The Green Building Concept

The Green Building Concept
2.0 Introduction
Factory buildings make significant impact to their surrounding environment. Green building concept is a
fine solution for this situation, but occupation satisfaction must be considered for organization and
occupants' wellbeing.
This chapter describes about the applicability of green building concept in Factory buildings and Sri
Lankan context. Furthermore it explains about occupants' satisfaction on factory buildings and importance
of it. Key criteria which influence for occupants satisfaction also describe in this chapter.
2.1 Green Buildings
Gou, Prasad & Lau (2013) argued that green revolution is happening in the construction industry as a
reaction for severe and irreversible climate event. Most of industries are beginning to recognize the
impacts of their activities on the environment and to make considerable changes to mitigate their
environmental impact, for that reason the construction industry has recently begun to acknowledge their
responsibilities for the environment, resulting in a shift in how buildings are designed, built, and operated.
(Smith, Fischlein, Suh & Huelman, 2006). According to Fischer, (2009) Green buildings are integrated
building practices that significantly reduce the overall impact of a structure, human health and its
surrounding environment in comparison to standard practices.
As said by Kats, (2003) "green" or "sustainable" buildings use resources such as energy, water, material
and land more efficiently than conventional
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The State Of Idaho And Public Works Contracts
Abstract In the State of Idaho there are a variety of laws that protect the entities of the state and of those
laws specifically help the vendors of Public Works Contracts. In the state of Idaho, some of the contracts
that are being awarded by the vendors are being received by in–eligible representatives Construction
Mangers or General Contractors by in–eligible meaning that CM/GC's have not met the requirements of
becoming an acquired bidder in the auctions. With the policy of Idaho Code 54–4511, protects the vendors
from being sued by either firms or the property owners. In this law there are many requirements and many
rules that the contractors must follow in order to execute an outstanding contracts. Meanings of having a
maximum price, the amount of work that has to be done in a substantiate amount of time and determining
how much how you can actually do at the maximum amount of price that was set by CM/GC's. Policy
Identification and Explanation Public Works Contracts [Idaho Code 54–4511(2015)] this policy provides
Construction Managers and General Contractors a certain portion of work performed under a contract. To
provide a guaranteed maximum price inside shall be negotiated inside of the contract and by accessing a
maximum it will allow a buffer zone of the contract and will give more of a profit and will allow to fix any
problems that shall appear in the future of the build and require certain bonds because when awarding a
public work contract must be

Environmental Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment
The harm directly reflected in, if the living condition of a certain area is too bright at night, it can be
difficult to sleep, disrupt the body 's normal biological clock, leading to daytime work efficiency fall,
resulting in psychological stress. 2. Environmental pollution harm has two main aspects: 1. Heat island
effect from the perspective of the geographical circulation of heat, because the night lighting caused
unnecessary energy loss (including generating heat loss and lighting loss), is bound to increase electric
effect throughout the city, thereby exacerbating urban heat island effect.
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Introduction. In this area, we will discuss about energy savings, land savings, water savings and
environment protection.
For the energy savings we need to promote the use of new and renewable energy sources. Reasonable
arrangements for cities' various functions, and promote urban living, employment and other rational
distribution, reduce traffic load, reducing energy consumption in urban transport. Renewable energy means
that the energy is from nature, non–fossil energy sources can be renewed, including wind, solar, hydro,
biomass, geothermal and ocean energy.
Land saving includes rational distribution, scientific planning and improving the intensification and saving
level of the land use. Industrial building should increase the floor area ratio appropriately, public buildings
should increase the building density appropriately, and residential buildings

Lack Of Interoperability And Information Models
As stated in NIST GCR 04–867 interoperability means the ability to manage and communicate electronic
products and project data between collaborating firms. In construction industry, lack of interoperability
always makes the team members unable to exchange data from different software and platforms. The lack
of interoperability is mainly because that different tools and platforms cannot pass information seamlessly
among themselves and hence prevent effective information exchange and collaborating among every team
member.
The main impacts brought by the lack of interoperability is it can drive up the costs. The main drivers of
increasing cost include time spent on manually reentering the data from one application to another, time
spent on processing requests for information, extra expenditure for data translators and so forth. (McGraw
Hill Construction 2007)
b) Describe and discuss the need for interoperable building information models.
As information stated above, lack of interoperability causes construction industry a large loss of cost and
time, making improving interoperability an urgent and necessary trend. It is stated in the smart report, there
are about 3.1% project costs related to non–interoperability in the construction industry.
Besides, team members of different disciplines always have their own application and platforms to address
their own needs. If those applications and platforms can be compatible, team members then can share and
exchange information

Green Building Negatives
By the definition of sustainability, it is the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level. When talking
about sustainability through the environment, sustainability has another meaning. It's the avoidance of the
depletion of natural resources in order to maintain and ecological balance. Anything with the word green is
often associated with the label environmental friendly. Did you ever wonder if green buildings are worth
the cause or even worth the amount of money it takes to fund? There are many benefits and negatives for
green buildings.
A green building is the "act of making a building more eco–friendly with certain technology that is
currently available" (Simple mom). A benefit that comes with building a green building is that they are
designed to have more efficient technology than regular buildings. The green buildings are supposed to be
healthier and more comfortable environment to live in. Some of the technology created for these building
is to use renewable energy, reduce waste buildup, and to cut down on heating and cooling expense. Unlike
regular buildings, green buildings require low maintenance. There is no need for any paint jobs to the
building and also the life cycle for building are 50– 100 years old the price of building goes down with
green buildings installment of solar panels leads to higher resales and strong investments
(LaborLawCaenter).
All around the world people are taking advantage to turn their buildings into green buildings. Many

Common Forms Of Low Rise Construction Used For Domestic...
P1 Understand common forms of low rise construction used for domestic and commercial properties
Steel frame:
Steel frame structures are made as the name suggest from steel, the material is strong and flexible. When
weight is added it bends without cracking. Another characteristic of steel is that its plasticity or ductility,
meaning that when force is added it won't crack however it will lose shape therefore giving warning for
people to evacuate the building. A disadvantage of steel is that is loses strength when subject to fire.
Studies have shown that it can loose up– to half its strength when subject to fire, therefore making it
imperative to cover the steel with boards or spray on.
Steel construction is used in
High rise building because of its strength, light weight and the speed in which it can be constructed.
Industrial buildings and warehouse buildings because of the ability to create large span spaces at a low cost
Temporary structure as its quick to set up and remove.
Steel fabrication: this is when steel is cut to the desire length generally on site and then weld them together
to create the final building. This is generally labor intensive however it can reduce time.
Bolted steel construction: this is when the main bulk of the construction is pre made at the workshop then
bolted into place on site. This tends to be the preferred methods as it saves time and money as well having
the right working conditions.
Advantages of steel structures
Very

How Can Bim Technology Assist in Optimising the Life Cycle...
Paper for the 16th Pacific Rim Real Estate Society Conference Wellington, New Zealand 24–27 January
2010. How can BIM Technology assist in optimising the Life Cycle Cost of a Building? By Francis Pf Lai,
Dulani Halvitigala, John Boon, Roger Birchmore Department of Construction, Unitec New Zealand
Abstract The complexity of a modern construction project, especially in a fast track environment,
necessities the use of Building Information Management (BIM) system to manage such a project to
provide the necessary probable cost outcomes of alternative designs ahead of the actual construction times.
The visualization of such alternative designs through 'prototyping' design solutions has the definite
advantage of identifying ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The full Ecotect analysis is then applied to the design to capture the effects to the building over time by
simulated visualized outcomes in the form of 2D drawings representing the differing time spans of the life
of the building. The benefits of using BIM in modern construction project management have been well
recognized. Eastman et al (2008)[7], for instance, have described the use of BIM for developing models
that enable computational based analysis and simulation to be undertaken. Soubra (2008)[8] has discussed
the ability of BIM to model "comforts" including thermal, visual, acoustic and air quality. Vaizidou (2007)
[9] has highlighted the benefit of BIM's modelling technique in using the x–y–z axes for representations of
time line: project tasks: design outputs in projects. The concept of the x–y–z axes, which will be discussed
to a fuller detail later in this paper, is of particular relevance as it illustrates the simple idea of
representation of the outcomes from Ecotect applications. The use of BIM techniques has therefore
achieved widespread commercial use in building designs. "The Contractors' Guide to BIM" published by
The American General Contractors Association[10] identifies BIM as a tool that enables the construction
industry to: "more efficiently operate in new and increasingly expeditious ways. Initially, BIM and 3D
models have primarily helped eliminate design conflicts with far

Graduation Speech : Keystone High School
It is extremely hard to choose what you want to do for the rest of your life at only age 17, but Keystone
High School tries to make it easier for their students. Keystone High School requires you to have this
career research done for you to be able to graduate. There are a lot of steps involved in getting your final
essay done. Like gathering information throughout different websites, interviewing a person in that field,
and writing a huge essay about what we have decided on our lives. During our phase one of the career
research project, we had to look for what we do in our jobs. Phase two we had to go out into the real world
and interview or job shadow someone already in that field, so that makes us be able to make a better
decision. But ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I found 3 great programs, one only being 4 hours away in Williamsport. The colleges I looked at are
Pennsylvania College of Technology, Purdue University, and Philadelphia University. So I will break down
each college for my decision. To start off, the Pennsylvania College of Technology costs around 15,810
dollars for just tuition per year. But with a meal plan, books, and supplies included it will cost around
21,100 dollars without a place to live. Pennsylvania College of Technology also provides around 200
different scholarships as long as you don't break any rules and you stay above a 2.5 GPA. Also they try as
hard as they can to make College affordable for us so they provide lists of other scholarships not provided
by the school. There job placement is very high and they help you find employment after school as well as
during so you can gain on the job experience. Above all that the campus is located about 4 hours away
from Knox, Pa so it 's not to far to come back and visit. ("Admissions & Aid.") The next college I looked at
was Purdue University, it is located in Indiana so it is my less likely choice. Tuition for a out–of–state
student would be around 28,800 dollars per year. That is a whole 18,800 dollars more than a in–state–
resident. With books, supplies, travel, and misc. the grand total will be around 32,000 dollars without
boarding. Purdue University doesn't have very many of their own scholarships, they provide around one
hundred scholarships to people

Design-Build Project Delivery Method
Running Head: DESIGN–BUILD PROJECT DELIVERY METHOD
Civil Engineering: Design–Build Project Delivery Method
Design–Build Project Delivery Method Due to the economic specialization, a new method named The
Design Build Project Delivery Method has been developed. This method is found as the best alternative for
delivering the public projects (Design–Build E ffectiveness Study, 2006). As per the position of the design
professional, the design build project delivery methods are suitable for the delivery of the projects. The use
of this method has become widespread in the recent times. Due to this much of application of this method,
the need of the project designers is much to be involved in the development of the projects to ensure ...
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▪ Any kind of improper practices by the professionals is prohibited. ▪ The hiring of a contractor is done by
conducting bidding for the completion of the project on a set price. ▪ The hiring of the contractor does not
include any kind of competitive bidding due to which, special legislations are essential to be considered in
the hiring process (Understanding Project Delivery for the Design and Construction of Public Buildings).
This way, several issues arise during the process of hiring or contracting the design professional in the
given economic landscape. These issues include ethical, financial, legal and some general as per the above
discussion. According to the personal observation, the effective coordination with all these issues is
essential for an individual to have the delivery of the project on the required beneficial level.
Impact on Individual Hiring a design professional, impact the individuals from two sides positive, as well
as, the negative. From the positive perspective, all the interests of the individual or owner are protected
with the assistance of the responsibilities taken by the design professional. The quality building aspects and
the other functions related to construction works are also addressed by the hiring of the design professional
by the owner. In addition to this, the time and cost of the owner are also saved by this contract between
both the parties. The delivery of the

Essay On Construction Management
To incoming students in the construction management discipline., the three types of research that will be
described in this paper are scholarly journals, trade journals and popular magazines, these will also be
accompanied with examples of a research topics. Students can use these researching strategies for the
following: essays, lab reports, reviews, and annotations. Knowledge of these resources will ensure success
in the program. Sustainability is becoming an ongoing trend in construction. This word in reference to
construction means to be built sturdy while not depleting the environment around it. According to
Lafargeholcum Foundations [1], "Sustainability is one of the worlds most talked about but least understood
words, its meaning ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Managing and implementing sustainability requires the commitment of all stakeholders and new ways of
working, thinking and learning. [4]" The paper highlights the importance of a coordinated supply chain
action in the construction sector and emphasizes the need for construction companies to train and invest in
resource– efficient building methods and practices. This will manage the balance between stability and
change [4].
The second journal I selected is Open House International, this journal writes of subjects of architecture
and housing and urban planning. The article chosen from this journal is titled, Indicators of Sustainable
Construction in Eco–Urban. Its main focus is introducing sustainable construction and identifies important
indictors of sustainability. This article Goes into detail about eco–cities, which are ones that utilize all the
critical elements of the environment and focuses on the efficient use of raw materials and power
consumption during the life of a building [5]. Also goes into details how the exploitation of resources is a
big factor in sustainability. The second journal is similar to the first journal in the fact that they are both
pro–sustainable construction. Both papers go into detail about how implementing sustainable building
would effect economic and environmental aspects of the process. They both go into detail about how
import it is to move towards sustainable construction.
Popular magazines

Women And The Construction Industry
With the construction industry projected to grow over the next several years and project management
positions in high demand, the makeup of the construction industry is often overlooked. When one looks at
a jobsite, or even thinks of the construction industry, the most common image that comes to mind is men
working away in hardhats and neon vests, with women completely irrelevant to this picture. Women are the
largest untapped resource of the construction industry, as it is believed that men makeup around 99% of the
industry (Williams, 2015). For women entering into the world of construction, it is hard to penetrate the
male stigma that clouds this field, which is why many women often do not pursue careers in construction.
The stereotype of male construction workers must be challenged in order to help women thrive in
construction industry. Women are underrepresented in the construction industry due to a number of reasons
such as, sexism, harassment, intimidation, and a downfall of opportunities.
Patricia Valeroy, a young college student at Columbia University, began her first summer internship at
large construction company. Although studying civil engineering, her internship was a construction
management position on a luxury high rise in New York. Eager to get started at what she thought would be
the most ideal internship, her hopes were quickly crestfallen, as the senior construction manager told her he
was unwilling to work with women. As she was sent to do other tasks,

Pursuing A Challenging New Role
I am actively pursuing a challenging new role where I can utilise my extensive training, skills and
experience working on various oil & gas, mining resource and construction projects over the past 20+
years. As a highly experienced Mechanical Fitter/Leading Hand, I am confident I would make a valuable
addition to your team with proven capabilities in maintenance, shutdowns and installations, coupled with
expertise in the alignment of various pumps, motors, compressors, turbines and flange management. I
possess strong technical skills and a sound mechanical aptitude with the ability to work at heights, in
confined spaces and challenging conditions. Flexible and adaptable, I have the ability to undertake ad hoc
tasks and work at short ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 Proficient using precision measuring tools and advanced knowledge of laser alignment technology. 
Proven ability to provide safe and efficient mechanical maintenance to LNG facilities.  Capacity to read
and interpret various technical/engineering plans and drawings.  Experienced in breakdown and
preventive maintenance of boilers and turbines, and plant overhauls.  Proven experience and ability to
raise and complete notifications, and work orders for required work.  Ability to remain calm and respond
appropriately to emergency situations and incidents.  Excellent communication skills with the ability to
consult with people from various backgrounds.  Strong problem solving and conflict resolution skills
with a collaborative approach to work tasks.  Proven ability to multi–task with a high level of
organisation and time management.  Demonstrated ability to work independently and collaboratively as
part of a broader team.  Excellent problem solving and analytical skills, with the ability to achieve
positive outcomes.  Proficient administration and computer skills with knowledge of Microsoft Office
Suite.  Strong commitment to workplace OH&S and Environmental policies and procedures.  Self–
motivated, energetic and results–driven with a strong work ethic and positive attitude.  Committed to
ongoing training and development with the ability to learn new skills quickly. 

Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort
Marina Bay Sands integrated resort is a luxurious hotel designed by brilliant and well renowned architect
Moshe Safdie who designed 'Habitat 67' and made it possible by Arup Structural Engineer with the help of
Ssangyong Engineering and Construction as main contractor. This five star hotel comprises three 55 storey
luxury hotel towers with 2,561 luxury rooms including suites capped by the Sands SkyPark which is the
world's largest cantilevered observation deck, convention, a casino, exhibition facilities, and theatres with a
total of 4,000 seats. Engineers play major roles in managing the risk and design a building with protection
system installed. Since Marina Bay Sand transformed into potential tourist destination, this hotel designed
with fire safety strategy based on minimising fire and smoke spread.
Arup Company designed fire safety engineering based on Singapore performance–based Fire Safety Act
and Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Buildings with the approval of Singapore. To design the
facility based on the Singapore Fire Safety Act and combining the performance–based fire engineering
solutions and waivers were the main goal to achieve. The insurer of the building has the biggest
stakeholder on property safety, and it is crucial for engineers to understand and design to ensure the
building is safe and avoid loss of life in the event of a fire. The high risk of this building is a fire which
generates smoke to the building's occupants. This building was

A Report On Nanaimo Gold Club
Nanaimo Gold Club is a highly esteemed semi–private golf course in Vancouver Island. Open all season, it
has a full 18–hole course, pro shop, 2 full dining rooms, banquet halls, lounges and large patios that look
over Departure Bay and the Coastal Mountains on the mainland. The Clubhouse was named the winner of
the Vancouver Island Real Estate Board 2014 Commercial Division Award of Excellence– Hospitality and
Judges Choice Award for the best new commercial building of the year.
Building Address:
2800 Highland Blvd
Nanaimo, BC V9S 3N8
DESCRIPTION OF THE RENOVATION
In 2013 the Nanaimo Golf Club took on extensive renovations to the existing building as well as adding
another facility to the property. There were a substantial amount of ... Show more content on
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Benson Lounge
Departure Bay Lounge
Men's Locker Room
AV Macan Ballroom
*Building images courtesy of the Nanaimo Golf Club website:
http://www.nanaimogolfclub.ca/About_Us/Photo_Gallery.aspx
SCOPE OF PROJECT– BUILDING SYSTEMS Our goal for this assignment is to understand the building
systems, key players, and outcome of the renovation of the Nanaimo Golf Club. The different components
we will be elaborating on is:
The construction of the project: how the architect, contractor and consultants worked together
How the building systems work: on their own and as a whole system
How the client interacts with the building systems
Have there been any issues since the completion of construction?
Were the client's needs met?
MAIN PLAYERS: CLIENT, ARCHITECT, CONTACTOR AND CONSULTANTS

Client: Nanaimo Golf Club
Architect: Chow Hammond Low Architects
Structural and Civil Consultant: Herold Engineering Ltd
Mechanical Consultant: Rocky Point Engineering Ltd.
Electrical Consultant: RB Engineering Ltd.
Sprinkler Consultant: Des Design
DEMOLITION PHASE
During the

Application Of Solar Thermal Integration Technology Essay
Solar thermal integration technology
Effective use of renewable energy sources – solar energy resources Multifunctional building components
formed , clever and efficient use of space Synchronized planning design, simultaneous construction and
installation , saving installation costs of solar energy systems and construction costs Solar energy systems
and building integration as a whole , does not affect the appearance of the building (Figure?)
Figure ?
Solar collector types
Flat plate collector : overall good, long life , less failure, low security risk , cost and low cost
All–glass vacuum tube collector : high efficiency, the four seasons can provide hot water for the Yangtze
River, the Yellow River region of users is more appropriate
Heat pipe solar collector : –40 ° C low temperature resistant , applicable to the three northeastern provinces
, Inner Mongolia , Xinjiang, Tibet
U –tube collector : suitable for applications requiring 70 ~ 900 ℃ high temperature hot water for industrial
use Figure ?
3.2 Design Development (DD)
The stage following the Schematic design stage is the Design development where all the previous
decisions are worked out into much more details. In this new stage, the concept is taken into another level
where a clear and harmonized description of all aspect of the design includes all the architectural,
plumbing, electrical and mechanical system. They are worked out in order to provide a ground for the
preparation of the

Cloud Storage For The Field Of Pre Construction
Cloud Storage
Cloud storage is one of the important application of mobile technology. Cloud storage can be described as
a service, which allows you to manage and maintain the data remotely. Cloud storage allows you to save
your files online, so that you can access it from anywhere in the world with the help of internet.
Additionally, cloud storage syncs the data making sure that all the devices contain the same data. Any
project manager knows how difficult it is to have access to current information and many conflicts can be
avoided if the same information is available to all the parties in the project. Another important use of cloud
storage is in the field of Pre–Construction. For example, Cloud Takeoff is an application which allows the
estimators to perform digital takeoffs on any platforms, from windows or Mac or IOS or Android. Since
these takeoffs are present in cloud, users can collaborate on the documents using different devices. Cloud
Takeoff can do tasks which can previously be performed on programs like Onscreen takeoff. Cloud takeoff
helps in preparing more accurate bids than the bids produced by PC based software by increasing
collaboration between the parties involved. There are many applications available which provides cloud
storage. Some of the examples are Dropbox, Box.net.
This above discussion on benefits of using mobile technology in construction industry has covered many
benefits of using mobile technology in construction industry. Most of the above

Five Ways In Which An Fm Department Can Manage Energy /...
ASSIGNMENT SIX
Exhaustively discuss five ways in which an FM department can manage their energy/utilities bills.
INTRODUCTION
Managing energy/utility bills is one of the fact that the facility management department needs to address.
For the past few years managing energy/utility bills has been a low priority for most corporations. But now
the situation is different, most corporations pay more attention to their energy/utility bill costs just because
energy cost estimated to over 20% of the average office building costs. Because of this, most of the
shareholders and investors are looking for ways to protect profits from energy–saving methods. Facility
management department in any company can focus on below five categories to reduce ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, can consider replacing existing plumbing fixtures with high–efficiency fixtures to reduce the chances
of clogging. Installing high–efficiency urinals are a smart thing to do reduce water waste because it uses as
little as 1 pint of water per flush which is 10% less than current low–flow models. Facility managers can
consider installing ultra–low–flow showerheads, which have less water usage compared to the code–
compliant models. (Improving Water Efficiency in Your Building.)
MORE LEED (GREEN) CONSTRUCTIONS
Green constructions are becoming more popular for energy–saving. Comparing to the other building
construction, the LEED–certified building has 34% of lower CO2 emissions and consume 25% less energy.
LEED buildings are reported more than 20% lowers maintenance and operational cost compared to the
other buildings. Most of the green buildings use renewable energy such as solar power systems. To reduce
heating costs green building use a Solar heating system which has the power to preheat outside air before it
enters the building. Installing a geothermal heat pump system have a major impact on saving energy from
air conditioning, heating, and this technology considerably reduce the use of electricity. Green buildings
are designed to use water efficiently by managing wastewater and rainwater which have a huge impact on

Sustainability Is Not Green
What is sustainability? In contemporary design, sustainability is a furious warrior under a green coat.
People usually attribute sustainability with the color "green," essence of nature or love and care for mother
earth. In the context of construction, this means placing plants in buildings, installing green roofs and use
local construction materials. Sustainability is much more than a green coat concept draped over buildings.
Sustainability is strong, a courageous idea that would change the future.
To sustain is to withstand and endure without "giving away." A sustainable civilization should not empty
natural resources and endanger the environment. To sustain is "...to meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Preservation runs parallel with
the concept of sustainability. To sustain is to preserve the current. To Sustain is to discard the idea of
wastefulness. Concern about the environment and preservation of natural resource had become a heated
debate among citizens, designers, and politics. United States alone uses a significant among of world's
energy and produces a great amount of greenhouse gas. According to U.S. Department of Energy's EIA for
2007, commercial and residential buildings consume about 40 percent of the energy usage in the United
States. Building constructions plays an important role in sustainable development and environmental
preservation because building life cycle starts with

Integrated Project Delivery Method For Construction
Integrated Project Delivery Method
What is IPD (Integrated Project Delivery) as it applies to construction? Generally speaking here is how it
works: IPD is a process where a team of everyone involved in the project gets together and create a plan
then continue to be involved to see it through completion. The team is bound together by contract legally
and stands to gain or lose financially as a whole by the outcome of the project. The American Institute of
Architects (AIA) currently defines IPD as "a project delivery method that integrates people, systems,
business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all
participants to reduce waste and optimize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication and
construction (Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia 2015). Instead of each stakeholder having their own side
projects all members are stationed in the same pool where they can exchange ideas. At this point, the
project depends on collaboration and team building (Burcin &Karen, 2010).
In a bit more detail, the team can be owner, construction manager, architect, engineers, builders, contractor,
subcontractors, designers and even technical vendors depending on the project. They are legally bound by
a contract from the concept phase through the completion of the project. Each member of the team is
involved has a say in all phases and has a responsibility for completion and quality of all phases. Unlike
traditional

The Market of Rental Units
Rental Units are the large part of USA housing market. Nearly one–third of American households rent, and
over 14 percent of households live in a rental apartments. The following chart list that 35% of population
rents, which does not seem much in comparison to 65% of house owners but they also contribute a lot to
this society. Multifamily housing has high potential for energy savings through retrofits, but the lack of
data on best practices and historical cost savings has weakened investment. Data related to energy
efficiency, utilities and construction is really difficult to obtain for a building, as many multifamily owners
and operators never benchmark the energy performance of their building. This critical shortage of
information about building energy performance has prevented property markets from valuing energy
efficiency and severely undermined both public and private efforts to increase the energy efficiency of
multifamily housing. This has really affected the development of energy efficient and green policies in
multi family building. Green building is about improving our design and construction practices so that the
multifamily homes we build today will last longer, cost less to operate, and won't harm the health of
workers and residents. It is also about protecting natural resources and improving the built environment so
that ecosystems, people, enterprises and communities can thrive and prosper. Many a times what happens
is there is no coordination between

Building Design Approach For The Indoor Thermal Comfort...
Building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to
improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or nil energy consumption is termed as Passive Cooling.
(Santamouris & Asimakoupolos, 1996, Samuel, et al, 2013). This approach works either by preventing heat
from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling)
(Limb, 1998). Natural cooling utilizes on–site energy, available from the natural environment, combined
with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical
systems to dissipate heat (Niles. Et al, 1980). Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the
architectural design of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The thermal mass will absorb and store heat during daytime hours and return it to the space at a later time
(Santamouris & Asimakoupolos, 1996). Therefore, passive cooling techniques that use heat sinks can act to
either, modulate heat gain with thermal mass, or dissipate heat through natural cooling strategies. The
design of a building is a very important factor which influences the cooling potential of a natural cooling
technique. Natural cooling techniques includes: natural ventilation, night flushing, evaporative cooling,
ground cooling and radiative cooling (Santamouris & Asimakoupolos, 1996).
2.7.2 3. Night Flushing
Night flushing (also known as night ventilation, night cooling, night purging, or nocturnal convective
cooling) is a passive or semi–passive cooling strategy that requires increased air movement at night to cool
the structural elements of a building (Santamouris & Asimakoupolos, 1996). (Samuel, et al, 2013). Unlike
free cooling, which assists in chilling water, night flushing cools down the thermal mass. To execute night
flushing, the building envelope typically stays closed during the day, causing excess heat gains to be stored
in the building 's thermal mass.
The building structure acts as a sink through the day and absorbs heat gains from occupants, equipment,
solar radiation, and conduction through walls, roofs, and ceilings. At night, when the outside air is cooler
and not too humid, the envelope is opened, allowing cooler air to

The American Institute Of Architects
What is IPD (Integrated Project Delivery) as it applies to construction? Generally speaking here is how it
works: IPD is a process where a team of everyone involved in the project gets together and create a plan
then continue to be involved to see it through completion. The team is bound together by contract legally
and stands to gain or lose financially as a whole by the outcome of the project. The American Institute of
Architects (AIA) currently defines IPD as "a project delivery method that integrates people, systems,
business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all
participants to reduce waste and optimize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These goals may vary, but are usually associated with cost, schedule and quality metrics commonly used to
measure project success. Over time, businesses are adopting the integrated project delivery and project
partnering in place of traditional delivery methods. IPD works in a way such so that team members
integrate with each other. IPD is an effective tool because it involves all team members who work
collaboratively to ensure the success of the project. For this project delivery organization to succeed,
members of the team must commit to a true partnership. IPD demands a higher level of trust and
engagement of not only the conception and construction team members, but also from the client, owner,
and end users. IPD also fosters collaboration such that schedules are not only planned, but also developed
by all the members involved as well.
The difference between traditional and integrated project delivery is significant. For instance during
traditional project delivery the conception and planning stages would include a limited team such as the
engineers and architects. The plans would then be passed to the construction team and from there after
groundbreaking the construction team takes over. With integrated project delivery the construction team
would be present during planning and the designers and engineers would be present during construction
phase. Initially, the

Construction Management : Construction Of A Construction...
Construction Management Title Construction Management Rogelio Ramirez School of Engineering and
Sciences What is a Construction Manager? The role of a Construction Manager is responsible for running
and managing a construction site or a large part of it. This job involves preparing the site and
communicating with other construction professionals such as architects, engineers, buyers, estimators and
surveyors before construction work starts. They are in charge of developing the program of work and
strategy to make the project happen. Planning ahead to prevent problems on site before they occur such as,
planning the delivery and storage of equipment and materials. They have to make safety inspections of the
site when work is underway and ensuring regulations relating to health, safety and the environment (HSE)
are adhered to overseeing the running of several projects. They have to communicate with a range of
people such as; the client, subcontractors, suppliers, the public and the workforce. Construction Managers
are the creators for the future, planning and creating new advanced energy efficient smart homes and
buildings,

Company Description Of The Retirement Industry
2. Company Description
Mission: It is the mission of MBS to provide building services in the newly developed Gungahlin
community, North of Canberra, ACT. MBS is a full service design, construction, and property management
company.
MBS offers comprehensive design, construction, renovation and property management services to our
diverse clients. With Mercy Health Community as our sponsor in the newly finished Gungahlin
Development suburbs, we will have the best position as the premier builder for the new homes, villas and
apartments. In addition we will offer a wide range of pre and post construction services and including the
following:
Construction of all type of buildings under different type of contracts.
Design wide range of buildings for different functions.
Obtain Council Construction Approvals.
Renovation and Property Updates.
Property Development and Management.
3. Target Market Description
The retirement industry has been growing over the past decades. The percentage of the Australian
population over the age of 55 is at its highest of 23% and is growing at an average rate of 3% each year. In
certain parts of the country like the NSW and ACT, which has a high concentration of retirement
communities, the growth rate is about 7%. Based on recent data published by Australian Bureau of
Statistics This percentage is also expected to grow as the first of the "baby boomer" generation begins to
reach retirement age in the next decade.
4. Competitive Analysis
The

New Technology : High Efficiency Windows
Over the years, windows have evolved with a new technological advancement, known as high efficiency
windows. The introduction of these windows has allowed people to dramatic cut their energy consumption
and includes many other advantages. If you are tired of having a poorly insulated house, installing high
efficiency windows in your house could help improve this problem. Many homes today do not include
these types of windows, so people end up paying more for their heating and cooling systems/bills.
Installing these windows into your home can make a big difference in your house and in this essay I will
explain why. Before diving deep into the details of these windows, what exactly are they? High efficiency
windows "provide our homes with light, warmth, and ventilation"(energy.gov). Or in other words, these
windows keep the warm air in your home during the winter, and vice versa with cool air in the summer.
These windows also allows homeowners to buy smaller heating and cooling systems for their home, which
also will also save money. Besides reducing the energy consumption, these windows provide more comfort
in homes. "Professionally installed, thermally advanced windows stop air leakage, cut drafts, reduce heat
loss and minimize condensation"(www.silltosash.com). Lastly, energy efficiency windows create a
healthier environment for you and your family. High efficiency windows have warmer interior glass
surfaces, which reduces the amount of condensation build on the windows.

Sustainable Architecture Advantages And Disadvantages
With global warming, the world's attention on building energy efficiency is increasing. There are a large
proportion of architects recognised that the main factor of global warming is the use of building energy
generated by CO2. Sustainable architecture is involving methods that do not completely use up or destroy
natural resources. There are several major elements need to be considered, such as technology, economy
and Health . However, architects pay their greatest attention to environment. Because environment is the
fundamental factor of others and influence humans' life . Sustainable architectures reduce the consumption
of resources in order to save energy for nature and also green buildings produce less pollution in order to
save environment. Evidence suggests that sustainable architectures are advantageous for
environment.Whereas, other individuals states that sustainable buildings get more drawbacks. This essay
argues that the advantages of sustainable architecture far outweigh the disadvantages in relation to
technology , energy saving and economy.
With the development of technology, the invention and evolution of different materials can bring out more
possibility of sustainable architecture. Different materials can be used to describe incredible design which
looks The sustainable materials tend to reduce energy consumption. For instance architect use renewable
materials (such as wood ) to replace the consumption of non–renewable resources(such as original cement
).

Lp In The Construction Industry
LB traditionally provides several benefits to the owners. Regarding the monetary viewpoint, for example,
the owner can save a considerable amount of money for the project budget if utilizing LB (Shrestha 2014).
In addition, it is also simple to use because it focuses on the most crucial evaluation criterion, the bidding
cost (Yu and Wang 2012). In the construction industry, especially in highway projects, LB is supported by
the legislation for the transparency in the bidding process (Tran et al. 2016). Even though LB has aided,
typically, the public owners for decades, it consists of various drawbacks (Ahmed et al. 2012, Tran et al.
2016).
As a matter of fact, LB concentrates more on the cost, not quality, accepts that minimum ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
2008; Alleman et al. 2017; El Wardani et al. 2006; Gransberg and Shane 2015). According to Sullivan and
Guo (2009), it also improved the cash flow and especially the profitability of the contractor up to 8%. BV
in highway projects attained promising outcomes with value–added functions to the contractor's selection
in terms of project performance as stated by Abdelrahman et al. (2008). With collected data from the
MnDOT, they obtained the sufficiency of BV in evaluating and selecting the most appropriate contractors.
Supporting that conclusion, Ahmed et al. 2012 emphasized the use of BV in the bidding process for
highways. As stated in regulations, clients have to procure and deliver construction services within
regionally established regulatory parameters. Despite the fact that BV execution associated with the growth
of APDMs, which are legitimately being used in 48 out of 50 states, the use of BV in construction is
limited. There are a few areas have constituted the guidelines for BV in DBB projects; MnDOT (2012), for
example, has established and achieved benefits from the BV guidelines.
Many professional practitioners and organizations support the use of BV/QBS for procuring construction
services and are lobbying for its continued growth. In the A/E perspective, the American Institute of
Architects (AIA) stated the potential of QBS in providing efficient contractor's selection outcomes in terms
of cost saving and value engineering

Design And Design Of A Green Building Fundementals 11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESIGN BRIEF 3 PASSIVE DESIGN FEATURES 3 ACHIEVING PLANNING REGULATIONS 7
GREEN BUILDING FUNDEMENTALS 11 Embodied Energy Assessment 11 Potable Water
Conservation/ Recycling Features 12 Rain Water Harvesting 13 Operational Energy Conservation
Strategies 15 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 16 Structural Design Philosophy 16 Critical/Preliminary Member
Sizes 17
REFERENCES 20
HOUSE DRAWINGS 25 PD1 – INTERIOR LAYOUT DESIGN 25 PD1 – INTERIOR LAYOUT PLAN
26 PD1 – WINDOW & DOOR 27 PD2 – SITE EVELVATION 28 PD2 – BUILDING ELEVATION 39
S01 – FOUNDATION LAYOUT PLAN 30 S02 – UPPER FLOOR FRAMING LAYOUT 31 S03 – ROOF
FRAMING LAYOUT 32 S03 – TRUSS DESIGN 33 S04 – WALL FRAMING LAYOUT 34 PD2 –
SERVICES CONNECTION 35
1.0 DESIGN BRIEF
The proposed single development is located within the Monash City Council subdivision lot number 56. It
is designed as per the planning provisions stipulated in the Monash City Council Guidelines.
Lot number 56 is a 926 m^2 block with an 8% slope towards the back fence. Additionally there is a 3m
easement along the back fence for surface drainage. All services (gas, water, electricity and
communications) are located at the right hand side corner of the plot (looking from access road). Drive
way access is located at the left hand corner of the plot (looking from access road).
The proposed house is a double storey, 3 bedroom dwelling

A Short Note On The Global Ecology Center
Arch 100 Term Paper.
The Global Ecology Center
Lihao Wang,
May 19
The word "sustainable" is very popular recent years. Many countries are trying to reduce the carbon
emission. They tried controlling the smoke of the car. They tried controlling the use of the electric and
recycle everything they can use again. However, the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of buildings is more
than either the transportation or industrial sectors. According to US Green Building Council's research,In
2004, total emissions from residential and commercial buildings were 2236 million metric tons of CO2, or
39% of total US. Also, buildings consume 70% of the electricity load in the US.(USGBC) A building
called Global Ecology Center reduced 72% reduction in carbon emissions and 50% in embodied carbon for
building materials. Global Ecology Center is located in Stanford, and it was chosen as an AIA Committee
on the Environment Top Ten Green Project for 2007. The capacity is 10,900 ft2. It completed in March
2004. Global Ecology Center combined with laboratories and offices. It owned by and occupied by
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Corporation.(nonprofit) All told, the GEC achieved a 72 percent
savings over a 2001 California Title 24–compliant building, the strictest energy code in the nation, for a
modest capital cost premium paid back between two and five years. In short, this is a good example for the
sustainable buildings and works very well. I visited the building twice and I found

Digital Model Of 3d Printing
Table of Contents
I History Background 2
II technology detail 3
Contour Crafting (CC) 3
–Concept 3
Building Procedure 3
Automated Reinforcement 4
Automated Plumbing 5
Electrical Network Installation 6
Material 7
III Compare with Conventional House Construction. 8
Conventional House Construction 8
Contour Crafting Vs. Conventional 8
IV Application 9
NASA project 9
Winsun 10
V Future Outlook 10
VI Conclusion 10
I History Background
3D printing technology was start in the mid–1990s, this technology construct the real object from a digital
model from computer, layer by layer using certain material in powered state. In the past, this technology is
applied in mold manufacturing, and nowadays, it is being used in direct manufacturing. With the
improvement of this technology, more and more items can be done through 3D printing. However, the
potential of the 3D printing is far more than DIY small household items. In March of 2013, a Chinese firm
has claimed to have done 3d printing of ten houses within 24 hours. Two years later, in January of 2015,
they has further demonstrate its technology with a five story apartment building, compete with decorative
element both inside and outside. In fact, this technology is now overturn the traditional construction
industry.
In the building construction, building layer by layer has been practiced for several thousand years.
Bricking is a common method of building construction, which is actually lay construction. Therefore, it
make

The Impact Of Environmental Sustainability On The...
Introduction
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs (1, 2). Figure 1–Sustainable development: the
interaction of social Environmental and Economic factors (3)
The purpose of the report inspired by the above statement made on the Brundtland Report, 1987, is to link
the concept of environmental sustainability to architecture and in particular in the context of city planning,
building design and materials. The topic was chosen by the author as is in direct relation with his discipline
of Civil and structural engineering.
The way buildings are constructed and decommissioned has a major impact on the environment as well as
the society itself. The incorporation of sustainability in the architectural design can help the creation of
self–sufficient, stable, economically viable communities. The ecological footprint of a structure in terms of
an individual unit or a whole set of units composing a metropolis, should not have a detrimental effect to
the already heavily affected by humans' natural environment (4).
There is a way through smart design, innovative thinking and technological innovation to not only limit the
detrimental effects of the construction but also make a positive contribution to environment and cater in a
better way for the people's physical and psychological wellbeing(4, 5).
Several paradigms in the main body of the report do demonstrate that the

Women And The Construction Industry
With the construction industry projected to grow over the next several years and project management
positions in high demand, the makeup of the construction industry is often overlooked. When one looks at
a job site, or even thinks about the construction industry, the most common image that comes to mind is
men working away in hard hats and neon vests, with women completely irrelevant to this picture. Women
are the largest untapped resource of the construction industry, as it is believed that men make up around 98
percent of the industry (Williams, 2015). For women entering into the world of construction, it is hard to
penetrate the male stigma that clouds this field, which is why many women often do not pursue careers in
construction. The stereotype of male construction workers must be challenged in order to help women
thrive in the construction industry. Women are underrepresented in the construction industry due to a
number of reasons such as, sexism, harassment, intimidation, and a downfall of opportunities. But why are
women subject to such treatment, and how is it really affecting women, and largely, the progression of the
construction industry? Patricia Valeroy, a young college student at Columbia University, began her first
summer internship at a large construction company. Although studying civil engineering, her internship
was a construction management position on a luxury high rise in New York (Covert, 2014). Eager to get
started at what she thought would be the

A Relationship Between Project Team Integration And The...
Sustainable construction When it comes to building assessment methods, this theme led to many and
different forms of studies on the relationship between the project team integration and the sustainable
construction. Comparing dominant construction strategies with sustainable construction, Lutzkendorf &
Lorenz (2011) argue that, on one hand, sustainable construction requires greater disciplinary specialization
and greater functional dependence between components. On the other hand, traditional construction, which
in turn depends on greater integration between project team members (Robichaud & Anantatmula, 2011;
Rohracher, 2001). There are also research based on empirically point of view, a number of scholars have
tried to test such claims by developing quantitative indices for different dimensions of project team
integration and sustainable construction and by examining the statistical relation between them. For
example, Mollaoglu–Korkmaz, Swarup, & James Whitcomb Riley (2013) examined the relation between
project delivery methods, project team integration and LEED building scores in 12 case studies in the
United States. They operationalized 'integration' by the 'early collaboration of the project's participants, the
chemistry among participants and the timing and method of communication' (Mollaoglu–Korkmaz,
Swarup, & Riley, 2013). The research found the expected relation between project team integration and
procurement method (with American Construction Management at Risk

Integration Of Leed Indoor Environmental Quality Credits...
Integration of LEED Indoor Environmental Quality Credits into BIM Software to Design Educational
Buildings with Enhanced Quality Indoor Environment A Proposal by Kanishk Sharma Submitted to the
Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Chair of Committee, John Nichols Committee Members, Lesley
Feigenbaum Kevin Glowacki Head of Department, Joe Horlen May 2015 Major Subject: Construction
Management Copyright 2015 Kanishk Sharma ABSTRACT A poor indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in
educational buildings can have a significant negative impact on the performance and comfort of the
building occupants and given the fact that a large population spends its time indoor in educational
buildings, indoor environmental quality cannot be ignored. LEED IEQ credits established by United States
Green Building Council (USGBC) provide a guideline through which quality of indoor environment can be
improved. However, achievement and evaluation of LEED credits is a challenging task due to the
complicated instructions for achieving each credit and involvement of tiresome documentation procedure.
This study aims to make the evaluation of the LEED IEQ credits easier by developing a

Questions On Structural Insulation Panels
Introduction
Nowadays, structural insulation panels (SIPs) are used increasingly in a wide range of different structural
applications. Therefore, this report investigates into widespread aspects of the SIPs to confirm the
appropriateness of panels that can be combined into design work.
To construct this report, several sections have been researched .The analysis includes the explanation,
history, and operation of SIPs. Also, case studies: River Studio by Sjölander da Cruz Architects and
Museum of Outdoor Arts Element House by MOS Architects are used to investigate about panels used onto
buildings. Moreover, the report briefly explains the benefits and detriments of panels. Last but not least,
the comparison between alternative systems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have taken the continuous research on SIPs for over 30 years which helped to develop the SIPs in its
design and materials. ( Panjehpour, Ali, and Voo, 2013)
In 1936, Frank Lloyd Wright used a form of SIPs to construct the Usonian homes. Alden B. Dow, an
American architect who was the student of Frank Lloyd Wright, created the first foam core SIPs in 1952.
Rigid foam insulation became accessible when the affordable SIPs had mass production by the 1960s.
(Morley, 2000)
Operation
SIPs are prefabricated panels, which are assembled and pre–cut in the manufactory. Features such as
window openings, headers can be included on the panels according to the design submission by a builder.
(Cold Climate Housing Research Center, 2015)
Figure 1.2 SIPs are cutting in the factory
The size and thickness of panels depend on the application and thermal or structural requirements. In the
United Kingdom , the material of panels normally is orientated strand board grade 3 or plywood combined
with various plastic foams including expanded polystyrene, extruded polystyrene, urethane and other
similar insulation cores. (Porteous and Kermani, 2013)
Panels must comply with the standards of fire safety and load–bearing according to the International
Building Code and the International Residential Building Code .(Cold Climate Housing Research Center,
2015)
Case study example of it being used within a building
Case Study 1 : River Studio by

The Building Of Building A Building
The building envelope is the building shell or enclosure that separates the interior of a building with the
outdoor environment. This physical separator serves as an important component to maintain a comfortable
and healthy indoor environment by transferring the air, water, heat, light and noise. The components of an
envelope typically include walls, fenestration, floors, roof and doors with additional parts such as thermal
insulation and shading devices. As discussed above, the climate is an important factor when designing a
building. A well–designed envelope with high performance should be accustomed to the local climate.
Accordingly, there are arid climate envelope, tropical climate envelope, cold envelope and mixed cold/hot
climate envelope which may be composed of components such as sheets and blocks. The building
envelope have a big influence on whole building's energy usage. An energy effective building envelope
design saved as much as 35% and 47% of total and peak cooling demands respectively. At the same time
building code requirements on envelopes have increased significantly. Although the codes and standards
used in local and state level of government varies in place, they all derivate from ASHRAE and
International Energy Conservation Code (IECC).
Walls are a major part of a building envelope and are expected to maintain a thermal and acoustic comfort
inside the building. The crucial performance factor of the wall is thermal resistance (R–value) since it

Why Building A Building Envelope Design Is Important At...
As time moves forward, the design for better and more sophisticated envelope buildings will continue to be
important at all the levels of construction. Basically a building envelope is the separation between the
interior and the exterior environment with the inclusion of air, light, heat, water and noise transfer
resistances. The building envelope acts as a thermal barrier, because it regulates the temperature of the
inside, while the outside temperature can be different. Having a great envelope design can provide more
effective results on any type of climate. This is one of the reasons on why building managers are focusing
more in having a great envelope design, especially now that every company wants to reduce energy costs
and be more energy friendly.
Basic Components The basic components of an envelope are floors, roofs, fenestrations (windows,
skylights, clerestories, etc), doors, walls and more. The biggest function of a successful envelope design is
to see how the heat is been transferred between the outside and the inside. Minimizing heat transferring can
be very important because it can help reduce the amount of need of the space cooling and heating. That is
why understanding how heat is been transferred and the types of insulations that can be used in walls can
decrease energy costs at a larger scale. Engineers and architects have created new ways to improve the way
a building is designed to have great heat efficiency and maximize the light from the sun. As a

Essay about part 2 unit 6 building technology
Learner Name: Abubakr Mohammed
[Type the document subtitle] | DELL
Table of Contents
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................3
Task 1 (P5) Explain principals of superstructure design..........................................................................4 A
Low Rise Domestic
Dwelling...................................................................................................................................4 A portal
Frame.........................................................................................................................................................8
Task 2 (P6) Describe construction techniques.............................................................................................. 9
Timber
Framed........................................................................................................................................................9
Steel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further one this assignment will continue on the infrastructure of the economy which supports
construction, this will include told, power tools, transport for materials and any objects used in order to
complete a construction project which has to be order, rented or a special efforts made n order to allow for
these certain services.
I will then go on to justify the selection of materials used for domestic low rise dwelling and then continue
by sharing with your selection of materials and techniques of portal frames.
Finally I will share with you two recently founded modern materials well used in modern construction,
solar panels and expanded polystyrene, I will share with you there environmental performance on the part
they play to a better, clean and brighter tomorrow.
TASK 1 (Grading Criteria P5– Explain principals of superstructure design)
In this task you are required to explain the principals of superstructure design, for:–
a) A Low Rise Domestic dwelling
b) A Portal frame building
Describing construction methods and techniques employed to construct all superstructure elements.
A Low Rise Domestic Dwelling
A low rise domestic dwelling is a building less than 3 storeys high built for the purpose of being used as a
home, this building include: Terraced or town houses, Semi detached houses. Detached houses, Single
storey or bungalows, two storey house and Apartments.
A Superstructure is the building's shell; it

Design Educational Buildings With Enhanced Quality Of...
Integration of LEED indoor environmental quality credits into BIM software to design educational
buildings with enhanced quality of indoor environment
Introduction & Background
According to the studies of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the level of pollutants inside the
building can be two to five times higher than the outdoor levels and these pollutants are major cause of
worry as majority of people invest their 90 percent of time in indoor activities (10). The educational
buildings are heavily occupied most of the time as they provide facilities like classrooms, libraries,
laboratories, etc. Hence, it is imperative to maintain indoor air quality of important buildings like
educational buildings considering they have such a large amount of occupants.
The problems of indoor air quality in schools could be more serious than in other categories of buildings,
due to a higher occupant density and insufficient outside air supply (also ventilation), worsened by often
poor construction of school buildings (1). Generally a student is involved in a classroom for about 1300
hours in one year and hence poor indoor environment of an educational building can have a negative effect
on a student (3).
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is being largely incorporated into sustainable
design and construction within the United States of America and in the various categories of LEED there is
one category which addresses to the problem of indoor air quality. The

The Green Building Concept

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