Literature Review With Heathrow Airport as the background, the pollutants that need to be considered are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, VOC and particulate matter. Among them, carbon dioxide is the most important. Not only the pollution caused by airplanes and cars, but also the pollution caused by catering. There are three aspects 1. Choose the best place to put pollutants 2. How to turn pollutants into useful products 3. Choose a cleaner energy source to use The professor mentioned carbon capture before, and this should be highlighted. This part is the application, connected with the previous part. Heathrow's clean air zone. The Election of 1860 Democrats split · Northern Democrats run Stephen Douglas · Southern Democrats run John C. Breckinridge Republicans decide for moderate · Republicans nominate Lincoln · Lincoln opposes slavery in territories · Republican platform comprehensive Fourth party enters race · Constitutional Unionists · Run John Bell Republican Victory · Lincoln gains 40% popular vote · Lincoln wins in electoral college · Most Americans want settlement South Carolina fire-eaters demand secession · South Carolina secedes December 20, 1680 · Deep South follows · Buchanan unable to shape compromise Crittenden Compromise · Proposed extension of 36º 30’ · John Tyler proposed constitutional amendment · Lincoln cannot accept slavery in territories · Compromises fail Confederate States of America · Seven states of deep South · Montgomery original capital · Constitution similar to that of U.S. · Constitution protects slavery President Jefferson of CSA · Model slave owner; not fire-eater · Cold personality, irritable, inflexible · Lacks self-confidence · Surrounds himself with yes-men President Abraham Lincoln of United States · Knows value of unity, competency · Appoints rivals to cabinet · Brunt of jokes, criticism · Sharp native intelligence, humble Border states · Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas join CSA · Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri stay with Union · West Virginia secedes from Virginia A war of nerves · Two Southern forts in U.S. hands · Davis willing to let status quo stand for moment · Lincoln decides to re-supply forts without force · Confederates fire, beginning April 12, 1861 Art of War influences commanders · Focus on occupying high ground · Focus on taking enemy cities · Retreat when necessary · Jomini’s 12 models of war The Armies · Calvary: for reconnaissance · Artillery: weakens enemy · Infantry: backbone of army · Also support units Infantry · Brigades of 2,000–3,000 · Form double lines of 1,000 yards · Advance into enemy fire · Then fight hand-to-hand · Most battles in dense woods Yanks and Rebs · Most between 17 and 25 · From all states, social classes · Draft exempts upper class · Anti-draft riots in New York City · Draft dodgers in South · Some bounty hunters · High desertion rates · Shirking duty not common First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) · Both sides thoug.

1. Literature Review
With Heathrow Airport as the background, the pollutants that
need to be considered are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides, VOC and particulate matter. Among them,
carbon dioxide is the most important. Not only the pollution
caused by airplanes and cars, but also the pollution caused by
catering. There are three aspects
1. Choose the best place to put pollutants
2. How to turn pollutants into useful products
3. Choose a cleaner energy source to use
The professor mentioned carbon capture before, and this should
be highlighted.
This part is the application, connected with the previous part.
Heathrow's clean air zone.
The Election of 1860
Democrats split
· Northern Democrats run Stephen Douglas
· Southern Democrats run John C. Breckinridge
Republicans decide for moderate
· Republicans nominate Lincoln
· Lincoln opposes slavery in territories
· Republican platform comprehensive
Fourth party enters race
· Constitutional Unionists
· Run John Bell
Republican Victory
· Lincoln gains 40% popular vote
· Lincoln wins in electoral college

2. · Most Americans want settlement
South Carolina fire-eaters demand secession
· South Carolina secedes December 20, 1680
· Deep South follows
· Buchanan unable to shape compromise
Crittenden Compromise
· Proposed extension of 36º 30’
· John Tyler proposed constitutional amendment
· Lincoln cannot accept slavery in territories
· Compromises fail
Confederate States of America
· Seven states of deep South
· Montgomery original capital
· Constitution similar to that of U.S.
· Constitution protects slavery
President Jefferson of CSA
· Model slave owner; not fire-eater
· Cold personality, irritable, inflexible
· Lacks self-confidence
· Surrounds himself with yes-men
President Abraham Lincoln of United States
· Knows value of unity, competency
· Appoints rivals to cabinet
· Brunt of jokes, criticism
· Sharp native intelligence, humble
Border states
· Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas join CSA
· Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri stay with Union
· West Virginia secedes from Virginia

3. A war of nerves
· Two Southern forts in U.S. hands
· Davis willing to let status quo stand for moment
· Lincoln decides to re-supply forts without force
· Confederates fire, beginning April 12, 1861
Art of War influences commanders
· Focus on occupying high ground
· Focus on taking enemy cities
· Retreat when necessary
· Jomini’s 12 models of war
The Armies
· Calvary: for reconnaissance
· Artillery: weakens enemy
· Infantry: backbone of army
· Also support units
Infantry
· Brigades of 2,000–3,000
· Form double lines of 1,000 yards
· Advance into enemy fire
· Then fight hand-to-hand
· Most battles in dense woods
Yanks and Rebs
· Most between 17 and 25
· From all states, social classes
· Draft exempts upper class
· Anti-draft riots in New York City
· Draft dodgers in South
· Some bounty hunters
· High desertion rates
· Shirking duty not common

4. First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run)
· Both sides thought war would be short
· First battle 20 miles from Washington
· South wins, Union forces flee in panic
First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run)
· South fails to attack Washington
· South celebrates victory
· Stonewall Jackson hero for South
· South disorganized even in victory
Consequences of Manassas (Bull Run)
· South becomes overconfident
· North prepares for long fight
· George McClellan given command of Army of Potomac
Northern strategy
· Defend Washington; take Richmond
· Split Confederacy by taking Mississippi River
· Blockade southern coastline
Mismatch
· North had population advantage of 22 to 9 million
· Industry in north
· Railroads mainly in the north
· Southerners knew the battleground
· Interior lines in the south
· More southerners had military training especially officers
Southern hope for help from abroad fails
· Southern strategy = Hold off North until help comes from
abroad
· Hope North grows weary of fighting
· France decides to intervene in Mexico
· British government pro-Confederate
· British people anti-slavery

5. · Britain never helps South
Jefferson Davis tries to force Britain’s hand
· Withholds sale of cotton
· British mills stockpile cotton before war
· British need grain more than cotton
Diplomacy
· U.S. captures Confederate diplomats on British ship, Trent
· Britain threatens war
· British build ships for South
· U.S. uses diplomacy to keep Britain out of the war
· Copperheads: Northern sympathizers of South
· Defeatists: Believe war is not worth the effort
· Lincoln suspends writ of habeas corpus
· Jails many dissenters, weakens their effectiveness
War in the West
· Union moves troops to Kentucky
· Union captures Forts Grant and Donelson
· Next major battle at Shiloh, Tennessee
· North wins in incredibly bloody battle
War at sea
· Confederates use commerce raiders
· Confederates try to outrun North’s blockade
· South’s Merrimack, North’s Monitor ironclad ships
· March 9, 1862 first clash of ironclad ships
· North builds more ironclad ships; South lacks resources
McClellan has the “slows”
· Army well-trained and equipped
· McClellan reluctant to attack
· McClellan was Democrat and disliked Lincoln’s war policy
· Lincoln frustrated with McClellan

6. Peninsula Campaign
· Union troops between York and James Rivers
· McClellan delays; South maneuvers
· 7-day battle; Lincoln recalls troops
· Lincoln replaces McClellan
Antietam
· Eastern theater stalemates
· South invades Maryland
· North stops south of Antietam
· Lee retreats to Virginia
Emancipation Proclamation
· Lincoln’s war aim to save Union
· Antislavery sentiment growing
· Lincoln frees slaves in states fighting Union
· Effective January 1, 1863
Slavery: The Beginning of the End
· Reassures slave states
· Allows North to use black troops
· Improves morale
· Mollifies Radical Republicans
Stalemate renewed
· McClellan replaced with Anthony Burnside
· Burnside loses at Fredericksburg, Virginia
· War bogs down in West
· War stalemates as both sides retreat for winter
1863
War at standstill
· South: shortages and inflation
· North: frustration

7. Chancellorsville (May 1863)
· Joseph Hooker commands Union troops
· Hooker outnumbers Robert E. Lee
· Lee outmaneuvers Hooker, wins
· South suffers severe casualties
· Including Stonewall Jackson
Fortress of Vicksburg
· South held small section of Mississippi River near Vicksburg
· Union forces unable to take Vicksburg
U.S. Grant
· Re-enlists when Civil War breaks out
· Wins Forts Henry and Donelson
· Shiloh creates questions about soberness
Siege of Vicksburg
· Grant marches down west bank of river
· Crosses river south of Vicksburg
· Takes surrounding area
· Lays siege to city
Gettysburg July 1-3
· Lee invades Pennsylvania
· Surprises Army of Potomac commanded by Meade
· Armies meet at Gettysburg
· North gains strategic advantage
Pickett’s Charge
· Lee plans frontal assault on Union center
· Loses 10,000 men in less than an hour
· Lee waits for counterattack
· Union fails to counterattack
July 4, 1863
· Gettysburg ravages Southern morale
· Vicksburg falls

8. Tennessee Campaign
· Union troops occupy Chattanooga
· Battle at Chickamauga Creek
· South lays siege to Chattanooga, fails
· Grant becomes commander of all Union forces
Total War
Grant’s tactics
· Totally destroy enemy’s ability to fight
· Union has numerical superiority
· Force Confederacy to fight on all fronts
· William T. Sherman heads toward Atlanta
Richmond
· Grant marches into the wilderness
· Lee outmaneuvers Grant and attacks
· Heavy losses on both sides
· Union can withstand losses; South cannot
Petersburg and the Shenandoah Valley
· Grant lays siege to Petersburg
· Petersburg rail center serves Richmond
· Siege lasts nine months
· Union forces lay waste to Shenandoah Valley
Sherman in Georgia
· Union troops occupy Atlanta (September 1864)
· Sherman marches to sea (Atlanta to Savannah)
· Intends to destroy South’s ability to fight
· Destroys everything in path
The sudden end: April 1865
· Lee abandons Petersburg, Richmond
· Lee tries to make last stand, fails
· Lee, Grant meet at Appomattox Court House

9. · Grant gives Lee generous terms
Deaths
· Totaled 620,000
· More deaths than all other wars combined
Lincoln’s Assassination: April 14, 1865
· John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln
· Shot in Ford’s Theater, Washington
· Booth part of a conspiracy
· Booth killed; four more hanged
“Father Abraham”
· Not overly popular as president
· Worries about winning 1864 election
· Wins due to victories
· Democrat Andrew Johnson running mate
· Had won respect with his humility and eloquence
Consequences of the Civil War
Union victory
· Establishes inseparability of the states
· Destroys political dominance of South
· Northeastern industrial, financial interest now dominant
New Economic Policies
· Pacific Railways Act: transcontinental railroad
· Morrill Tariff: high protective tariff
Union financing of war
· Heavy taxation: tariff, income, and excise taxes
· Paper money: greenbacks
· Borrowing: bonds sold
Free land
· Homestead Act gives 160 acres of public domain; must live on

10. it for 5 years
· Morrill Act gives land to states to fund colleges
Free people
· Slavery immoral, archaic
· Thousands of slaves flee to Union Army
· 15,000 blacks serve in Union army
· Thirteenth Amendment ends slavery
Essay topic：
The Potential and Limitations of a Clean Air Zone (CAZ) at
London Heathrow
It is essential that Heathrow reduces its emissions in order to
develop as one of the world’s leading airports. This project will
look at the policies and technologies developed for clean air
zones (CAZs) in global locations and how these can be
implemented within the context of a major international airport.
In addition to the desk-based activities there will be an
opportunity to develop testing techniques using a series of air
quality monitors.
This part is analysis.（co2，co，nox. Voc et al.)
1. Distribution, flow direction and concentration of pollutants.
2. The main polluted areas within the airport
3. The pollutants are affected by more aspects (density)
4. Influencing factors of environmental quality
Including transportation, passenger flow and catering
Only need to write and analyze this part, which requires 1200
words, and the reference should mark the number of pages.
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
As is well-known, solving air pollution is always a hot topic in
recent years. There are countless research directions based on

11. air pollution, and they are constantly being updated. Some
exhaustive reviews of literature are thus provided for this paper.
Among them, the main basis of the project is clean air zone,
which is defined an area where targeted action is taken to
improve air quality. It is a positive research trend which the
definition of clean air zone is proposed. At the beginning of the
study, the clean air zone was implemented as a policy in five
cities in UK. Determine the index of each pollutant by detecting
pollutants in the air. Then improve the concentration of
pollutants that exceed the standard, and control them within the
legal limits. Enhancing air quality is beneficial to ensure human
health (Clean air zone proposals, 2020).
The purpose of this chapter is to provide a clearer
understanding about the different perceptions of the presence of
pollutants in the air and their impact on environmental quality
and how to commercialize pollutants by selectively referring to
some literature. Summarize the detection methods and
experimental observations, so as to derive the impact of
different pollutants on the environment.
This chapter is divided into two parts. The project of the first is
the analysis，including the analysis of pollutant composition,
the distribution and flow of carbon dioxide, and the main
polluted areas within the specified range. Subsequently,
application of pollutants is outlines，including how to translate
pollutants into usable products, and choose a cleaner energy to
replace the original resource that may produce pollutants.
This project is Heathrow’s first study on clean air zone, which
is what makes the research unique and groundbreaking.
1.2 Project Overview
Observe the satellite map of London Heathrow Airport in detail,
marking the runway, apron and aircraft take-off and landing
locations. Select an area to be defined as a clean air zone, and
conduct air quality testing on this. Analyzing the sample air can
conclude that the main air pollutants include carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and

12. particulate matter. The gas concentration is measured by
measuring devices such as NO-NO2 and CO-CO2. In addition to
the pollution emissions from airplanes and cars, if possible, the
project should also consider the environmental impact of the
pollution caused by the airport catering industry. After
analyzing the data, combined with local natural conditions, such
as (geographic location, wind direction) to determine the best
place to remove pollutants. Among them, carbon dioxide
capture will be the most important treatment method. In the
whole project, the experimental part is undoubtedly the most
difficult part. The on-site measurement is greatly affected by
external factors and cannot ensure smooth progress. An analogy
with literature from other regions is necessary to ensure the
accuracy of the experimental data.
1.3 Aims and Objectives
The main objective of this project is to explore the potential and
limitations of a Clean Air Zone (CAZ) at London Heathrow. It
is essential that Heathrow reduces its emissions in order to
develop as one of the world’s leading airports. This project will
look at the policies and technologies developed for clean air
zones in global locations and how these can be implemented
within the context of a major international airport. In addition
to the desk-based activities there will be an opportunity to
develop testing techniques using a series of air quality
monitors. The ultimate hope can achieve the reduction of
pollutant emissions from the source.