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Introduction to OFDM
The document is a presentation by John W. Thomas, a PhD candidate from the University of Texas at Dallas, focusing on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). It covers various aspects such as the system model, mathematical representation, advantages, disadvantages, and applications in both wired and wireless communications. The speaker's biography highlights significant educational and professional experiences in electrical engineering and communications research.
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Introduction to OFDM
- 1. John W. Thomas PhDCandidate - University of Texas at Dallas
- 2. OFDM Presentation Contents Speaker Biography Introduction to OFDM OFDM System Model OFDM Mathematical Model Characteristics of OFDM Advantages Disadvantages Usage of OFDM
- 3. Academic Speaker Biography Professional • Morehouse College o Atlanta, GA o B.S - Mathematics and Physics, 2000 o Minor - Economics • Columbia University o New York City, NY o M.S. - Electrical Engineering, 2002 o Concentration - Wireless Communications • University of Texas at Dallas o Richardson, TX o PhD - Electrical Engineering, 2013 o Dissertation - Element Management System for a Telemedicine Sensor Environment
- 4. Academic Speaker Biography Professional • Motorola - R&D Lab - Communications Research Lab o Schaumburg, IL - 2002-2008 o Medium Access - standards work (3GPP HSPA+, IEEE WiMax, 3GPP LTE) o PHY/MAC development of proprietary OFDM-based Antenna Array Platform o Multiple published articles • Texas Instruments, Inc. - R&D Lab intern o Dallas, TX - Summer 2009 and 2010 o Simulation work for 3GPP LTE SON ICI compression standar o Simulation work for WiFi Alliance WiFi Direct standard o Multiple patents filed • TCT Mobile - Alcatel One Touch - Validation Engineering Consultant o Irvine, CA - 2010-present o Device RF lab manager/tester
- 5. OFDM Presentation Contents Biography Introduction to OFDM OFDM System Model OFDM Mathematical Model Characteristics of OFDM Advantages Disadvantages Usage of OFDM
- 6. Definitions FDM - Frequency Division Multiplexing Introduction to OFDM Orthogonality • a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies o Wikipedia • an FDM modulation technique for transmitting large amounts of digital data over a radio wave o Webopedia • a method of digital modulation in which a signal is split into several narrowband channels at different frequencies. o SearchNetworking • A digital transmission technique that uses a large number of carriers spaced apart at slightly different frequencies o PC Magazine Encyclopedia
- 7. Definitions Introduction to OFDM FDM - Frequency Division Multiplexing Orthogonality • Definition o Total bandwidth available within a communications system is divided into smaller non-overlapping frequency sub-bands o Usually a separate data signal is associated to each frequency sub-band o Passband filter at receiver extracts requested frequency sub-band / data signal • Concerns o Sub-band spacing – guard bands o Interference o Tuned filters at receiver o Spectral Efficiency – Max Baud/Data rate • Usage Examples o Cable television (channel, video, color, audio multiplexing) - NTSC o Satellite Communications
- 8. Definitions FDM - Frequency Division Multiplexing Introduction to OFDM Orthogonality • Definition o In terms of real functions, the integral of the product of any two different functions is zero. ݏ௫ ݐൌ ܣ௫ ݐcos 2ߨ݂ ݐ ߶௫ ݐ ௫ , ∈ ݔԺା , 0 ݐ ܶ ݏ௬ ݐൌ ܣ௬ ݐcos 2ߨ݂ ݐ ߶௬ ݐ ௬ , ∈ ݕԺା , 0 ݐ ܶ Az(t) – Amplitude of z signal at time t Φz(t) – Phase of z signal at time t fz – Frequency of z signal T – symbol duration – useful duration If and only if, ݊ ݂௫ െ ݂௬ ൌ , ݊ ∈ Ժା ܶ Then, ் Cross-correlation coefficient = 0 ݏ௫ ݏ , ݐ௬ ݐ ൌ න ݏ௫ ሺݐሻ ݏ௬ ݐ݀ ݐൌ 0 Linearly Independent • Concerns • How do you ensure signals are orthogonal? How complex is the process?
- 9. OFDM Presentation Contents Biography Introduction to OFDM OFDM System Model OFDM Mathematical Model Characteristics of OFDM Advantages Disadvantages Usage of OFDM
- 10. Transmitter OFDM System Model Receiver Serial to parellel conversion • Series of bits divided into N parallel frames of size F • N - # of subchannels, F - # bits per symbol = 4 ி ܾ ൌ ܤ ୀଵ QPSK modulation • Differ signal by phase to transfer information • Xn - Modulated symbol ߨ sሾ݊ሿ ൌ cos 2ߨ݂݊ 2݉ െ 1 , ݉ ൌ ሾ1 4ሿ 4
- 11. Transmitter OFDM System Model Receiver Inverse Fast Fouier Transform • Creates N carriers that are all orthogonal DAC • Integrated circuit that converts the digital signal to analog signal
- 12. Transmitter OFDM System Model Receiver Low Pass Filter • Eliminate unwanted signals ADC • Integrated circuit that converts the analog signal to digital signal Fast Fourier Transform
- 13. OFDM Presentation Contents Biography Introduction to OFDM OFDM System Model OFDM Mathematical Model Characteristics of OFDM Advantages Disadvantages Usage of OFDM
- 14. IFFT - IDFT OFDMMathematical Model Euler Formula • Connects exponential functions to trigonometry Previously defined data signal can also be expressed differently using the above formula ݐ ݏൌ ܣcos 2ߨ݂ ݐ ߶ ൌ ܴ݁ሼ ܣexp ݆ሺ2ߨ݂ ݐ ߶ሻ ሽ Summation of all OFDM carriers ேିଵ ݏே ݐൌ 1⁄ܰ ܣ exp ݆ሺ2ߨ݊Δ݂ ݐ ߶ ሻ ୀ If the continuous data signal is sampled at multiples of the symbol duration t = kT ேିଵ ேିଵ ݏே ݇ܶ ൌ 1⁄ܰ ܣ exp ݆ሺ2ߨ݊Δ݂݇ܶ ߶ ሽ ൌ 1⁄ܰ ܣ exp ݆2ߨ݊Δ݂݇ܶ expሺ݆߶ ሻ ୀ ୀ If difference in frequency between carriers is a multiple of inverse of sample duration, then sN is equal to generalized IFFT equation ∆f = 1/NT
- 15. OFDM Presentation Contents Biography Introduction to OFDM OFDM System Model OFDM Mathematical Model Characteristics of OFDM Advantages Disadvantages Usage of OFDM
- 16. Advantages Characteristics of OFDM Disadvantages • Can easily adapt to severe channel conditions without complex time-domain equalization. • Robust against narrow-band co-channel interference. • Robust against intersymbol interference (ISI) and fading caused by multipath propagation. • High spectral efficiency as compared to conventional modulation schemes, spread spectrum, etc. • Efficient implementation using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). • Low sensitivity to time synchronization errors. • Tuned sub-channel receiver filters are not required (unlike conventional FDM). • Facilitates single frequency networks (SFNs); i.e., transmitter macrodiversity.
- 17. Advantages Characteristics of OFDM Disadvantages • Sensitive to Doppler shift. • Sensitive to frequency synchronization problems. • High peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR), requiring linear transmitter circuitry, which suffers from poor power efficiency. • Loss of efficiency caused by cyclic prefix/guard interval.
- 18. OFDM Presentation Contents Biography Introduction to OFDM OFDM System Model OFDM Mathematical Model Characteristics of OFDM Advantages Disadvantages Usage of OFDM
- 19. Wired Usage of OFDM Wireless OFDMA - Variation of OFDM • Wired o Power Line Communications o Modern DSL modems • Wireless o Modern WiFi access points – IEEE 802.11g o HD Radio broadcasts
- 20. Wired Wireless Usage of OFDM OFDMA - Variation of OFDM • Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access protocol • Variation of OFDM into a protocol for multiple users accessing multiple data channels • Multiple users are provided access to bandwidth via a subset of available frequency sub-bands WiMax – IEEE 802.16e - Clearwire, Clear, Sprint - Comcast/Time Warner Mobile LTE – Long Term Evolution – 4G Cellular - Verizon Wireless - AT&T Wireless - T-Mobile
- 21. OFDM Presentation Contents Biography Introduction to OFDM OFDM System Model OFDM Mathematical Model Characteristics of OFDM Advantages Disadvantages Usage of OFDM Thank You!!!