not my own

1. AP History Exam Study Guide
By Will Erickson

3. Aztecs
• Great
mathematicians,
made numerous
human
sacrifices, and
built elaborate
cities for lack of
simple
technology

4. Corn/ Maize
• Critical to early
life
• Turned nomads
into settlers

5. • Persuaded Spain to give
him 3 tiny ships, where he
ventured west and ran
into Bahamas (was looking
for Indies, but found
Americas)

6. • Plants to Old World:
Tobacco, maize, beans,
tomatoes, and potatoes
• Animals to New World:
Cows, pigs, and horses
• Germs to New World:
Smallpox, yellow fever,
and malaria (90% killed
by germs)
• To Caribbean: Sugar
Cane

7. Treaty of Tordesillas
• Divided Americas into 2
for Portugal and Spain

8. • Entered
Tenochititlan
amazed by its
beauty , later
captured it and
introduced his
culture

10. • Created colony in
North Carolina

11. • England’s FIRST colony, later vanished

12. 3 Things Needed To Colonize
• 1: Popular Monarch
• 2: Religious Unity
• 3: Nationalism

13. • Only eldest sons could inherit land

14. • Allowed younger
siblings chance for
land

15. Surplus Population
• England was very overcrowded

16. • Colonized in North America for gold

17. • Virginia Company of
England’s colony
• Nasty conditions

18. • 1: Disease 2: Disorganization 3: Disposability

19. Tobacco/ John Rolfe
• John Rolfe: Saved economy and tobacco industry

20. • First government in colony

21. • Protected Catholics from Protestants

22. • Reduced risk of slave rebellion

23. Georgia
• Savannah helped Georgia become 13th colony

25. John Calvin
• Leader who expanded on Martin Luther’s thoughts

26. • Most devout Christians would only
admit Visible Saints

27. • Agreement signed to
hold government
• Colonies settled in
Plymouth Bay without
authority

28. • 70,000 refugees left England (1630’s)

29. • Questioned legality of
colony’s charter
• Williams was forced
to leave colony
• Built 1st Baptist
Church (Religious
Freedom)
• Built settlements in
Rhode Island

30. • Constitution for Connecticut river colony

31. • New settlement
• Goal: Grand Seaport

32. New England Confederation
• 4 colonies founded to defend enemies

33. • Goal: Make trade more efficient
• Smuggling= Result

34. Dominion of New England
• Included NY,
East + West NJ
• Blow to
Massachusetts

35. • Navigation laws- weakly enforced

36. Pennsylvania/ Penn
• Quakers arise in mid 1600’s
• William Penn- earns large amount of
land (Pennsylvania)

38. Women/ Chesapeake
• Settlers faced many diseases
• Life Expectancy down
• Immigrants mainly men (6:1 Ratio)

39. Indentured Servants
• Tobacco labor
up
• White slaves
worked for
certain
amount of
money and
time

40. Headright System
• Whoever paid the passage of a servant
acquired 50 acres of land

41. • Nathaniel Bacon
fed up with Gov.
Berkley
• Bacon + other
men attacked
Indians and
Berkley
• Bacon dies
(disease) and
Berkley returns
and murders
followers

42. • The voyage to Americas from Africa

43. • Social Structure
Ladder…
• Rich Planters
(owned slaves +
land)
• Small farmers (1-2
slaves)
• Landless whites
(Indentured
Servants)
• Black Slaves

44. Salem
• 20 people killed after being accused of being a witch

45. • Proud national trait of New England

47. Ethnic Makeup
• America: Melting Pot
• Germans: 6%
• Scots/Irish: 7%
• Other Euro Countries: .5%
• Africa: 20%
• Most mixed in world

48. • America= Opportunity
• Started to look more
like Europe
• Black slaves- No Rights

49. Workaday America
• 90% of people-
Agriculture
• Fishing,
commerce,
manufacturing,
lumbering, and
naval stores

50. • Trade routes with
West Indies,
North America,
England, and
Africa

51. Molasses Act
• 1733- Reduced trade between America and
West Indies

52. • Walked 9 days giving word of Declaration of
Independence

53. • Social place for all statuses

54. Religion & Location
• Church
of
England:
Official
religion
of 6
colonies

55. • Religion- Down
• Jonathan Edwards: Stated
the need for complete
dependence on God’s
grace
• Three lasting effects
– # Of Churches: Up
– Encouraged missionary
work among Indians and
some slaves
– 1st spontaneous mass
movement of America

56. Schools & Religion
• New England
most interested
in education
• Mostly male
leaders were
educated
• Emphasis:
Religion and
Language

57. • Reported on
government
being
corrupt,
almost jailed
• Achievement
for
reporter’s
freedom

58. • Appointed by
King
• Appointed by
themselves
• Themselves
under self-
governing
charters

60. • Quebec founded in
Canada
• French gain
complete control
over New France
• Valuable resource =
beaver
• French goal- block
Spain

61. • England destroyed
France and Spain,
rewarded land
• Spanish commander
cuts off ENG captain’s
ear, sends it to King

62. • England: ventured westward
• France: Link Canada + Mississippi Valley

63. Congress of Albany
• Only 7 of 13
delegates
(colonies) show up
• Goal: Greater
colonial unity,
bolter defense
against France

64. • Fought around
world
• Frederick the
Great- Defeated
French, Austrian,
+ Russian armies
• France- Wasted
strength

65. Proclamation of 1763
• Prohibited
settlement
beyond
Appalachians
Mountains

67. • Wealth- Power
• Gold- More exported then imported

68. • Aimed at Dutch, trying to trade in America

69. Sugar Act
• Increased duty on sugar imported from West
Indies

70. • Required America to supply food and housing
to troops

71. • Tax on most paper items

72. Stamp Act Congress
• 27 delegates
(9 colonies)
going to
repeal Stamp
Act

73. • Reaffirmed
England
had right
to bind
colonies in
all cases

74. Townshend Act
• Small import tax, colonists still enraged

75. Boston Massacre
• Colonists fired upon by ENG soldiers

76. First Continental Congress
• 12 colonies met to discuss colonial grievances

77. • England troops kill
8 Americans at
Lexington, but cut
off in/at Concord
• ENG + U.S.A
officially at war

78. • POSITIVES
– Population: 3-1 over U.S.
• NEGATIVES
– Cockiness
– 2nd rate generals
– No desire to kill colonists

79. • POSITIVES
– G. Washington + Ben.
Frank.- Great leaders
– Fighting for freedom
• NEGATIVES
– Soldiers- Disorganized

81. Olive Branch Petition
• 1775- Avoided war with England
• Reaffirmed America’s faith to England

82. • Thomas Paine
• Argued for
American freedom
from England
• Written so that
common people
could understand

83. • Declared that 13 British colonies were now
independent
• Primarily written by Thomas Jefferson

84. • Americans won
• Turning point for U.S.

85. • American + French forces force English surrender

86. • Ended
Revolutionary
War
• America
gained
freedom

88. • Separated church and state
• Written by Thomas Jefferson

89. Republican Motherhood
• The
crucial
role of
women
in a free
America

90. State Constitutions
• Created to govern states, writers worked tirelessly

91. Lack of Trading
• England: Made own goods
• America couldn’t trade with England
or French West Indies

92. • Written
constitution
for U.S.
• States get
land
• Each state=
1 vote

93. • Territorial stages, 60,000 people = state
• Path to Statehood

94. Articles of Confederation
• +: Form of
government,
outlined
constitution
• -: No power to
regulate
commerce, tax
collection
program

95. • NW land bought- National Debt

96. Ugly Duckling
• U.S. + ENG:
Tension
• ENG: Kept trading
posts in U.S.
• Spain: Claimed
north of Gulf of
Mexico + Florida
• French- Wanted
debts payed off

97. • Farmers
demanded
lighter
taxes
• Daniel
Shay
raised
small
army
• Rebellion
crushed

98. • Fear of mass public disorder

99. • Held in Philadelphia
• Saved by Alexander
Hamilton
• Held in secrecy
• Each state= 1 vote
• Meant to agree on
Constitution

100. • Most delegates- lawyers
• 55 Delegates
• All rich, young, but experienced
• Goals: Preserve union, ensure security of life

101. Small/Large State Plan
• “Large State”
Plan: Both
houses should
be based on
population
• “Small State”
Plan: Equal
representation in
population + size

102. • Equal
representation
• 2 senators/
state

103. Electoral College
• Elects the president

104. • Slavery
citizenship
debated
• 3/5th of a
vote per
slave

105. “We The People”
• First words of constitution

106. • Anti-Federalists: Opposed stronger fed. gov’t
• Federalists: Influence of- rich-

107. • In favor of
Constitution
• Supported
federalists

108. Ratification Process
• Bitter, riots erupted in NY + Penn
• 4 final states join

110. • Doubled
• Cities emerge + grew

111. • Not in
Constitution
• Evolved by George
Washington
• Members: Thomas
Jefferson (secr. of
state), Alexander
Hamilton
(treasury), and
Henry Knox (War)

112. Rural/ Urban Population
• Rural: 90%

113. • Organized
Supreme
Court
• Chief Justice-
John Jay + 5
Associates

114. • Protection for
freedom of
religion, speech,
press, bear
arms, trial by
jury, and
prevent cruel
punishment

115. • Federal
government
paid off debt at
face value +
interest

116. Customs Duties/ Excise Tax
• How to get/collect money? – Taxes
• 1791- Excise Tax: domestic items (whiskey)

117. • Government- major stockholder + print $
• Useful, but constitutional?

118. • Strict
Constructionist:
Interpret
constitution literally
(Thomas Jefferson)
• Loose
Constructionist:
Loose and broad
interpretation of
constitution
(Alexander
Hamilton)

119. Whiskey Rebellion
• SW Pennsylvania
• Tarred + Feathered
revenue officers
• Collections came
to a halt
• 13,000 citizens
rally to crush
rebellion

120. Reign of Terror
• French king
killed, church
attacked
• Daily hangings
• French
Revolution

121. • U.S. neutral to war in France
• Self- Interest

122. • Native Americans defeated, give up land

123. • U.S. gives $20,000 and hunting rights

124. • England: Left
posts, paid ship
damage
• America: Paid off
Pre-Revolution
debts
(merchants)

125. • U.S. + Spain
• America
gained
Florida and
Mississippi

126. XYZ Affair
• Secret French
officials demand $32
million
• $250,000 just to
speak with French
foreign minister

127. • Peace between France + U.S.
• Back to normal (ships, $, etc.)

128. • Alien Laws- President
could deport illegal
immigrants, never
enforced
• Sedition Act- Reduced
freedom of speech +
press, deface law= fine
and/or prison

129. • Right to refuse
laws
• No other states
agree, 1803
adopted by
Supreme Court

130. Federalist vs. Dem-Repubs