Influenza Essay Example

Influenza Essay example
Influenza
Influenza, normally called "the flu", the influenza virus causes an infection in the respiration tract.
Even though the influenza virus can sometimes be compared with the common cold. It also can
cause a more severe illness or death. During this past century, pandemics took place in 1918, 1957,
and 1968, in all of these cases there where unfortunately many deaths. The "Spanish flu" in 1918,
killed approximately half a million people in the United States alone. It killed around 20 million
worldwide. The "Asian flu" in 1957, in the United States their 70,000 people died. In 1968 the
"Hong–Kong flu" There where 34,000 deaths in the United ... Show more content on
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Most people perceive "the flu" to be a common (not a big deal) illness, but they overlook the 20,000
deaths and over 100,000 hospitalizations nationwide.
There are there types of influenza A and C or the most severe types and B which is the most
common, Luckily not the to severe. The virus works by first attaching to the outside of a host cell. It
injects its RNA into the cell. Unfortunately our cells treat the RNA like they should. It translates the
viral genes using the cell's ribosomes and enzymes. Now the virus can take the cell over and use it
to reproduce more viruses. Sooner or later it releases the new nauseating viruses and they search for
another cell to raid.
Influenza fortunately can be prevented in most cases. You can prevent it through an annual
vaccination. The vaccine is made up of 8 to 10 strains of the influenza virus. When you receive the
vaccination the strains have been "killed", so there is no possible way for you to get this illness just
by receiving the vaccination. Your body recognizes the unknown strains and builds up immunity so
if a "live" virus gets in your system your body has the correct code to "kill" it off.
Other then vaccination, some basic treatment is: stay at home, drink fluids, take anti–inflammatory
drugs (aspirin or ibuprofen), decongestants, cough medicine, gargles, lozenges, or await a natural
treatment.
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Viral Infection: Influenza or Flu Essay
Influenza or "flu" is a rather contagious viral infection that infects the respiratory tract. Fever,
cough, muscle aches, fatigue, rhinorrhea, and sore throat are the symptoms commonly associated
with influenza virus. Individuals infected with influenza normally experience mild illness and
recover within two weeks. However, specific groups, such as the elderly, young children, and
individuals with co–morbidities, appear more susceptible to severe illness as well as mortality due to
influenza related complications. H1N1, a causative agent of influenza was identified in spring of
2009. Communication of H1N1 and seasonal influenza occur through droplets created when
individuals with the illness cough, sneeze, or talk. Indications of H1N1 ... Show more content on
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Conclusions demonstrating increases in earlier vaccination is more cost–effective and successful in
the prevention of influenza associated mortality is perhaps most essential for regions experiencing
rapid growth of the virus (Khazeni, Hutton, Garber, Hupert, & Owens, 2009). Since the occurrence
of the pandemic, great emphasis has been placed on the importance of influenza vaccination and its
role in preventing and slowing transmission of the virus. The three types of influenza viruses that
exist to date include A, B, and C viruses. Seasonal epidemics within the human population are
caused by A and B viruses. In the United States, epidemics of this sort occur nearly every winter.
Respiratory illness that is generally mild can be attributed to influenza type C and is not responsible
for epidemics. Seasonal epidemics due to influenza A can lead to extensive morbidity in addition to
mortality. Additionally, type A viruses have an exceptional ability to demonstrate modifications in
mutation plus lesser antigenic transformations sporadically. These changes can arise in either one or
both of the proteins, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), located on the exterior of the
influenza A virus. The presentation of viruses proven to be different from those previously identified
in which established immunity is no longer of effect is the outcome of antigenic drift. This process
is a significant contributor to the trend of seasonal epidemics which develop annually and is

Influenz Influenza And Viral Resistance Monitoring
Influenza A (H1N1) is a virus with multiple strains that causes human influenza. The H1N1 are
endemic in humans and causes influenza–like illness during the flu season. In 2009, when the
influenza virus emerged, it highlighted the importance of having infrastructures to conduct research.
This would allow public health officials to manage patients for emerging viruses. Much of the
surveillance systems for influenza are laboratory–based or anti–viral resistance monitoring. The lab
base focuses on variant virus strains for vaccination. Anti–viral resistance includes clinical data on
hospital or outpatients with no follow up. Much of the data from the previous cohort studies on the
clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of influenza–infected ... Show more content on
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One study (FLU 002) enrolled patients with influenza–like illness as outpatients who were seeking
assessment. The second study (FLU 003) enrolled patients hospitalized having complications
relative to influenza. Both studies were planned to cover a wide range of clinical mild to severe
symptoms. Most were 18 years and older and followed–up periodically. The report included
outcomes for patients with other influenza virus infection. It should be noted that both studies
included the demographics, height, weight, vital signs, medical history, current health conditions
and influenza vaccines. Patients with influenza–like illness from October 2009 to December 2012
were enrolled. The outpatients enrolled were followed for 14 days while the inpatients were for 60
days. Patients with disease progressive were confirmed by RT–PCR. The patients were defined as
outpatients (hospitalized and/or death) and in the hospital for more than 28 days. The inpatients
were defined as patients who were transferred to ICU who were from the general ward or near
death. In the data collected, 590 FLU 002 and 392 FLU 003 patients with influenza A (H1N1)
pdm09 were enrolled from 81 sites in 17 countries at 2 days (IQR 1–3) and 6 days (IQR 4–10)
following ILI onset, respectively. 29 (1 death) outpatients (5.1%; 95% CI: 3.4–7.2%) and 80
inpatients [death (32), hospitalization >28 days (43) or ICU transfer (20)] (21.6%; 95% CI: 17.5–
26.2%) experienced the progression of the disease. The

Influenza Vaccination Rates In Children
Module 5: Policy Analysis Paper
Each year 6–20% of U.S. residents are infected by influenza and more than 200,000 people are
hospitalized due to complications (Klepser, Corn, Schmidt, Dering–Anderson, & Klepser, 2015).
Influenza has a huge impact on not only the health of our nation, but economically, as well. Studies
show that the single most effective way to prevent the spread of influenza is to vaccinate. The CDC
recommends that all children over 6 months old to be vaccinated against influenza yearly (CDC,
n.d.). Seldom have there been medical advancements that have impacted the health of billions of
people. One such important medical advancement is the invention of vaccines. At the end of the
20th century, the CDC published its list of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Requiring influenza vaccinations for childcare admissions has helped increase vaccination rates in
these states and reduced serious morbidity from influenza. Since its enactment in 2010, Connecticut
has had a 12% decrease in influenza associated hospitalizations in children under four years old
(Hadler et al., 2014). Fifteen states currently mandate healthcare workers to be vaccinated against
influenza. This mandate aligns with the Healthy people 2020 objective which sets a goal of 90%
coverage for health care personnel (Stewart & Cox, 2013). Mandatory influenza vaccination for
healthcare workers is supported not only by scientific data but also by ethical principles and legal
precedent. It builds trust, enhances patient safety, and strengthens the healthcare workforce. Among
healthcare workers already mandated, studies show that overall, vaccinated staff has 30% fewer sick
days (Stewart & Cox, 2013). The current mandates for immunizing these groups have been widely
successful, now it is time to include school–age

Psychiatric Illnesses: The Four Stages Of A Crisis
There are a number of conditions that usually exist before a crisis occurs. Consequently, Researchers
must understand the life cycles and what causes the start of the crisis. Knowing what causes a crisis
to begin is very important and the different stages. The four stages of a crisis are preconditions,
trigger event, crisis, and post–crisis 1. Preconditions: It has been hard for doctors to determine if
children were suffering from respiratory illness or caused due to influenza and other viruses
(Buchan, 2016). These two illnesses have some of the same characteristics. Researchers have found
that children ages three to five years old and are from a high–income family was reported as being a
high risk of influenza –like or acute respiratory illness.

Evaluation Of The Department At My Job
Our Radiology department has currently developed goals for our department which is implementing
a transfer policy, providing flu immunization and creating a healthy challenge to keep our
employees healthier. The transfer policy was created by our Risk Manager and Human Resources
Department because in the past couple of months our Radiology Department has had five accidents
when transferring patients for exams, this caused injuries to our employee's which ultimately lead to
three employees to be put on worker's compensation . The immunization program is to provide free
vaccination to employees to reduce turnover during flu season, and help our employees fight off the
infection before it hits, while the healthy challenge is to promote self–confidence, bring teamwork in
the organization and keep employees physically and mentally healthy.
Goal #1:
SMART SMART Department Goal #1
Specific Radiology Department at my job will be creating a transfer policy to help train employees
on how to properly transfer patients to bed and wheelchair. Policy will be implemented in three
months which is December,16 2016 the policy will help reduce employee and patient accidents
when transferring individuals for exams in the Radiology Department.
Measurable This goal will be measured by the Risk Manager and Human Resources department,
they will evaluate and investigate each incident in the Radiology Department by interviewing
patient and employees, then every month try to figure out why

Flu Virus
Influenza (also known as the flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It
can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death. The best way to prevent the flu is by
getting a flu vaccination each year.
The flu is caused by influenza virus types A, B, and C. Both type A and type B flu viruses are
responsible for the seasonal outbreaks of flu. Type A flu viruses are found in many different animals,
including ducks, chickens, pigs, and horses. Influenza B viruses circulate widely only among
humans.
Flu viruses spread mainly from person to person, through coughing or sneezing by people infected
with influenza. Sometimes people may become infected by touching a contaminated surface and
then touching their

Getting A Flu Shot At A Local Doctor's Office Case Study
Introduction The ability to eliminating waste is an important part of any business structure. In many
cases, businesses view that their processes that are being followed are both efficient and getting the
job done, however when examined, the businesses may be able to see that the processes are failing
them in one or more places causing waste to occur. The types of waste that are often found in a
doctor's office include: correction, inventory, wait time, motion, space, processing and complexity.
In this paper, the process of getting a flu shot at a local doctor's office from a few different points of
view and will be examine for lean processing and eliminating waste. The process that is formally
defined and recorded in a business ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The largest and most notable area of waste is time. Most of it is wasted on the patient and very
rarely do doctors see a patient at the scheduled time of the appointment. On average, the time the
patient arrives at the doctor's office to the time the patient sees the doctor could range anywhere
from less than 45 minutes or more than two hours. For example, the patient generally waits upon
arrival, again in the exam room before receiving any service, and considering paperwork is
necessary for every appointment, all these can factor in how long it takes a patient to see a doctor for
a simple flu shot. Another area of waste is the assignment of task. For example, if a medical student
is doing his/her residency, they may perform the vital checks and inquire about the medical history.
Flow Chart of The Process That Actually Exist Potential Problems or Elements of Waste in The
Process Examining the process, there is a great deal of waste occurring. One element of waste in the
process is that the check–in process is manual. Computer systems are used once the patient submits
the required paperwork and provides valid insurance cards. Another element of waste in the process
is that the patient sees the nurse and the nurse in turn relays the information to the doctor before the
flu shot is administered. If the doctor has multiple patients that day and some are receiving different
treatments, there is a line up to determine the order

Alka-Seltzer Plus Liquid Drowsy Ad Analysis
Alka–Seltzer Plus Liquid Gels Non–Drowsy Formula Ad Makeover The advertisement our group
decided to redesign was for Alka–Seltzer Plus Day–Time Liquid Gels, free of preservatives and
artificial dyes. We decided to redesign this commercial because it has a legal issue and many ethical
issues that can be easily fixed. The ad appears here: https://www.ispot.tv/ad/AE8M/alka–seltzer–
plus–liquid–gels–powerful–relief.
Alka–Seltzer Plus Liquid Gels are claimed, in the commercial, to be "powerful relief without
artificial dyes or preservatives" for cold and flu symptoms. These symptoms are very broad terms
that encompass a range of many different ailments including, but not limited to: cough, sore throat,
fever, aches and pains, headaches, and nasal congestion. Fever is typically associated more with flu–
like symptoms, rather than just the common cold, but a fever can occur in the common cold (Bayer
Healthcare, 2014). Alka–Seltzer Plus Liquid Gels are intended to treat the symptoms, listed above,
of the common cold and flu. According to the Bayer Healthcare Consumer Fact Sheet for Alka–
Seltzer Plus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The false claim made in this commercial is that Alka–Seltzer Plus Liquid Gels contain no artificial
dyes. According to the Bayer Healthcare Fact Sheet, Alka–Seltzer Plus Liquid Gels contain FD&C
#6, which is also known as Sunset Yellow FCF (Bayer Healthcare, 2014). Sunset Yellow FCF is a
food dye derived from petroleum (Committee of Food Chemical Codex, 2003). This means that, of
the two dyes listed as ingredients for Alka–Seltzer Plus Liquid Gels, one of the dyes is artificial,
thus the commercial's claim of "powerful relief without artificial dyes" is a blatant lie. Under the
Federal Trade Commission's Truth–in–Advertising guidelines, this advertisement is effectively
illegal (Federal Trade Commission,

Summary: How Recent Vaccines Changed Medicine
How Recent Vaccines Changed Medicine In the recent years, vaccines have been in the center of
many heated debates. The main one seems to be, are they causing other illnesses in the process of
eliminating others? Many parents in the last four years have started opting their children out of the
required vaccines right from birth. This has lead to a rise in infectious and contagious disease
outbreaks all over the United States and the rest of the world.
Take the recent and highly publicized one involving the Measles and a young child who went to
Disneyland in California. The child was too young to be vaccinated against the illness. The child
then caught the illness and spread it to one hundred and twenty five other people over the span of
three months (December 28, 2014 to February 8, 2015). This case sparked the debates over if
parents should vaccinate their children and if it needs to become mandatory for those with a high
risk. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of those revolve around the mandatory need to give children the vaccines against these illness.
Giving them to a generation of people all over the world could help eradicate the illnesses for good.
Even though there are countless different vaccines out there, and a cocktail of them are given to kids
under twelve, there are still many issues with them. Like the influenza vaccine from 2015 shown to
be ineffective. The effectiveness of that vaccine was around twenty three percent for people of all
ages who received the preventative vaccination. The rise in cases saw an outbreak in the United
States as the shot was less effective than the years prior. The key to making a vaccine effective for
all who receive it is

Influenza Virus Flu Research Paper
Influenza Virus "Flu"
Jenny Millares
Keiser University
MCB2000C
Professor Algevis Wrench
Influenza Virus "Flu"
Influenza, also known as 'the flu', is a viral infection that tends to extent through societies between
November and April every year, with a highest number of cases occurring in January and February.
It is a respiratory illness that causes chills, high fever, body aches, and cough, but sometimes, its
complications can be deadly. "About 5% of the population will contract the flu each year" (Influenza
and your Health, 2017). Considering this, the "flu" is a very significant infection to study,
characterized by specific symptoms, affects diverse age groups, and needs a vaccine protocol of
which we must have knowledge to be prepared ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is caused by various types of influenza viral strains. According to Marjorie, three types of
influenza viruses are recognized: A, B and C. Type A is more common. Influenza virus belongs to
the Orthomyxoviridae family, are enveloped, pleomorphic, and contain the genomes of 8 single–
stranded negative–sense segments of RNA. Influenza viruses have three key structural proteins:
hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and Matrix 2 (M2). Both HA and NA are surface
glycoproteins diverse enough that their serological recognition gives rise to the traditional
classification into different subtypes.
That differentiation occurs from time to time at irregular intermissions, which is responsible for
widespread outbreaks and makes periodic reformulation of the influenza vaccine necessary. The
disease is mainly extented through droplets in crowded and enclosed spaces. The infection may also
be spread from person to person by direct contact with the secretions of infected persons. The
incubation period is short, usually around 1 to 4

Influenza Essay
Influenza is a highly contagious flu that is a viral infectious virus of the respiratory organ.
Orthomyxoviridae is the scientific name of the Influenza virus. Some examples of the influenza
virus are Influenza A, Influenzavirus B, Influenzavirus C, Bourbon virus, and Isa Virus. The types of
flu A, B, and C are responsible for nearly all the Influenza disease that occurs almost every winter.
Infection with type C influenza usually causes either a very mild respiratory illness or no symptoms
at all. Infection with type C Influenza are usually caused by either a very mild respiratory illness, or
there would be no symptoms at all. The most common host for Influenza is any ages in any lifetime.
The symptoms of Influenza are fever, cough, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mode of transmission is droplet because influenza is transmitted by saliva and sneezing. The
Influenza disease is primarily spread on to the person by the air. The virus particles are sent into the
air when a person with Influenza sneezes or coughs and spread in the middle of the air. The location
of the Influenza disease is anywhere in the world. Also, the Influenza disease is mostly found in
New Jersey during late November through early April. The peak season of Influenza occurrence is
during January and February. But, Influenza is a worldwide disease that can occur the anyone in this
entire world. So Influenza can even happen to you caused by the fact that Influenza is a worldwide
disease and it can happen, anyone, no matter what age. The Influenza disease is Pandemic which
means it is a disease that widespread over a whole country or even the entire world. So anyone in
the entire will be able to have the Pandemic disease of Influenza which is widely spread around the
whole entire world, it won't matter where you are there is a chance that you could be one of the
Influenza victims. This outbreak disease affects everyone in the world. Influenza and flu are the
same diseases because the flu is caused by the Influenza virus. However, there are other viruses that
can cause an illness that is similar to the flu. It is difficult to say exactly which virus is causing the
illness so doctors diagnosed a flu–like

Describe The Work You Did While Working As A Naccho Policy...
Describe the work you did while working as a NACCHO Policy Scholar?
The ability to contribute to designing prevention and control strategies to prevent endemic or
epidemic transmission in the United States was intriguing. As a NACCHO Policy Scholar with the
Infectious Disease department, I was thrilled to work on two exciting public health projects; the Flu
Near You and HIV/AIDS Policy Initiative Project. Both projects are in line with my areas of interest
as a Public health practitioner and included a review of evidenced based literature to understand
effective strategies and interventions that could be adopted in these projects.
The Flu Near You project relies on voluntary participation from the general public and seeks
individuals to report on their health or illness. In addition to individuals who are captured in the
hospital, the tool captures individuals who don't go to the doctor, who may have been missing in
other influenza reporting and tracking tools. Estimates generated from the Flu Near You can be used
by Local Health Departments to inform quick and strategic solutions. My work entailed designing
key messages and a pitch targeted to the Medical Reserve Corps (MRC).
The HIV/AIDS Policy Initiative project seeks to build the capacity of LHDs to prevent HIV
infection and reduce HIV–related illness and mortality. One of the specific objectives was to assess
linkage to care interventions implemented in the US. Through an environmental scan, I collected
and gathered

Flu Pandemic 1918
In 1918, World War I was coming to an end; the condition of warfare was a breeding ground of
diseases and unhealthy conditions. The trenches were cold, wet, dirty, and smelly and infested with
rats and lice. This could only be one of the contributions to the pandemic. Another possible
contribution of the spreading on the illness was the transportation of Chinese workers to Canada in
1917; where many of the workers displayed flu–like symptoms (Vergano). During the war, troops
were returning home and most likely brought this illness back, but it is only speculation with no
definite evidence. The first reported case in the United States was at Fort Riley, Kansas on March
11, 1918 when a soldier went to the infirmary with a fever (Vergano). ... Show more content on
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The remedies did not help improve things either and other measures were taken in order to try
reducing the spread of the illness. Many medical personnel were overseas healing sick and injured
soldiers and the lack of staff in the hospitals led to nursing and medical students having to step up.
Even the hospitals were overrun with patients that ordered, "community centers and local schools be
transformed into emergency hospitals" (Influenza Strikes). Schools were not the only thing closed
down, stores, restaurants, and other businesses were shut down as well. In addition to those, other
interventions were put in place like masks since they knew it was spread through the air. The masks
were made of gauze and distributed by the Public Health

Annual Flu Vaccination Pros And Cons
Numerous studies have been conducted on the advantages of receiving an annual flu vaccine with an
emphasis on the health related benefits at the forefront of each study. With the pros and cons of
healthcare workers receiving an influenza vaccination being weighed, and findings suggesting the
benefit(s) of vaccination outweigh the risks, another testament to the benefits of influenza
vaccination has been researched which identifies an area of interest which may be intriguing to
people; the financial aspect. Carolyn Buxton Bridges, MD; William W. Thompson, PhD; Martin I.
Meltzer, PhD; Gordon R. Reeve, PhD; Walter J. Talamonti, MD, MPH; Nancy J. Cox, PhD; Heather
A. Lilac, RN; Henrietta Hall, BS; Alexander Klimov, PhD; Keiji Fukuda, MD, MPH (2000)

Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT)
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) defined the role of public health as "fulfilling society's interest in
assuring conditions in which people can be healthy" (IOM, 2011). Prevention of epidemics and the
spread of disease, protection against environmental hazards, promotion of health, disaster response
and recovery, and providing access to healthcare are main functions of public health.
If my colleagues and I found out that a new strain of a deadly influenza that could lead to high levels
of illness and if possible dead, we will get in contact with the US Center for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) who uses seven surveillance systems to determine the new strain of influenza.
They include "virologic, influenza–like illness, hospitalization, and mortality data. In addition, some
states and health organizations collect additional influenza surveillance data that complement the
CDC's surveillance system". (Shay, D. K., 2015). The data will be very useful to help us determine
the need for immediate immunization program. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(CDC 2014). CDC uses IRAT to generate point scores that estimates the potential risks associated
with the criteria. The point scores are categorized into three criteria, namely, low, moderate and high
risks. The IRAT will help us determine how successful the program will be by using these
evaluation

A Discussion On The Illness Of Depression
A Discussion on the Undiscussed Illness of Depression
How do you feel when you read the term 'depression'? Do your feelings differ when you read the
term 'influenza'? Perhaps your answer is yes, but why? Clinical depression is an illness just as the
influenza virus is an illness. Clinical depression can be defined as a chemical imbalance in the brain,
resulting in a pervasive and persistent low mood. In comparison, the influenza virus, more
commonly known as the flu, can be defined as a viral infection of the respiratory passages resulting
in coughing, the production of excess mucous, and a sore throat. The location and nature of each
illness may differ from one another, but a victim is simply a victim. Thus I question why twenty–
first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although depression may not cause a dry cough, runny nose, or a sore throat like the influenza
virus, those experiencing clinical depression are no better off. Symptoms such as loss of appetite
leading to weight loss or overeating leading to weight gain, social withdrawal, loss of interest in
hobbies and activities of pleasure, as well as persistent feelings of sadness, anxiety, worthlessness,
guilt, or emptiness correlate with depression. These symptoms of clinical depression often lead to
thoughts of death and suicide. For this reason, the fatality rate, compared to that of influenza, is
much greater for clinical depression. To different extents, both clinical depression and influenza can
make it hard for their victims to face the day.
Treating and/or managing the influenza virus is far easier a task than treating and/or managing
clinical depression. An enormous collection of research has gone into fighting the influenza virus.
This research has resulted in vaccines that can protect one from contracting specific strains of the
virus, anti–viral medications to treat specific strains, as well as a wide array of pain killers,
decongestants, cough drops and anti–inflammatory's to ease one's symptoms. Far less research has
been conducted on the topic of clinical depression; thus, less effective treatment is offered. Similar
to influenza, a young adult in Canada

INFLUENZA Essay
INFLUENZA
A virus called an Orthomyxovirus causes influenza. Often called flu, sometimes–even grippe. It is a
very contagious disease, and it infects many parts of our bodies. This also includes are lungs. A
person can get influenza if someone coughs, sneezes, or even talks around you while they are
infected. Influenza is sometimes considered serious in some cases but can be prevented and treated.
When you get the "flu" in the lungs, the lining of the respiratory tract is damaged by becoming
swollen and inflamed. But the damage is not always permanent, and tissue heals within a couple of
weeks. It is a respiratory disease, even though it infects the whole body. ... Show more content on
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Some complications these people at high–risk face are sinus and inner ear inflammation as well
bacterial pneumonia (yeah, and I'm sure that sounds real pleasant). Unfortunately, most
complications end with bacterial infections. In the end if you don't get treated influenza can be
severe and fatal.
People that are at a high risk are ones that have chronic lung disease such as asthma, emphysema,
chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis, or cystic fibrosis. You are also at high risk if you have heart disease,
chronic kidney disease or metabolic disorder. Diabetes, severe anemia, and people who have
diseases or having treatments like chemotherapy, which depress immunity. Disease and disorders are
not the only reason you can be at risk. If you reside in a nursing home or are over the age of 65 you
are as well at risk. Finally, health care providers should get immunized to protect high–risk patients.
Anyone can get influenza, especially when an epidemic sweeps through a community. In 1994 over
90 million cases of influenza was reported, not counting the ones that weren't reported. People who
know that they're at high risk should be immunized.
In 1941 it was discovered that influenza can be prevented and treated with a vaccine or shot. The
vaccine is made each year so that the vaccine can contain the virus that is expected that

Influenza Research Paper
Influenza is the common name given to an infectious disease which as we known is caused by the
influenza virus. Around the world and in the united states the influenza disease is referred to as "the
flu" and due to similar symptoms people mistakenly believe that it is nothing more than an ordinary
severe type of cold. While the influenza symptoms as it manifests can range from mild to severe, the
flu still kills a significant number of people annually.
Short narration from a flu victim family "it is Monday morning and the radio in my daughter's room
'Amber Gray' continues to play her favorite station, Life 107.1 – even though she's not there to hear
it. She was my daughter my baby girl.
For now, for now we can't bring ourselves (Amber's parents, ... Show more content on
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the flu types a and type b are responsible for the respiratory infection outbreaks that occurs annually
during the winter season, and are mostly related with the risen rate of hospitalization and sometimes
fatality. The flu type c has a considerable difference from the type a and type b. The flu type c is
mostly associated to most minor respirational illness; it most certainly is not the cause of epidemics
and definitely does not cause the same level of health crisis as the type a and type b. most Efforts
implemented are mostly focused on controlling the impact of influenza type A and type B, which is
why the majority of my research paper will focus on these two types of flu virus.
The flu virus has been known to sporadically change its structural and receptor proteins over time
mostly seasonally and usually by means of genetic mutation.
This constant Genetic change allows the virus the ability to continuously evade the immune system
of its host(humans), which in turn causes people to be vulnerable to the flu viral infection
throughout their lifespan. The process and diagram stated above works in a certain way, when
infected with the flu virus the body's T cells when in combat with the virus begins to develop
antibody against that specific strain of influenza virus, but as the virus begins to adapt over the
season it slowly begins to mutate by changing its structural proteins and

Thesis Statement For Influenza Vaccines
As of January, 85 flu related deaths have been confirmed since the beginning of the 2017–2018
influenza season. Each year we experience what is known as flu season, with new strains of the
virus infecting millions of people each year, some years receiving a flu vaccine is not sufficient
protection from developing the flu and flu like symptoms. The current 2018 flu season is a bad
season. The vaccine that was developed and administered unfortunately was not correctly
developed.
Thesis Statement: We will look at how and why the influenza vaccine might work less some years.
Preview: We will consider why we need new flu vaccines each year. (Transition: "First, we will look
at why we get ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is one of two strands that cause bacterial pneumonia, high fever and death.
2.Type B is the second main cause for concern. It can also cause ear infections, dehydration and
bacterial pneumonia.
3.Type C is not known to cause server illness. It mainly causes mild upper respiratory infection and
fever.
New vaccines must be made available to combat illness.
1.With a mutated influenza strand emerging each year new vaccines must be made to properly
protect against them. 2.Trends from the last flu season are studied to help determine what the new
flu strand might look like for the upcoming flu season. Different regions experience peak flu season
at different times of the year, this helps scientist study current infection and better predict infection
here in the U.S. (Transition "However, the study of flu trends doesn't always mean a correct
vaccine.") 1.Most states have reported an outbreak this season is which has been dubbed the Aussie
flu. This general term refers to several strands of the influenza virus. 2. Type A and type B are the
biggest cause for concern. The type C strand can also cause illness but is usually less sever and often
not the focus when developing a new vaccine for the upcoming flu

Social Factors Contribute To The Development Of Influenza...
Epidemiology Paper This paper will discuss the communicable disease influenza. It will discuss the
causes, symptoms, and treatments, as well as the demographics of interest. It will also discuss the
determinants of health and how these factors contribute to the development of influenza. Included in
this paper will be information on host, agent, and environmental factors. Lastly it will explain the
role of the community health nurse in caring for those affected with influenza and the role they play
in education and prevention.
Description of Influenza
Influenza, also known as the flu, is a contagious respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus that
infects the nose, throat, and lungs (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ... Show more
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Social factors that can contribute to the development of the flu are income and education. People
with limited income may not be able to afford healthy foods for their families. They also may be
restricted in access to health care or may not have money for a doctor's visit if they are ill. This
affects access to preventative health screenings as well as immunizations for the flu. Education plays
a role also. Uneducated people may not realize the importance of immunizing their family members.
They may not understand that immunizations often prevent or reduce the severity of this illness.
Physical factors that can contribute to the development of the flu are transportation and living
conditions. Often times people have no access to healthcare because of transportation. If one does
not have a care, they must rely on public transportation. Depending on the availability of healthcare,
this may not be an option for some people. Living conditions plays a role in the development of the
flu as well. In poorer communities, many people live in public housing. These living conditions are
by far not the best. Buildings can be run down, unkept, and crowded. They many not have
functioning heat or air conditioning. Once a disease like the flu develops, it can spread like wild fire
through these types of communities.
The Epidemiologic Triangle as it Relates to Influenza
The epidemilogic triangle describes the relationships and interactions among the infectious agent,
the host, and

Argument Against Flu Vaccines
Considering that influenza is a respiratory illness, there are several actions individuals can take in
order to stop the spread of germs. For example, vaccination is recognized as the primary and most
effective step for preventing influenza and its complications. In fact, the Center for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) has recommended the annual flu vaccines as the main step in protecting
against flu viruses. Vaccination not only prevents you from getting sick but also prevents you from
spreading the virus to others. As a consequence, the flu vaccine has benefits for both individuals and
for communities (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015).
Contrary to common misunderstandings about influenza vaccines causing the flu, several ... Show
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Such high risk groups are people with asthma, chronic congestive heart failure, people with
metabolic disorders, adults older than sixty–five, children less than five years of age, pregnant
women, individuals residing in nursing homes and other long–term care facilities (National
Advisory Committee on Immunization, 2015). Their flu–related complications are the result of
suppressed immune systems due to underlying conditions and children that have not developed
sufficient antibodies due to their young age (Jill Jin, MD, MPH,

Avian Influenza ( Influenza )
Avian Influenza (H5N1) In this task, the investigation will be done is about the emerging infectious
disease and the name of disease will be researched is avian influenza. Avian Influenza is also known
as bird flu, is a type A influenza virus. It is lethal to poultry and is potentially fatal in humans. Avian
Influenza is defined as emerging infectious disease (Bird flu (avian influenza), 2012). Water birds
such as wild ducks are believed to be the carriers of all avian influenza type A viruses. The viruses
are carried inside the birds' intestines and are distributed into the environment via bird faeces (poo).
Migratory birds infected with the virus could potentially spread the bird flu to any of the countries
they visit. Wild birds ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout this task, research how the disease is currently being managed and evaluate include
attempts to contain or eradicate this disease (past and present), the development of vaccine for
against the disease and barriers to effective management. After that, suggest modifications and
improvements to the current management. The name of disease is avian influenza, it is also known
as bird flu. The disease came from Hong Kong at the first time in 1997, the H5N1 strain of avian
influenza virus was first documented, when it caused severe respiratory problems in 18 humans, of
whom six died. Characteristics of the pathogen of avian influenza are from the water birds such as
wild ducks and the viruses are carried inside the birds' intestines and are distributed into the
environment via bird faeces (poo). Migratory birds infected with the virus could potentially spread
the bird flu to any of the countries they visit. The avian influenza virus can more frequently kill
domesticated birds, such as chickens and turkeys. Besides, humans who have close contact with sick
birds are at risk of infection with bird flu. For example a person may handle a sick bird, contaminate
their hands with chicken faeces, and forget to wash their hands before eating. They will then ingest
the infected bird faeces. This is the most common way for a human

INFLUENZA Essay examples
Influenza, also known as "the flu," is a virus that infects the respiratory tract. Although Influenza is
not as severe as many viral infections it's almost the worst for viral infections of the respiratory
tract. Typically, when someone is infected with influenza they experience fever (usually 100° to
103°F in adults, but even higher in children) and causes a cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose,
and also headaches, muscle aches, and usually extreme tiredness. There are sometimes other
symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea but usually only in rare cases with young children.
One other note: The term "Stomach flu" isn't really caused by the influenza virus.
The average recovery time from the flu is about 1–2 weeks, although ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Although Type A viruses undergo both types of changes, Type B only go through the more gradual
Type B.
Antigenic shift occurs only occasionally, but when it does large numbers of people or even entire
populations have no antibody against the virus. Although this is potentially lethal, the virus can only
start a pandemic if it is able to be spread easily. Throughout the 20th century there were three
pandemics, one in 1918, one in 1957, and one in 1968. Each of which resulted in large numbers of
deaths.
The 1918 pandemic was known as the "Spanish Flu" and was Influenza strain A(H1N1) and it
caused the highest known influenza death rate known, 500,000 Americans and 20 million people
worldwide.
The 1957 pandemic was known as the "Asian Flu" and was Influenza strain A(H2N2) and caused
70,000 U.S. deaths.
The 1968 Pandemic was known as the "Hong Kong Flu" and was Influenza strain A(H3N2) and
caused 34,000 deaths in the U.S.
The emergence of the "Hong Kong Flu" in 1968–1969 marked the beginning of the A(H3N2) days.
When this virus first emerged it had the lowest mortality rate in the 20th century. Although this virus
first emerged with such a small death rate, it still continues to kill people to this day. Just as when
the A(H2N2) virus appeared in 1957 causing the disappearance of the A(H1N1) virus, the
appearance of the A(H2N3) virus caused the disappearance of the A(H2N2) virus. After being
dormant for almost 30 years, the A(H1N1) virus reappeared and today

Influenza Is An Acute Viral Infection
Introduction (.5 pages)
Seasonal influenza commonly referred to as the "flu" is an acute viral infection caused by the
influenza virus that can have possibly devastating effects on a community ("Influenza (Seasonal),"
2014). Seasonal influenza viruses cause annual epidemics that peak during the winter but can begin
as early as late fall and last through early spring ("Prevention and Control of Influenza," 2008).
Influenza infections in the US affect a large amount of the US population. On average in the United
States 200,000 people are hospitalized due to influenza infections ("Vaccine–Preventable Adult
Diseases," 2016). In addition, the annual death toll in the United States alone related to influenza
and its complications is about 20,000 (Fallon, 2013). Though influenza can affect people at any age,
the rates of serious illness and death are among the highest in persons aged sixty–five or older
("Prevention and Control of Influenza," 2008). The disproportionate effect of the influenza infection
on older adults calls for public health interventions.

Assignment 1ID: A Case Study on Infectious Diseases
Assignment 1: Infectious Disease Case Study Influenza (the flu) "is a contagious respiratory illness
caused by influenza viruses" (Seasonal flu basics, 2011, CDC). For some individuals, the symptoms
of influenza are no worse than the common cold. However, for other individuals, particularly the
elderly, the very young, and persons with compromised immune systems, influenza can be deadly.
Flu prevention is best achieved through seasonal vaccination. Because the flu strain can change
seasonally, or even within a season due to antigenic drift, yearly vaccination is essential for as many
people as possible within a given population who can tolerate the vaccine (Seasonal flu basics, 2011,
CDC).. It is suggested that all persons over the age of 6 months get vaccinated. Even if someone is
not in a high–risk category, they can still pass on the flu to someone who is, when they come into
contact with them. Teachers and healthcare workers are thus particularly urged to get the flu
vaccine, not only for their own protection, but also for the protection of those with whom they work.
"Most healthy adults may be able to infect others beginning 1 day before symptoms develop and up
to 5 to 7 days after becoming sick. Some people, especially young children and people with
weakened immune systems, might be able to infect others for an even longer time" (Seasonal flu
basics, 2011, CDC). The flu is highly contagious. The flu can be spread through the "droplets made
when people with flu

Influenza is caused by an RNA virus from the...
Influenza is caused by an RNA virus from the Orthomyxoviridae family (that consists of the genera
influenza A, B, and C). Human influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics almost each
winter within the United States. Influenza type B infects humans only, therefore it is unable of
undergoing a mutation. Pandemics are caused solely by influenza A strains. The emergence of a new
and completely different influenza virus to infect people will cause an influenza pandemic.
Influenza kind C infections cause a mild respiratory illness and aren't thought to cause epidemics
(Duncan, 2013).
The influenza virus is transmitted from human to human mainly by droplet, although there are cases
of animal to human transmission. The incubation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I would explain to Debbie that the Flu vaccine cause antibodies to develop in the body within 2
weeks after vaccination. These antibodies provide protection against infection with the viruses that
are in the vaccine, but there is always a small chance of her getting it because there might be a new
strain that can develop every year (Unknown, 2013). Also, there is a benefit of getting the vaccine
because even if the viruses (her antibodies and the strain going around in the facility) are not closely
matched; the vaccine can still defend her and prevent flu–related complications (this is referred to as
cross–protection) against different influenza viruses (CDC, 2013).
b. The nurse must also consider the older adult population that is affected in this situation. Why?
It's estimated that 90% of seasonal influenza–related deaths and more than 60% of seasonal
influenza–related hospitalizations within the United States every year occur in people 65 years and
older (Unknown, 2013).
Elderly patients residing in long–term care facilities are vulnerable to influenza outbreaks which
might cause widespread illness with a high fatality rate. To fight off outbreaks, all long–term care
facility residents and health care personnel must be vaccinated against

Abstract. The Common Cold And Influenza Are Two Common
Abstract
The common cold and Influenza are two common illnesses of the upper respiratory tract. These
illness can often be mistaken for each other due to the overlapping symptoms. The two symptoms
that seem to present when the flu is occurring are a fever with a cough. Prevention is also similar for
both of the illnesses with the exception of an actual vaccine that can be administered annually for flu
prevention. Diagnosis can occur in the physicians office according to the individuals symptoms that
are presenting or by completing an rapid flu test. Treatments are also similar for both the common
cold and the flu because they are both caused by viruses, therefore a patient would not benefit from
antibiotic therapy. With educating the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection can be caused by several other viruses and
bacteria. It is important to seek proper medical treatment to receive the correct diagnosis, which will
prevent severe illness and from spreading to other people.
The Common Cold. An acute viral infection of the upper respiratory tract is often spread by hand
contact from an infected person. This may be from direct, indirect, or aerosol of the secretions and
the virus (Allan and Arroll, pg 190). The common cold is often less severe than the flu but has
similar symptoms. The cold typically is a shorter mild illness with symptoms gradually occurring. It
is known to start with sneezing, sore throat, possible chills, and headache. As the cold enhances the
patient may present with nasal drainage or congestion and cough. A cold is preventable with
physical interventions, probiotics, and exercise. Physical interventions are extremely important in
preventing illness and preventing the illness from spreading. These interventions can include hand
washing, using alcohol based solutions, gloves, masks, and gowns (Allan and Arroll, pg 192). The
most common treatments for the common cold include antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives,
and acetaminophen. "One study of guaifenesin found no benefit; in another, 75% of participants
reported that guaifenesin was helpful for their cough, compared with 31% given placebo (Allan

What Are The Relevant Professional Standards?
What are the relevant professional standards? (Kyte, 2012). The relevant professional standards in
the hospital include getting a yearly flu shot or wearing a mask to prevent spread of the flu from the
nurse to the patient or from the patient to the nurse (Gounley, 2013). It is still a personal decision
whether or not to get the flu shot under a professional standard. Darling states:
We don't understand why a healthcare worker would choose to go unvaccinated unless there are
medical contraindications or religious objections to doing so, as the vaccine has a long track record
of being a safe and effective way of preventing the spread of disease. Being that health care workers
take care of the sick, we strongly believe they should be required to take all reasonable steps to
protect the health of patients (as cited in Geyer, 2012).
To be professional as a nurse, it is essential to keep clean hygiene and prevent diseases. "Hand
washing is a basic principle that we know is the first and often most important reason in preventing
infection" (Silva & Ludwick, 2006). Hospitals have standards such as wearing masks, putting on
personal protective equipment (PPE), and receiving flu shots to prevent the spread of the flu to
patients and co–workers. When a nurse enters a patient's room, the nurse needs to explain to the
patient why he or she is wearing a mask due to any controversies that may arise. Nurses need to
abide by the professional standards of trying to control the

Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Analysis
As an Allergy–Immunology Technician, it is imperative to familiarize yourself with immunization
updates and current events to provide patients with the best possible care. One of the vaccines that
cause the most discussion is the Seasonal Influenza Vaccine. This vaccine provides protection
against the seasonal influenza virus that traditionally hits the United States in the winter months.
The following will discuss some background information on the influenza virus, which will lead
into the interim 2016–2017 influenza vaccine effectiveness report, and then the data will be
compared to previous seasons. Hopefully, this will allow vaccine administrators the ability to
effectively inform their patients on the data the can be found concerning ... Show more content on
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The early year's reported on were not very expansive with less than 1000 patients being tracked.
However beginning in the year 2008 we had well over a 1000 reports being made and on average
the vaccine effectiveness rate averages 46 percent. The worst season during this period was in 2014–
2015 where it rang in at only 19 percent effectiveness. This season the "flu vaccine did not protect
against drifted H3N2 viruses, but protected against vaccine–like H3N2 and B viruses." (CDC, 2015)
So this goes back to our vaccine effectiveness factors and specifically points to the second note
stating that the vaccine must be well–matched. In this case the most prevalent influenza A strain
changed and the vaccine manufacturers were unable to predict this. So by this comparative data it
seems that the 2016–2017 influenza fell in–line with previous year's

Asthma And Influenza Case Study
Age is a contributing factor affecting the distribution of influenza. The virus is easily transmissible
at any age but adults over the age of 65 are more vulnerable in developing the virus therefore are
more likely to be offered a flu vaccine, in order to protect themselves. However, infants and young
child have weak immune systems, consequently offered immunisations.
Figure 1: Peak GP ILI consultation rates by age group in England (RCGP), 2011/12.
The graph above shows that, children within the 1–4 years age group have the highest rate of illness
in comparison to the other age groups, which demonstrates a slow rate of illness. However, the
overall rate ofInfluenza–like–Illness per 100,000 population of England is 19 people, this figure
increase to 39 and 43 for age groups less than 1 year olds and the age group 1–4 year old
respectively. A potential explanation to why children in smaller age groups develop the influenza
virus is because of the undeveloped immune system therefore more likely to be vulnerable to the
influenza because their bodies are unable to fight the virus. In addition, adults within the ... Show
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Asthma mostly affects young children due to their undeveloped airways whereas the influenza virus
is more likely to affect children between the ages of 6 to 14 years old because children within this
age group have tendency of lacking awareness regarding the importance of hygiene compared to the
elderly. Elderly patient's immune systems starts to deteriorate within age therefore are more likely to
acquire the influenza virus. Due to this vulnerability, hospitals offer influenza vaccinations, which
have considerably decreased the number of influenza cases. Moreover, the elderly patients are more
likely to have asthma because new triggers could irritate their airway, which perhaps may have not
necessarily affecting them whilst they were younger leading to high rates of asthma

What Are The Three Types Of Influenz Influenza
Influenza is a life threatening illness caused by influenza virus. It is a contagious disease of the
respiratory tract causes serious infections and death around the globe usually in winter season. There
are three types of influenza viruses infect humans, type A, B and C. Influenza A and B cause severe
disease and major outbreaks and can be prevented through influenza vaccination. Influenza C causes
common cold like illness among children. Influenza A is responsible for influenza pandemics.
Influenza A and B viruses have two main proteins on the outside of virus, the haemaglutinin (H) and
the neuraminidase (N) proteins and are referred as antigens as they are the structures to which our
immune system responds. New strains of influenza A and B continually form because the H and N
antigens change. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Influenza B is basically a human disease, whereas, influenza A virus found in many species. Water
birds are the natural host of influenza A virus, however, it crossed the species barrier and have
established in other animals, including humans. Most people suffer a self–limiting illness which last
from a few days to several weeks due to some preexisting immunity to the seasonal strains of
influenza. Influenza can cause complications and in some populations, the elderly, people who are
immunocompromised, people with preexisting reparatory, cardiac and endocrine disease, can cause
significant disease and death. It can also cause death among healthy adults and

INFLUENZA (FLU)
OVERVIEW
Influenza is a viral infection that attacks your respiratory system–your nose, throat and lungs.
Influenza, commonly called the flu, is not the same as stomach "flu" viruses that cause diarrhea and
vomiting.
For most people, influenza resolves on its own. But sometimes, influenza and its complications can
be deadly. People at higher risk of developing flu complications include:
*Young children under 5, and especially those under 2 years.
*Adults older than 65
*Residents of nursing homes and other long–term care facilities.
*Pregnant women and women up to two weeks postpartum
*People with weakened immune system
*People who are very obese, with a body mass index of 40 or higher
RISK FACTORS
Factors that may increase ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children and people with weakened immune systems may be contagious for a slightly longer time.
Influenza viruses are constantly changing, with new strains appearing regularly. If you've had
influenza in the past, your body has already made antibodies to fight that particular strain of the
virus. If future influenza viruses are similar to those you've encountered before, either by having the
disease or by vaccination, those antibodies may prevent infection or lessen its severity.
But antibodies against flu viruses you've encountered in the past can't protect you from new
influenza subtypes that can be very different immunologically from what you had before.
SIGNS AND SYPTOM
Initially, the flu may seem like a common cold with a runny nose, sneezing and sore throat. But
colds usually develop slowly, whereas the flu tends to come on suddenly. And although a cold can
be a nuisance, you usually feel much worse with the flu.
Common signs and symptoms of the flu include:
Fever over 100.4 F(38C)
Aching muscles, back, arms and legs
Chills and sweats
Headache
Dry, persistent

Flu Game Research Paper
Forget everything you heard and know about the "Flu Game." This info will change and make
anyone wonder all about the "Flu Game." Or was it really really a Flu Game. Was it a hangover?
Was it food poisoning from a bad pizza? Or maybe, was it a fake? It might change a mind two. Let's
get to the basics, alright. Knowing the facts will change the perspective on what happened. June 11,
1997 game 5 of the NBA Finals. A matchup with Karl Malone and John Stockton's Utah Jazz versus
Michael Jordan's and Scottie Pippen's Chicago Bulls. Those who witnessed this performance agree
that it was great in basketball, but in sports too. This was known as the "Flu Game". But one
question we have is was it really the flu. After hearing this article ... Show more content on
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MJ was seen and caught gambling in 1993 at Atlantic City at 3:47am the night before game 3
against the Knicks." He admitted losing "$165,000 due to the vice." In many books written by his
teammates and friends quoted "MJ would drink beers and wine after the game." One reporter took a
photo captioning "MJ and Scottie drinking losing their six packs." Ron Harper said "He didn't look
sick dropping 38 points." Reporters and regular people have pictures of MJ the night before the
game, gambling. People at the casino and photographers too said "MJ was holding bottles. In
conclusion witnesses and MJ's friends say the flu was really a hangover." According to Mike
Korzemba "The flu game was just him being tired." Like earlier I stated MJ had a gambling problem
he was seen the night before the game gambling, he was tired from staying up all night. MJ even
stated that he was very tired before the game. In conclusion the flu game was him being tired. "MJ
was coughing sneezing and the whole nine.", said by Scottie Pippen. "We all saw him coughing and
sneezing." It was clear he had the flu said by reporters. Grover said his temperature was very

Hello Sherri, influenza was one of my clinical diagnoses based on the patient's clinical symptoms of
fever, fatigue and body ache. Influenza is an acute viral respiratory illness that impact the health of
many individuals, families, and communities. Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae
family and are enveloped, segmented, single–strand RNA viruses. They can be divided into three
types, A, B, C and are varied by viral RNA segments. Types A and B are common and are more
likely to cause severe symptoms and epidemics. Seasonal influenza results from circulating
influenza A and B viruses. Influenza viruses enter human hosts through columnar epithelial cells of
the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles through influenza hemagglutinin, which ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Classic symptoms of influenza include fever, headache, body ache and fatigue accompanied by
cough, sore throat and nasal discharge. Most individuals with uncomplicated influenza experience
symptoms for three to seven days and clear the virus in five to ten days after symptom onset with no
treatment. Pneumonia is the most common complication of influenza. Influenza can be challenging
to accurately diagnose as its symptoms are similar to other infectious agents such as mycoplasma
pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial vims, rhinovirus etc. Therefore it is difficult to diagnose influenza
on clinical symptoms alone, and laboratory testing plays an important role. There are six laboratory
tests available today to diagnose influenza. Which includes, genetic/antigenic characterization,
serology testing, viral culture, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and,
immunofluorescence studies. Finally rapid influenza diagnostic testing (RIDT) is available as a
point of–care test for outpatient settings. The gold standard for diagnosing influenza is viral culture
and RT–PCR. In general healthy population influenza is self–limiting and resolves in one

Influenza Vaccination Should be Mandatory Essay
Influenza is very contagious and spreads rapidly from person to person. Influenza causes worldwide
yearly epidemics. According to World Health organization Influenza affects 5–15% world's
population and resulting in 500,000 deaths yearly. Ottenberg stated that, in United States, an average
of 200,000 were hospitalized and 36,000 died each year from influenza complications. Influenza is
the sixth leading cause of death among US adults and is related to 1 in 20 death in persons older
than 65 years. Disease control and prevention estimates indicate that infections like H1N1 which is
one of the types of influenza, have resulted in an estimated 42 to 86 million cases and 8520 to 17620
deaths. As I mentioned earlier that infections like ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If we eliminate these barriers and mandate vaccination, it will help in increasing rate of vaccination
(Suillivan, 2010).
Argument#1
To increase patient and hcw safety, health care workers should be mandate to get vaccination. Hcw
are more at risk to get infection because of their contact with patient and then to spread it to patients,
specially patients who are susceptible to the infection (CITATION). Influenza symptoms appears
within 1–4 days. Before even hcw workes know that they have influenza infection and they are
contagious, they may spread the infection to patient . Also, if hcw are infected, it will cause impact
on their mental and physical functioning. Two randomly conducted studies have supported that
mandatory influenza vaccination for hcw helped in decreasing death rate upto 44% in nursing home
residents (Ottenberg, 2011). Potter et. al. identified that because of increased staff vaccination
mortality rate reduced from 17% to 10% (Suillivan, 2010). The other fact which can effect patient
safety due to low rate of vaccination is absenteeism of hcw during influenza epidemic.
Argumet #2 Other very important reason why hcw s should be mandate to get vaccination is that it
is cost effective.
Gregory, tosh, and

Avian Influenza Research Paper
Avian influenza is a severe, often fatal flu virus of birds, especially poultry, that is transmissible
from them to humans. Avian influenza A viruses are continuously detected in wild birds. From time
to time, outbreaks of the influenza in poultry have occurred all around the world, causing illness and
death in humans in Asia, Africa, Europe, the Pacific, and the Near East. On rare occasions, some
avian influenza A viruses have also caused illness in humans in North America. Outbreaks of Avian
flu in poultry may raise global public health concerns due to their effect on poultry populations, their
potential to cause serious disease in people, and their pandemic potential. Most avian influenza
viruses do not infect humans; however some, such as A(H5N1) and A(H7N9), have caused serious
infections in people and can seriously impact local and global economies and international trade.
The majority of human cases of A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) infection have been associated with direct
or indirect contact with infected live or dead poultry.
An influenza is a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages causing fever, severe
aching, and catarrh, and often occurring in epidemics. Because it is a viral infection, it cannot be
treated with antibiotics. Antiviral agents can reduce the severity and duration of infection, but these
are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Food and Drug Administration approved test designed to identify avian influenza. The test is called
influenza A/H5 (Asian lineage) virus real–time RT–PCR primer and probe set. It can offer
preliminary results in only four hours. However, the test isn't widely available. A doctor may also
perform the following tests to look for the presence of the virus that causes bird flu: auscultation (a
test that detects abnormal breath sounds), white blood cell differential, nasopharyngeal culture or a
chest X–ray. Additional tests can be done to assess the functioning of your heart, kidneys, and

The Death Of The Unborn Child
For many couples, one of the best moments of their lives is discovering that they are soon to become
parents. The type of joy and excitement children bring to their parents, especially the brand new
ones, are sometimes inexplicable. But what if some type of phenomenon were to occur and induce
great danger to the unborn child? Imagine the type of pain the parents will feel. For one father–to–be
from Arkansas, he never expected on what was about to come. According to a news article from
CNN news, Chris Creekmore and Leslie were a couple from Arkansas who were soon to become
parents. However, a very unfortunate event occurred; Leslie contracted the flu virus and had a
miscarriage (Payne and Landau). Along with their unborn child, Leslie and ... Show more content on
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If schools mandate seasonal flu vaccinations, many people would be protected from getting sick
with the flu, missed school days due to the flu would be reduced, community flu outbreaks would be
prevented, and mortality and hospitalization rates related to flu would be decreased.
Influenza or the flu is a highly contagious disease that affects millions of people world–wide. It has
been a public health issue for many decades. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
describes flu as an illness of the respiratory tract that can manifest symptoms like cough, runny
nose, and fever. Symptoms can range from being mild to being extremely severe, and can sometimes
lead to fatality. Certain parts of the population, such as the elderly, children younger than five years
of age, pregnant women, and individuals with a certain illness like asthma and diabetes, are at a
higher risk for complications from the flu. These complications consist of exacerbation of chronic
diseases, pneumonia, and ear and sinus infections. A person infected with the flu virus can easily
contaminate others simply by talking, sneezing, or touching an object with the virus and then using
the hand to touch one's own orifices. Although there are other measures like good hand hygiene that
can be done to prevent illness from the flu, the best method is still through vaccination. Some
individuals may be hesitant to receive vaccines due of fear of needles. However, they do have
another option of

Vaccine and Influenza Illness Essay
Grant Wade
April 22, 2001
Influenza
Influenza
Influenza, also known as "the flu," is a virus that infects the respiratory tract. Although Influenza is
not as severe as many viral infections it is almost the worst for viral infections of the respiratory
tract. Typically, when someone is infected with influenza they experience fever (usually 100° to
103°F in adults, but even higher in children) and causes a cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose,
and also headaches, muscle aches, and usually extreme tiredness. There are sometimes other
symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea but usually only in rare cases with young children.
One other note: The term "Stomach flu" isn't really caused by the influenza virus.
The average ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is called antigenic "drift." This process allows the virus to make a more stable change yet still
evade the immune system. The second type of change is an abrupt change in the hemagglutinin
and/or the neuraminidase proteins. This is called antigenic "shift." It isn't as stable of a change but if
it does make a successful and complete mutation it can become so deadly that another pandemic.
Although Type A viruses undergo both types of changes, Type B only go through the more gradual
Type B.
Antigenic shift occurs only occasionally, but when it does large numbers of people or even entire
populations have no antibody against the virus. Although this is potentially lethal, the virus can only
start a pandemic if it is able to be spread easily. Throughout the 20th century there were three
pandemics, one in 1918, one in 1957, and one in 1968. Each of which resulted in large numbers of
deaths.
The 1918 pandemic was known as the "Spanish Flu" and was Influenza strain A(H1N1) and it
caused the highest known influenza death rate known, 500,000 Americans and 20 million people
worldwide.
The 1957 pandemic was known as the "Asian Flu" and was Influenza strain A(H2N2) and caused
70,000 U.S. deaths.
The 1968 Pandemic was known as the "Hong Kong Flu" and was Influenza strain A(H3N2) and
caused 34,000 deaths in the U.S.
The emergence of the "Hong Kong Flu" in 1968–1969 marked the

Influenza Essay Example

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Influenza Essay Example