the great provider
- Wimahl in the Chinookan language.
- Over his career he mapped over 3.9 million square kilometers of North America and for this has been described as the "greatest land geographer who ever lived. Married a Scottish / Cree woman – married 58 years – longest marriage known in Canada at the time. 13 children. Map from Lake Superior to Columbia Map of 1812
- Dip net fishing at the Cul-De-Sac of Celilo Falls (Columbia River) circa 1957, Oregon, USA. United States Army Corps of Engineers.
- The song glamorized the harnessing of the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest. The 11 hydroelectric dams built on the American stretch of the Columbia helped farms and industry, but their construction also permanently altered the character of the river. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20ZffI6by3A New Deal
- Fraser River could not have become Fraser River without Columbia Fish versus Power is very good history, but it contains a chastening conclusion. British Columbians spared Fraser salmon not because they had great empathy for nature, but because their electrical demands increased only after technological innovations enabled them to exploit the already-devastated Columbia and soon-to-be devastated Peace. This is not the sort of tale that makes readers proud - the just-so stories are much more effective on that score
- http://www.cbt.org/crt/ http://www.crt2014-2024review.gov/Files/Regional%20Recommendation%20Final,%2013%20DEC%202013.pdf
- Dams on the Columbia have transformed the river into a series of slackwater pools, such as this one between Bonneville and The Dalles, as seen from Rowena Crest.
- Cooperative Development (1945 – 1955) Projects of mutual benefit i.e. Columbia River dam Comprehensive Management (1965 – 1985) Issue - based i.e. Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement/Annex Sustainable Development (1985 – current) Projects linking environment and economy Participatory (2000 – current) Increased Participation at local level i.e. Watershed Boards, IJC
- What is the the ‘right’ scale for water governance?
- http://www.crt2014-2024review.gov/Files/Cover%20Letter%20for%20Draft%20Regional%20Recommendation,%20092013.pdf