lesson

1. 18EE019- RES
Mrs. GOPIKA N P
AP/EEE

2. Unit 1
World Energy
scenario

3.  Worlds Energy Scenario
Global warming
Reserves of Energy Resources
Environmental Aspects
Energy consumption
Renewable Energy Scenario
energy in economic
Government policies
Overview and Objectives

4. Types
Sources of energy can be classified into:
• Renewable Sources
• Non-renewable Sources
• Conventional
• Non-conventional

5. Renewable
• The resources that can be renewed
or replaced are called renewable
sources of energy.
• These resources do not cause any
pollution to the environment.
• Renewable resources are
inexhaustible.
• Renewable resources are not
affected by human activities.
• Examples of Renewable resources-
Air, water and solar energy
Non-renewable
• The resources that cannot be
renewed once they are consumed
are called non-renewable sources
of energy.
• These resources cause pollution to
the environment.
• Non- Renewable resources are
exhaustible.
• Non- Renewable resources are
affected by human activities.
• Examples of Renewable resources-
Mineral, oil, and Coal

6. CONVENTIONAL
• The resources which have been
in use for a long time.
• These resources are exhaustible.
• These resources cause pollution
as they emit smoke and ash.
• These resources are very
expensive to be maintained,
stored and transmitted.
• Examples- coal, natural gas,
petroleum, and water power.
NON-CONVENTIONAL
• The resources which are yet in the
process of development over the
past few years.
• These resources are inexhaustible.
• These resources are usually
pollution-free.
• These resources are less expensive
due to local use and can easily be
maintained.
• Examples- solar, biomass, wind,
biogas, and tidal, geothermal.

7. 2020 at a glance
Energy developments
 Primary energy consumption fell by 4.5% in 2020 – the largest decline since 1945.
 The drop in energy consumption was driven mainly by oil, which contributed almost three-quarters of the
net decline, although natural gas and coal also saw significant declines.
 Wind, solar and hydroelectricity all grew despite the fall in overall energy demand.
 By country, the US, India and Russia contributed the largest declines in energy consumption.
China posted the largest increase (2.1%), one of only a handful of countries where energy demand grew last
year.

8. Good ENERGY SOURCE
Good sources of energy should have the following qualities:
• Optimum heat production per unit of volume/mass used
• Easy to transport
• Least Polluting
• Economical

9. Carbon emissions
 Carbon emissions from energy use fell by 6.3%, to their lowest level since 2011.
 As with primary energy, this was the largest decline since the end of World War II.
Oil
 The oil price (Dated Brent) averaged $41.84/bbl in 2020 – the lowest since 2004.
 Oil consumption fell by a record 9.1 million barrels per day (b/d), or 9.3%, to its lowest level since 2011.
 Oil demand fell most in the US (-2.3 million b/d), the EU (-1.5 million b/d) and India (-480,000 b/d).
 China was virtually the only country where consumption increased (220,000 b/d).
 Global oil production shrank by 6.6 million b/d, with OPEC accounting for two-thirds of the decline.
 Libya (-920,000 b/d) and Saudi Arabia (-790,000 b/d) saw the largest OPEC declines, while Russia (-1.0 million
b/d) and the US (-600,000 b/d) led non-OPEC reductions.
 Refinery utilization fell by a record 8.0 percentage points to 74.1%, the lowest level since 1985.

10. Natural gas
 Natural gas prices declined to multi-year lows: US Henry Hub averaged $1.99/mmBtu in 2020 – the
lowest since 1995, while Asian LNG prices (Japan Korea Marker) registered their lowest level on
record ($4.39/mmBtu).
 Natural gas consumption fell by 81 billion cubic metres (bcm), or 2.3%. Nevertheless, the share of
gas in primary energy continued to rise, reaching a record high of 24.7%.
 Declines in gas demand were led by Russia (-33 bcm) and the US (-17 bcm), with China (22 bcm)
and Iran (10 bcm) contributing the largest increases.
 Inter-regional gas trade reduced by 5.3%, completely accounted for by a 54 bcm (10.9%) drop in
pipeline trade.
 LNG supply grew by 4 bcm or 0.6%, well below the 10-year average rate of 6.8% p.a. US LNG supply
expanded by 14 bcm (29%), but this was partially offset by declines in most other regions, notably
Europe and Africa.

11. Coal
 Coal consumption fell by 6.2 exajoules (EJ), or 4.2%, led by declines in the US (-2.1 EJ) and India
(-1.1 EJ), with OECD coal consumption falling to its lowest level in our data series back to 1965.
 China and Malaysia were notable exceptions, increasing their consumption by 0.5 EJ and 0.2 EJ
respectively.
 Global coal production was down 8.3 EJ (5.2%).
 As with consumption, production growth in China (1.1 EJ) was outweighed by sharp declines in
several countries, including the US (-3.6 EJ), Indonesia (-1.3 EJ) and Colombia (-1.0 EJ).

12. Renewables, hydro and nuclear
 Renewable energy (including biofuels but excluding hydro) rose by 9.7%, slower than the 10-year
average (13.4% p.a.) but the increment in energy terms (2.9 EJ) was similar to increases seen in
2017, 2018 and 2019.
 Solar electricity rose by a record 1.3 EJ (20%), however, wind (1.5 EJ) provided the largest
contribution to renewables growth.
 Solar capacity expanded by 127 GW, while wind capacity grew 111 GW – almost double its previous
highest annual increase.
 China was the largest individual contributor to renewables growth (1.0 EJ), followed by the US (0.4
EJ).
 Europe, as a region, contributed 0.7 EJ. Hydroelectricity grew by 1.0%, again led by China (0.4 EJ),
while nuclear energy fell 4.1%, driven mainly by declines in France (-0.4 EJ), the US (-0.2 EJ) and
Japan (-0.2 EJ).

13. Electricity
 Electricity generation fell by 0.9% – more than the decline in 2009 (-0.5%), the only other year in our
data series (which starts in 1985) when electricity demand fell.
 The share of renewables in power generation increased from 10.3% to 11.7%, while coal’s share fell 1.3
percentage points to 35.1% – a new low in our data series.
Key minerals
 Lithium production fell 4.6% on a drop in Australian output, while Cobalt output rose 2.9% as
production in the Democratic Republic of Congo partially recovered from its dip in 2019.
 Rare earth metals production expanded by 23.2%, driven by strong growth in Australia and the US.

15. Global warming
“If you don’t like the weather in New England, just wait a few
minutes.”
- Mark Twain

17. Man-made Causes of Global Warming
1. Burning fossil fuels
Solution:
• Reducing the amount of electricity generated from coal and gas
• Increasing the amount of electricity from clean, renewable energy
sources like solar and wind
• Join the movement for stronger action on climate change and urge
key Australian politicians to get us back on track to meeting our Paris
Agreement targets.

18. 2. Deforestation & Tree-Clearing
• Solutions:
• Prevent deforestation and tree-clearing
• Plant more trees through reforestation and afforestation
• Shop sustainably
• Call on our leaders to introduce stronger laws to stop excessive tree-
clearing

19. 3. Agriculture & Farming
Solutions
• Use different stock feeds can help to reduce farming's contribution to
climate change
• WWF is working with leading beef producers through ‘Project
Pioneer’ to develop, trial and validate improved livestock and pasture
management that can deliver significant economic, social and
environmental gains.

20. 4. Overpopulation
• An increase in population means more people breathing. This leads to an increase in the level of
carbon dioxide, the primary gas causing global warming, in the atmosphere.
5. Industrial Development
• With the advent of industrialization, the temperature of the earth has been increasing rapidly.
The harmful emissions from the factories add to the increasing temperature of the earth.
• In 2013, the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change reported that the increase in the global
temperature between 1880 and 2012 has been 0.9 degrees Celsius. The increase is 1.1 degrees
Celsius when compared to the pre-industrial mean temperature.
• 6. Use of Vehicles
• The use of vehicles, even for a very short distance results in various gaseous emissions. Vehicles
burn fossil fuels which emit a large amount of carbon dioxide and other toxins into the
atmosphere resulting in a temperature increase.
• 7. Chlorofluorocarbon
• With the excessive use of air conditioners and refrigerators, humans have been adding CFCs into
the environment which affects the atmospheric ozone layer. The ozone layer protects the earth
surface from the harmful ultraviolet rays emitted by the sun. The CFCs have led to ozone layer
depletion making way for the ultraviolet rays, thereby increasing the temperature of the earth.

21. Natural Causes of Global Warming
1. Volcanoes
• Volcanoes are one of the largest natural contributors to global warming. The ash and smoke
emitted during volcanic eruptions goes out into the atmosphere and affects the climate.
2. Water Vapour
• Water vapour is a kind of greenhouse gas. Due to the increase in the earth’s temperature, more
water gets evaporated from the water bodies and stays in the atmosphere adding to global
warming.
3. Melting Permafrost
• Permafrost is frozen soil that has environmental gases trapped in it for several years and is
present below Earth’s surface. It is present in glaciers. As the permafrost melts, it releases the
gases back into the atmosphere, increasing Earth’s temperature.
4. Forest Blazes
• Forest blazes or forest fires emit a large amount of carbon-containing smoke. These gases are
released into the atmosphere and increase the earth’s temperature resulting in global warming.

22. effects
1.Rise in Temperature
• Global warming has led to an incredible increase in earth’s temperature. Since 1880, the
earth’s temperature has increased by ~1 degrees. This has resulted in an increase in the
melting of glaciers, which have led to an increase in the sea level. This could have
devastating effects on coastal regions.
2.Threats to the Ecosystem
• Global warming has affected the coral reefs that can lead to the loss of plant and animal
lives. Increase in global temperatures has made the fragility of coral reefs even worse.
3.Climate Change
• Global warming has led to a change in climatic conditions. There are droughts at some
places and floods at some. This climatic imbalance is the result of global warming.
4. Spread of Diseases
• Global warming leads to a change in the patterns of heat and humidity. This has led to
the movement of mosquitoes that carry and spread diseases.

23. 4. High Mortality Rates
• Due to an increase in floods, tsunamis and other natural calamities,
the average death toll usually increases. Also, such events can bring
about the spread of diseases that can hamper human life.
5. Loss of Natural Habitat
• A global shift in the climate leads to the loss of habitats of several
plants and animals. In this case, the animals need to migrate from
their natural habitat and many of them even become extinct. This is
yet another major impact of global warming on biodiversity.

24. Reserves of Energy Resources

25. Challenges and Impacts of Energy Use
All energy sources have and some environmental and health cost, and the distribution of energy is
not equally distributed among all nations.
 Environmental and Health Challenges of Energy Use
The environmental impacts of energy use on humans and the planet can happen anywhere during the life cycle of
the energy source.
• extraction of the resource
• Processing
• purification or manufacture of the source
• its transportation to place of energy generation, and ends with the disposal of waste generated during use.

26. CASE STUDY: Extraction of fossil fuels
• significant impacts on the environment
• mine deeper into mountains, farther out at sea, we risk damaging fragile
environments, and the results of accidents or natural disasters during
extraction processes can be devastating.
• Fossils fuels are often located far from where they are utilized so they need
to be transported by pipeline, tankers, rail or trucks. These all present the
potential for accidents, leakage and spills.
• When transported by rail or truck energy must be expended and pollutants
are generated.
• Processing of petroleum, gas and coal generates various types of emissions
and wastes, as well as utilizes water resources
• Production of energy at power plants results in air, water, and, often, waste
emissions.

27. Geopolitical Challenges of Fossil Fuels

28. In 2022, Renewable Energy Is Going To Be The
Way Forward!!!

29. RES scenario
• Renewable energy now forms a quarter of India’s total installed power capacity – 110 gig watts as
of March 2022 – and accounts for 13% of the country’s electricity generation.
• Under the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, India set ambitious targets to produce 50% of its
electricity from renewable sources and install 450GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030
• A total of 65.6GW of solar and wind capacity has been added to the grid since the beginning of
the fiscal year (FY) 2015/16
• More than 90% of India’s 54GW of solar capacity has been installed since FY2015/16. In the fiscal
year that ended in March 2022, India added a record 13.9GW of solar capacity to the grid

30. • India’s ultra-mega solar park model has been tremendously successful
in de-risking solar projects and upscaling solar capacity deployments.
• India’s solar parks are some of the largest in the world and offer
tariffs below Rs2.5/kWh (~US$35/MWh) – nearly 50% lower than
coal-fired power tariffs.
• In the past few years, policy uncertainty around import duties and
taxes, among other reasons, have slowed down growth in solar
capacity.

31. • The wind power sector has faced even bigger policy headwinds. Following a record year in
FY2016/17 with 5.5GW of wind capacity additions, progress slowed to an annual average of
1.6GW over the last five years.
• Solar Energy Corporation of India’s (SECI) ‘location agnostic’ wind power auctions have resulted in
a concentration of project developments in a few states with the best wind resources such as
Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.
• This has put pressure on land and networks in those states and caused delays in project
commissioning.

32. • India could fully exploit its solar resources without putting undue stress on
land and network infrastructure by giving special attention to distributed
rooftop and decentralised solar power.
• Uniformity and consistency in net metering and banking regulation across
all states is the most important change required to make rooftop solar
viable for owners.
• Stricter enforcement of the renewable purchase obligations (RPOs) for
states will make state-owned Discoms to allow more rooftop solar as they
could be built faster without putting a significant pressure on the grid
network.
• Discoms’ poor financial health is a major contributing factor for sluggish
growth in rooftop PV. Privatisation of distributed companies is potentially a
long-term solution which will incentivise rooftop PVs as it offers the least-
cost power to the grid.

33. The renewable energy sector is ready to branch
out
• Rapid technology improvements and decreasing costs of renewable
energy resources, along with the increased competitiveness of
battery storage, have made renewables one of the most competitive
energy sources in many areas.
• In our renewable energy industry analysis, the following four trends
are expected to move to the forefront in 2022, opening new avenues
in the renewable energy growth story.

34. 1. Growing interest in next-generation clean
energy technologies
• Green hydrogen, advanced batteries, and other forms of long-
duration storage can provide zero-carbon electricity and longer-term
seasonal electricity storage, ease grid congestion, stem renewable
curtailment, boost reliability, and facilitate integration of solar and
wind into the grid while supporting goals for 100% clean energy.
• A major driving force behind the rise of green hydrogen has been the
decreasing costs of renewable energy.
• In 2022, as renewable energy penetration on the grid increases, green
hydrogen development is also expected to grow, owing to its potential
to act as long-duration and seasonal storage of fuel available on
demand to generate power.

35. Solar champions new configurations
• And 2022 could well see the industry growing solar-plus-storage
build-outs, exploring floating solar PV modules, and expanding
community solar projects to new markets.
• Pairing storage with solar offers cost synergies, operational
efficiencies, and the opportunity to reduce storage capital costs with
the solar investment tax credit.

36. Transmission infrastructure is becoming a key
priority, especially for offshore wind.
• Transmission development, which is key for connecting new, often
remotely located renewable energy capacity to electricity consuming
centers, is expected to be an important part of the renewable energy
industry’s agenda in 2022.
• Policy and regulatory support, investments, and innovation will likely
help unlock progress, which has often been stymied by siting and
permitting delays.
• Transmission projects, especially interregional, have so far remained a
major challenge for renewable growth as they face difficulty in
gaining regulatory approval from every state they cross, as well as
refusal from landowners, and opposition from environmental groups.

41. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-cumulative-capacity?country=OWID_WRL~IND~CHN~JPN~USA

43. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-installed-wind-energy-capacity-gigawatts

44. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-wind?tab=chart

45. Traditional biomass – the burning of charcoal, organic wastes, and crop residues – was an important energy
source for a long period of human history. However, modern biofuels are included in this energy data. Bioethanol and
biodiesel – fuel made from crops such as corn, sugarcane, hemp, and cassava – are now a key transport fuel in many
countries.

46. Indian Gov. Policies
• Ministry of New and Renewable Energy(MNRE) has suggested some
plans and policies.
1. Grid Connected schemes
Development of solar park and ultra mega solar projects
The scheme for “Development of Solar Parks and Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects”
was rolled out by Ministry of New & Renewable Energy on 12-12-2014. Under this
scheme, it was proposed to set up at least 25 Solar Parks and Ultra Mega Solar
Power Projects targeting over 20,000 MW of solar power installed capacity within a
span of 5 years starting from 2014-15.
The capacity of the Scheme has been enhanced from 20,000 MW to 40,000 MW
vide this Ministry’s order dated 21-03-2017. These parks are proposed to be set up
by 2021-22.

47.  Setting up of over 5000 MW Grid-connected
SPV power projects under IV of JNNSM PHASE-II
• Facilitating speedier implementation of the solar power projects
through adoption of mechanism of solar parks to meet the Phase-II
target of NSM(National Solar Mission), wherever feasible, subject to
meeting the timelines set by the Government of India.

48.  Scheme for Setting up of Distributed Grid-Connected Solar PV Power
Projects in Andaman &Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands with Capital
Subsidy from MNRE
• To develop Carbon Free Islands by phasing out use of diesel for
generation of electricity and to contribute to the National Action Plan
on Climate Change and Greening of the Islands along with reduction
in cost of electricity generation.
• Types of Projects Supported: Standalone Solar PV Power Project,
standalone Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), Solar PV plant with
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), Transmission System for Solar
PV Power Plant and Floating Solar PV power plants (with or without
Battery Energy Storage System) in Andaman & Nicobar Islands and
Lakshadweep Islands.

49.  Grid Connected solar Rooftop Programs
• For achieving cumulative capacity of 40,000 MW from Rooftop Solar
(RTS) Projects by the year 2022.

50. 2. ISLANDED projects
Off-grid and Decentralized Solar PV Applications Programme –Phase
III
• Installation of an additional off-grid solar capacity of 118 MWp by
2021 through following application-wise targets:3,00,000 solar street
lights
• 25,00,000 solar study lamps
• 100 MWp of off-grid solar power plants

51.  Atal Jyoti Yojana (AJAY): Phase-II
• AJAY: Phase-II will cover installation of 3,04,500 Solar Street Lights
(SSLs) in the following states/ regions as per enclosed operational
guidelines for implementation of the Scheme:
• States of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and Assam, which were
covered in Phase-I of the Scheme as there is additional demand in these
States.
• Hilly States of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
• North Eastern States including Sikkim.
• Islands of Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep.
• Parliamentary constituencies covering 48 aspirational districts of States other
than those covered in (i) to (iv) above.

52.  Scheme on “Scale Up of Access to Clean Energy for Rural Productive
Uses”
• The Scheme aims to enhance the use of reliable and affordable
renewable energy for rural productive uses/livelihoods in un-served
and under-served areas in 3 states; Assam, Madhya Pradesh and
Odisha for strengthening rural livelihoods, improving income
generation and reduce use of fossil fuels.

53.  Seven Million Solar Study Lamp Scheme for School Going Children
• 7 million solar study lamps to be distributed in identified block of the
states of Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh

54. You're now ready to enlighten the
smart grid!!!
https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy#installed-wind-capacity
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/eme812/node/644
https://www.volker-
quaschning.de/articles/fundamentals2/index.php