Sakshi Saraf wrote a document about water recycling and utilization. The document provided details about the multi-step water recycling process, including primary treatment using physical processes to remove contaminants, secondary treatment using biological processes, and advanced treatment/disinfection using chemicals. It described how recycled water can be utilized for landscape irrigation, groundwater recharge, and streamflow augmentation. The document also discussed how hard water forms mineral deposits due to reactions between calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions, and methods to remove these ions through lime-soda processing or household ion exchange systems.

1. NAME- Sakshi Saraf
CLASS- X
SECTION- A
SUBJECT- Economics
TOPIC- Sustainability Of Ground
Water
REGISTRATION NUMBERBII4/08414/0033

2. Groundwater sustainability relates to
the development and use of
groundwater to meet current and
future purposes without causing
unacceptable consequences. Ground
water is a critical component of the
nation’s water resources. Globally,
ground water resources dwarf
surface water supplies. Approximately
25 percent of the earth’s total fresh
water supply is stored as ground
water, while less than 1% is stored in
surface water resources, such as
rivers, lakes, and soil moisture. The
rest of the freshwater supply is
locked away in polar ice and glaciers
(Alley 1999a)

3. Ground water is, in fact, vital
to public health, the
environment, and the economy.
Approximately 75% of
community water systems rely
on ground water (U.S.
Environmental Protection
Agency 2002a).
Nearly all of rural America, as
well as large
metropolitan areas, use ground
water supplied water systems.
In many parts of the
country, surface water
supplies are inadequate or
unavailable, and ground water
is the
only practical source of water
supply. Ground water feeds

4. Twenty-six of 28 state agencies responding
to a National
Ground Water Association (NGWA) survey
perceive
current or anticipate ground water supply
shortages at a
statewide or local level in the next 20
years. A separate
NGWA survey of public and private sector
ground water
professionals adds to the state agency
assessment. Ground water professionals in
41 of 43 states believe ground water
shortages currently exist or will exist in
the next 20 years in their states or

5. NAME- Sakshi Saraf
CLASS- X
SECTION- A
SUBJECT- Physics
TOPIC- Water Energy
REGISTRATION NUMBERBII4/08414/0033

6. Water, like many substances, contains two kinds of energy. The first
kind of energy is called kinetic energy. This is energy that is used during
the execution of processes, such as movement. Because of kinetic
energy water can flow and waves can exist.
But water can also contain potential energy. This is energy that is stored
in the water. Stored, but not used. This energy can become useful when
water starts to flow. It will be transferred to kinetic energy and this will
cause movement.

7. WAVE ENERGY
Wave energy is the transport of energy by ocean surface
waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work – for
example, electricity generation, water desalination, or
the pumping of water (into reservoirs). Machinery able to
exploit wave power is generally known as a wave energy
converter (WEC).
Wave power is distinct from the diurnal flux of tidal
power and the steady gyre of ocean currents. Wave-power
generation is not currently a widely employed commercial
technology, although there have been attempts to use it since at

8. TIDAL ENERGY
Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form
of hydropower that converts the energy of tides
into useful forms of power - mainly electricity.
Although not yet widely used, tidal power has
potential for future electricity generation. Tides
are more predictable than wind energy and solar
power. Among sources of renewable energy, tidal
power has traditionally suffered from relatively
high cost and limited availability of sites with
sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities,
thus constricting its total availability. However,
many recent technological developments and
improvements, both in design (e.g. dynamic tidal
power, tidal lagoons) and turbine technology (e.g.
new axial turbines, cross flow turbines), indicate
that the total availability of tidal power may be
much higher than previously assumed, and that
economic and environmental costs may be brought
down to competitive levels

9. HYDROELECTRICITY
Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity
generated by hydropower; the production of
electrical power through the use of the
gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is
the most widely used form of renewable energy,
accounting for 16 percent of global electricity
generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity
production in 2010, and is expected to increase
about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years.
Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with
the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of
global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest
hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatthours of production in 2010, representing around
17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are
now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10
GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu
Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri
Dam in Venezuela.

10. NAME- Sakshi Saraf
CLASS- X
SECTION- A
SUBJECT-Geography
TOPIC- Water
Conservation

11. WATER CONSERVATION
Water conservation encompasses the policies, strategies and activities to
manage fresh water as a sustainable resource to protect the water
environment and to meet current and future human demand.
BEIJING, Jan. 17 (Xinhua) -- Beijing will adopt tough water management measures
in the next five years to ease acute water shortages, according to local water
authorities.
The measures include setting warning lines for the quantity of water
consumption, efficiency of water use and water pollution levels within the
metropolitan area, Bi Xiaogang, spokesman with the Beijing Water Authority, was
quoted as saying by Monday's Beijing Daily.
Local governments would be punished if they missed the targets, he said, adding it
was the first time that such measures had been formulated.

12. WATER CONSERVATION
IN INDIA
New Delhi, Oct.30 (ANI): Experts attending the India Water Forum 2013
said that conservation of water in agriculture is a key necessity for water
security in the country.
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) in association with Ministry of
Drinking Water and Sanitation, and the Ministry of Urban
Development organized India Water Forum 2013 on the theme 'water
use efficiency'.
In the three-day international convention, which began on October 28, it
was noted that with future scenarios likely to worsen, it is extremely
important to adopt new technologies like drip and sprinkler irrigation at
a wider scale.
It was noted that there is a strong need for cooperative, basinscale, cross-sectoral approach forintegrated water resources
management.

13. RAINWATER
HARVESTING
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation
and deposition of rainwater for reuse before
it reaches the aquifer. Uses include water for
garden, water for livestock, water
for irrigation, and indoor heating for houses
etc.. In many places the water collected is
just redirected to a deep pit with
percolation. The harvested water can be
used as drinking water as well as for storage
and other purpose like irrigation
ADVANTAGES• Excellent source of water for landscape
irrigation, with no chemicals such as
fluoride and chlorine, and no dissolved
salts and minerals from the soil.
• Promotes both water and energy
conservation.

14. NAME- Sakshi Saraf
CLASS- X
SECTION- A
SUBJECT- Political
Development
TOPIC- Water
Conservation- Popular
Movements

15. WATER MOVEMENT
IN GREECE
Water privatisation has proved to be a source of fatal vulnerability
for governments bent on privatisation. In Latin America victories
for water as a human right, against governments assuming they
could sell it on the global market, have contributed, for example,
to the downfall of right-wing governments in Uruguay, in the late
1990s, and Bolivia, with the Cochabamba ‘water wars’ of 2000.
Already the strength of practical commitment to water as a
common good is beginning to prove awkward for the EU members
of the troika on their home ground.

16. First initiatives
The first initiatives in Greece towards politically decisive resistance over water
have come from the country’s second largest city, Thessaloniki. Here the
preliminary steps towards privatisation in 2007 were slowed down in part
through the resistance of the water workers’ union, which staged a four-day
hunger strike during the city’s international trade fair. The first tenders were
eventually announced in 2009 and again the union – which, unlike most unions in
Greece, had determinedly maintained its autonomy from all political parties –
responded with a 12-day occupation of the company’s main building.
The reputation that the water workers’ union established with activists in
Thessaloniki has proved to be a foundation on which today’s growing campaign
has been able to build. Union president George Archontopoulos says that in 2009
he used to invite himself to neighbourhood groups to put the arguments against
privatisation. Now, he says, ‘they are always asking us to come to them and there
are many more of them.’

17. A two-front strategy
The core idea of our strategy is that water privatization in Greece is in
realityEuropean politics. It is part of the loan agreement between
Greece and its European creditors, it will benefit French multinationals,
and it cannot be stopped only by “lobbying” at the national level.
Therefore, in our view, a double pressure on Greek decision-makers
both from above and from below was the best starting point for a
viable strategy.
So, our first front is the European front, where the fight is given by the
European Water Movement, an amazing network of collaborating
unions, NGOs, and movements from around Europe — an inspiring
sincere change from what we usually experience when these actors try
to work together across borders, which usually ends in fragmentation
and distrust. Our second front is the creation of alliances at the
municipal level, pushing for the adoption of resolutions against water
privatization in Attica; a more feasible goal now that we approach local
elections.

18. Internal processes
and ‘do-ocracy’
On internal processes, our approach is the creation of a “demos” with
those we can consent with, building human bonds rather than “rules”.
Critique or theory is not considered by our group as “participation”, and
unless people do stuff they are not really perceived by others as core
members or co-decision makers. This loose “rule” has succeeded in
attracting the right kind of people, and the big talkers that usually haunt
assemblies luckily left us and sought after other groups, more hospitable
to their attitude.
In a way, mutual respect and trust is essential to decentralize decisions
and workloads, and the practice of an “assembly for the sake of the
assembly” is not among our practices since we really convene only to
discuss important issues that are known to be debated within the
group, or really important strategic milestones to move us ahead.

19. Sakshi Saraf
X-A
Biology
Water Recycling

20. Water Recycling
Reclaimed water or recycled
water, is
former wastewater (sewage) that is
treated to remove solids and certain
impurities, and used insustainable
landscaping irrigation or to
recharge groundwater aquifers. The
purpose of these processes
is sustainability and water
conservation, rather than
discharging the treated water to
surface waters such as rivers and
oceans. In some cases, recycled
water can be used for streamflow
augmentation to benefit ecosystems
and improve aesthetics. One
example of this is along Calera Creek
in the City of Pacifica, CA

21. Process
The water recycling process utilizes very
basic physical, biological and chemical
principles to remove contaminants from
water. Use of mechanical or physical
systems to treat wastewater is generally
referred to as primary treatment. Use of
biological processes to provide further
treatment is referred to as secondary
treatment. Additional purification is
called tertiary or advanced treatment.
Primary Treatment
Primary treatment uses simple mechanical and physical processes to remove
approximately half of the contaminants from wastewater.
Secondary Treatment or "Bug Farming"
Secondary treatment uses biological processes to remove most of the remaining
contaminants.
Advanced Treatment and Disinfection
After the bugs do their work, water is filtered through sand before undergoing chemical
disinfection in chlorine contact chambers, used to kill any remaining microorganisms.

22. UTILISATION

24. Perhaps you have on occasion noticed
mineral deposits on your cooking
dishes, or rings of insoluble soap scum
in your bathtub. These are not signs
of poor housekeeping, but are rather
signs of hard water from the
municipal water supply. Hard water is
water that contains cations with a
charge of +2, especially Ca2+ and Mg2+.
These ions do not pose any health
threat, but they can engage in
reactions that leave insoluble mineral
deposits. These deposits can make
hard water unsuitable for many
uses, and so a variety of means have
been developed to "soften" hard
water; i.e., remove the calcium and
magnesium ions.

25. Mineral deposits are formed by ionic reactions resulting in the
formation of an insoluble precipitate. For example, when hard water
is heated, Ca2+ ions react with bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions to form
insoluble calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
This precipitate, known as scale, coats the vessels in which the
water is heated, producing the mineral deposits on your cooking
dishes. In small quantities, these deposits are not harmful, but they
may be frustrating to try to clean. As these deposits build
up, however, they reduce the efficiency of heat transfer, so food
may not cook as evenly or quickly in pans with large scale
deposits. More serious is the situation in which industrial-sized
water boilers become coated with scale: the cost in heat-transfer
efficiency can have a dramatic effect on your power bill!
Furthermore, scale can accumulate on the inside of
appliances, such as dishwashers, and pipes. As scale builds
up, water flow is impeded, and hence appliance parts and pipes
must be replaced more often than if Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions were not

26. For large-scale municipal operations, a process known as the "lime-soda
process" is used to remove Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the water supply. Ionexchange reactions, similar to those you performed in this experiment,
which result in the formation of an insoluble precipitate, are the basis of
this process. The water is treated with a combination of slaked lime,
Ca(OH)2, and soda ash, Na2CO3. Calcium precipitates as CaCO3, and
magnesium precipitates as Mg(OH)2. These solids can be collected, thus
removing the scale-forming cations from the water supply.
Household water softeners typically use a different process, known as ion
exchange. Ion-exchange devices consist of a bed of plastic (polymer) beads
covalently bound to anion groups, such as -COO-. The negative charge of
these anions is balanced by Na+ cations attached to them. When water
containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ is passed through the ion exchanger, the Ca2+ and
Mg2+ ions are more attracted to the anion groups than the Na+ ions. Hence,
they replace the Na+ ions on the beads, and so the Na+ ions (which do not
form scale) go into the water in their place.