This document provides an overview of the military and geopolitical situation leading up to and during the American Civil War between 1861-1865. It summarizes that tensions escalated over federal forts in southern states, culminating in the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor in April 1861, which prompted Lincoln to call for troops and sparked the beginning of the Civil War. The document also analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the Union and Confederate forces, the impact of foreign diplomacy, and the key events and battles over the course of the four-year war.
The document summarizes key events and developments in the American Civil War from 1861-1865, focusing on how the North and South prepared for war. It describes Lincoln's inaugural address calling for unity, the secession of Southern states, the attack on Fort Sumter that began the war, efforts to keep border states like Maryland in the Union, the balance of forces between the North and South, the failure of the South's hopes that Britain and France would intervene, and two diplomatic crises between the UK and US during the war over the Trent affair and the Confederate raider Alabama.
The Vietnam War was a proxy war between communist North Vietnam, backed by China and the Soviet Union, and South Vietnam, backed by the United States and other anti-communist countries. Starting in the 1950s, the U.S. became increasingly involved in the conflict to prevent the spread of communism. By the 1960s, the U.S. had sent hundreds of thousands of troops to Vietnam but struggled against North Vietnamese guerilla tactics. Public opinion in the U.S. began turning against the war, especially after the Tet Offensive of 1968 showed the conflict was more prolonged than expected. The U.S. gradually withdrew from Vietnam in the early 1970s, and North Vietnam unified the country in 1975.
The document provides background information on postwar Japan and various Asian countries from 1945 onwards. It discusses Japan being stripped of its empire by the US occupation forces led by General MacArthur. It then covers the division of India and Pakistan, the ongoing conflict over Kashmir, the division of Korea and war between North and South, as well as the beginnings of US involvement in Vietnam against the communist North. It focuses on the nationalist and independence movements in Asia in the aftermath of World War 2 and the increasing tensions and conflicts between Western and communist Eastern blocs in the region.
The document provides an overview of international interest in China after World War 2 and the establishment of the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong. Key events summarized include:
1) After defeating Japanese occupation, Jiang Jieshi's nationalist forces prepared for civil war against Mao's communists while receiving aid from the US.
2) Despite American efforts to avert civil war, fighting broke out in 1946 and the communists gained control of China by 1949, forcing Jiang and nationalist leaders to flee to Taiwan.
3) Diplomatic recognition of communist China was slow, with the USSR providing early recognition while the US withheld it due to Mao's support for revolution abroad and involvement in
The Cold War began after World War II as tensions grew between the United States and the Soviet Union. They disagreed on how to govern Europe and both sought to expand their influence through military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. This led to a nuclear arms race and proxy wars between the two superpowers in regions like Korea and Vietnam. By the late 1980s, reforms under Gorbachev in the Soviet Union helped lead to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union, bringing an end to the Cold War.
US tactics in the Vietnam War included search and destroy missions, carpet bombing campaigns, and the use of chemical weapons like napalm and Agent Orange. Search and destroy missions often resulted in high civilian casualties and turned local villagers against the US, while bombing campaigns targeted North Vietnamese supply lines and potential Viet Cong strongholds. The immense financial cost of these tactics was unacceptable to the US public. Viet Cong tactics focused on guerrilla warfare through ambushes and booby traps, which accounted for over half of US casualties and instilled great fear in US troops.
The document provides background information on several key events leading up to and during World War II. It discusses the rise of dictators like Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin in the 1930s. It also outlines America's initial isolationist policies after WWI and its gradual movement towards supporting the Allies through measures like Lend-Lease and sanctions against Japan. The document summarizes major military campaigns in both the European and Pacific theaters, including D-Day, the Battle of the Bulge, and the island hopping strategy against Japan. It also addresses the Holocaust and internment of Japanese Americans during the war.
The document provides background information on the Vietnam War. It discusses:
- The war lasted from 1955 to 1975 between North Vietnam and the US-backed South Vietnamese government.
- Over 58,000 US troops and millions of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers were killed. The war cost the US $168-200 billion.
- The war escalated under presidents Kennedy and Johnson as the US increased support to South Vietnam against the North Vietnamese-backed Viet Cong. Heavy US bombing began in 1965 and US troop levels rose to over 500,000.
- Despite massive US military involvement, North Vietnam was able to withstand the attacks and launch the devastating Tet Offensive in 1968, weakening US public support for the war. Peace talks
The document summarizes key events and developments in the American Civil War from 1861-1865, focusing on how the North and South prepared for war. It describes Lincoln's inaugural address calling for unity, the secession of Southern states, the attack on Fort Sumter that began the war, efforts to keep border states like Maryland in the Union, the balance of forces between the North and South, the failure of the South's hopes that Britain and France would intervene, and two diplomatic crises between the UK and US during the war over the Trent affair and the Confederate raider Alabama.
The Vietnam War was a proxy war between communist North Vietnam, backed by China and the Soviet Union, and South Vietnam, backed by the United States and other anti-communist countries. Starting in the 1950s, the U.S. became increasingly involved in the conflict to prevent the spread of communism. By the 1960s, the U.S. had sent hundreds of thousands of troops to Vietnam but struggled against North Vietnamese guerilla tactics. Public opinion in the U.S. began turning against the war, especially after the Tet Offensive of 1968 showed the conflict was more prolonged than expected. The U.S. gradually withdrew from Vietnam in the early 1970s, and North Vietnam unified the country in 1975.
The document provides background information on postwar Japan and various Asian countries from 1945 onwards. It discusses Japan being stripped of its empire by the US occupation forces led by General MacArthur. It then covers the division of India and Pakistan, the ongoing conflict over Kashmir, the division of Korea and war between North and South, as well as the beginnings of US involvement in Vietnam against the communist North. It focuses on the nationalist and independence movements in Asia in the aftermath of World War 2 and the increasing tensions and conflicts between Western and communist Eastern blocs in the region.
The document provides an overview of international interest in China after World War 2 and the establishment of the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong. Key events summarized include:
1) After defeating Japanese occupation, Jiang Jieshi's nationalist forces prepared for civil war against Mao's communists while receiving aid from the US.
2) Despite American efforts to avert civil war, fighting broke out in 1946 and the communists gained control of China by 1949, forcing Jiang and nationalist leaders to flee to Taiwan.
3) Diplomatic recognition of communist China was slow, with the USSR providing early recognition while the US withheld it due to Mao's support for revolution abroad and involvement in
The Cold War began after World War II as tensions grew between the United States and the Soviet Union. They disagreed on how to govern Europe and both sought to expand their influence through military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. This led to a nuclear arms race and proxy wars between the two superpowers in regions like Korea and Vietnam. By the late 1980s, reforms under Gorbachev in the Soviet Union helped lead to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union, bringing an end to the Cold War.
US tactics in the Vietnam War included search and destroy missions, carpet bombing campaigns, and the use of chemical weapons like napalm and Agent Orange. Search and destroy missions often resulted in high civilian casualties and turned local villagers against the US, while bombing campaigns targeted North Vietnamese supply lines and potential Viet Cong strongholds. The immense financial cost of these tactics was unacceptable to the US public. Viet Cong tactics focused on guerrilla warfare through ambushes and booby traps, which accounted for over half of US casualties and instilled great fear in US troops.
The document provides background information on several key events leading up to and during World War II. It discusses the rise of dictators like Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin in the 1930s. It also outlines America's initial isolationist policies after WWI and its gradual movement towards supporting the Allies through measures like Lend-Lease and sanctions against Japan. The document summarizes major military campaigns in both the European and Pacific theaters, including D-Day, the Battle of the Bulge, and the island hopping strategy against Japan. It also addresses the Holocaust and internment of Japanese Americans during the war.
The document provides background information on the Vietnam War. It discusses:
- The war lasted from 1955 to 1975 between North Vietnam and the US-backed South Vietnamese government.
- Over 58,000 US troops and millions of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers were killed. The war cost the US $168-200 billion.
- The war escalated under presidents Kennedy and Johnson as the US increased support to South Vietnam against the North Vietnamese-backed Viet Cong. Heavy US bombing began in 1965 and US troop levels rose to over 500,000.
- Despite massive US military involvement, North Vietnam was able to withstand the attacks and launch the devastating Tet Offensive in 1968, weakening US public support for the war. Peace talks
By the early 1900s, nationalism grew in Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh emerged as a leader. After World War 2, Ho Chi Minh organized the Vietminh to resist the returning French colonial rule. The US supported the Vietminh but did not want a communist Vietnam. Despite US aid, the French struggled against Vietminh guerrillas. The 1954 Geneva Accords temporarily divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel. Under President Kennedy and Johnson, the US increased support for South Vietnam due to fears of communism spreading. Massive US troop deployments from 1966 led to a bloody stalemate as the Vietcong adopted guerrilla tactics. Growing anti-war sentiment and the 1968 Tet Offensive turned US public opinion
The document provides an overview of the Vietnam War, including key events, leaders, and causes. It describes how the war began as a conflict between North Vietnam and South Vietnam in 1959 and escalated with US involvement throughout the 1960s. Major figures discussed are Ho Chi Minh of North Vietnam and presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard Nixon of the US.
1) Andrew Carnegie dominated the steel industry in the late 19th century through his company Carnegie Steel. Use of the Bessemer process allowed him to produce steel much cheaper, making it more widely used in infrastructure like railroads and skyscrapers.
2) Railroads expanded greatly due to steel, facilitating westward expansion and economic growth by connecting farms and industries across long distances. They relied on steel produced cheaply by Carnegie.
3) Chinese and Irish immigrants faced difficult and dangerous conditions building the transcontinental railroad but were essential to its completion in 1869, connecting the country by rail coast to coast.
Eoct review questions gps 9 and 10 civil war and reconstructionphillipgrogers
The document summarizes key events and policies related to the American Civil War and Reconstruction era, including the Dred Scott decision, the Missouri Compromise, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, the end of the Civil War, Presidential and Radical Republican Reconstruction plans, amendments that aimed to protect rights of freed slaves, the rise of groups like the Ku Klux Klan, and the disputed 1876 election that ended Reconstruction.
Eoct review questions gps 19 and 20 wwii and cold warphillipgrogers
world war II cold war d-day v-e day atomic bomb hiroshima nagasaki fall of berlin bay of pigs eisenhower john f. kennedy vietnam war u2 incident kent state incident containment policy
Richard Nixon expanded presidential power during his presidency, reaching the peak of the "imperial presidency". However, the Watergate scandal uncovered Nixon's involvement in a cover-up, leading to his resignation. Gerald Ford succeeded Nixon but struggled with a weak economy including stagflation and rising gas prices due to OPEC embargoes. Jimmy Carter was elected in 1976 but also faced economic woes. He brokered the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel but struggled to gain the release of American hostages in Iran, hurting his re-election bid.
Eoct review questions gps 25 late cold war and modern politicsphillipgrogers
Late Cold War and Modern Politics Richard Nixon detente stagflation Roe v. Wade Watergate Gerald Ford Camp David Accords Iranian Hostage Crisis Reaganomics Ronald Reagan Berlin Wall Iran-Contra Scandal George H.W. Bush Bill Clinton George W. Bush Gore September 11th
The Middle East has been a strategically important region due to its large oil resources. Tensions between Jews and Arabs have fueled conflict in the region for decades. The creation of Israel in 1948 led to the displacement of Palestinians and ongoing disputes over land claims. Major conflicts have included the Arab-Israeli War, Suez Crisis, and Six Day War, with Israel gaining territory each time but also creating more Palestinian refugees and angering Arab states. The region has been an area of competition between world powers like Britain, the US, and USSR as well.
Vietnam has a long history of resisting Chinese domination from 111 BC to 938 AD. It was then under French colonial rule from the late 19th century until its independence in 1954 after the First Indochina War. Vietnam has since experienced continued population growth and now has over 86 million people, making it the 14th most populous country globally. Its geography is characterized by tropical lowlands and a long coastline stretching from the Chinese border down through the Mekong Delta.
The document summarizes events at the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. It discusses how tensions between the US and Soviet Union led to the Iron Curtain dividing Europe. It also describes the US policy of containment to resist Soviet expansion, the Truman Doctrine to provide aid to Greece and Turkey, and the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe's economies. Finally, it summarizes the crisis in Berlin where the Soviets blocked land access to the city, requiring the Berlin Airlift to supply it by air until the blockade ended in 1949.
This document provides an overview of the American Civil War from 1861-1865. It includes summaries of key battles in both the Eastern and Western theaters, as well as statistics and facts about the war. Some notable events covered include the First Battle of Bull Run, Shiloh, the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg, and naval developments such as the battle between the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia. The document examines how the Union and Confederacy differed in resources and manpower, and how the Union was able to eventually wear down and defeat the South.
After World War I, the United States adopted a policy of isolationism. However, the rise of dictators like Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and the Japanese military's control of Japan led to World War II. The League of Nations failed to prevent German and Italian aggression. Appeasement of Hitler by giving into his demands for Czechoslovakian territory also failed. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war, beginning World War II in Europe.
The document discusses the rise of the nation state in Europe from the 17th to 19th centuries and its global dominance prior to World War I. Key points:
1) Powerful European nations established overseas colonies, viewing their cultures as superior and exploiting resources through expansionism.
2) Concepts like the "White Man's Burden" and "Manifest Destiny" justified controlling satellite countries and expanding spheres of influence globally.
3) Competition between European powers and rising nations like Germany, Japan, and the U.S. led to conflicts over resources and territories in Africa, China, and elsewhere, increasing tensions that ultimately contributed to World War I.
The Vietnam War began as a conflict between communist North Vietnam and its southern allies, the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its ally, the United States. The U.S. goal was to contain communism and support South Vietnam, while North Vietnam aimed to unify Vietnam under communist rule. After the French withdrawal in 1954, the U.S. involvement escalated throughout the 1960s. Despite massive U.S. bombing campaigns and troop increases, the 1968 Tet Offensive showed the war was unwinnable. Growing anti-war sentiment and the release of the Pentagon Papers undermined support for the war. The U.S. withdrew under the 1973 Paris Peace Accords, and North Vietnam unified Vietnam in 1975. Over 58
Changing Cold War Relations - afghanistan warmrmarr
The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979 to prop up the communist government that came to power after a 1978 revolution. However, many Afghans opposed communist rule and fought back as mujahedeen rebels in a civil war. The Soviet invasion was intended to ensure communist control and give the Soviets access to oil, but they faced guerrilla warfare tactics from the mujahedeen. After 10 years of fighting, the costly and unwinnable war became a disaster for the Soviets similar to the US in Vietnam, and Soviet troops withdrew in 1989.
The Việt cộng (Vietnamese communists) originated as the National Liberation Front in South Vietnam and grew to over 400,000 troops by 1968. They were successful due to guerrilla warfare tactics like booby traps, tunnels, and hit-and-run attacks. American forces lacked counterinsurgency training and struggled to gain public support. Foreign allies like China provided troops and materials via the Ho Chi Minh Trail, while Soviet support was more limited. The Việt cộng maintained high morale through heroism, propaganda, and trying to win over the local populace.
This document discusses the history of women's rights from the early 20th century through the late 20th century. It describes how, in the early 1900s, women in many parts of the world had very limited roles and rights. They had little access to education, employment, property rights, or suffrage. Starting around the 1920s, industrialization created more jobs for women. The women's suffrage movement gained successes in the UK, US, and other Western nations through the 1920s. World War I further opened opportunities as women took over men's civilian jobs. Advances in contraception in the 1960s increased women's control over their reproductive rights. However, equality was still lacking, and struggles continued into the late 20
This document provides a profile and overview of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. It discusses his background growing up poor in Texas and joining the military. Eisenhower had a long military career, rising to Supreme Commander of NATO and helping to liberate Europe in WWII. The document outlines his 1952 election as president as a Republican, defeating Adlai Stevenson. As president, Eisenhower supported the Brown v. Board of Education decision and civil rights acts, initiated the interstate highway system, and continued New Deal programs while opposing McCarthyism. His legacy includes the Eisenhower Doctrine on combating communism and rankings among top ten presidents.
The Vietnam War lasted from 1954 to 1975 and divided the United States. It began as an effort to prevent South Vietnam from falling to communism with U.S. military advisors supporting South Vietnam. However, the Viet Cong insurgency and North Vietnamese army made the war very difficult for the U.S. The Tet Offensive in 1968 was a major turning point that turned U.S. public opinion against the war. Protests against the war grew significantly. The U.S. began withdrawing troops under Nixon and a ceasefire was reached in 1973, though South Vietnam fell to communism in 1975. Over 58,000 U.S. soldiers died in the war.
This document provides background information on two cases regarding why the U.S. entered World War I. Case 1 discusses Germany attacking merchant and passenger ships in the Atlantic in violation of agreements, resulting in American deaths. Various perspectives are given from a president, naval officer, merchant, and widow. Case 2 discusses the implementation of the draft in the U.S. to expand its army in response to demands in Europe. Perspectives are included from a draftee, African American soldier, mother of a draftee, and female factory worker replacing drafted men.
The document discusses two main causes of US involvement in WWI: 1) German U-boats attacked and sank the British passenger ship Lusitania in 1915, killing over 100 American citizens and angering the US public; 2) American business interests supported entering the war to profit from increased exports to Europe.
By the early 1900s, nationalism grew in Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh emerged as a leader. After World War 2, Ho Chi Minh organized the Vietminh to resist the returning French colonial rule. The US supported the Vietminh but did not want a communist Vietnam. Despite US aid, the French struggled against Vietminh guerrillas. The 1954 Geneva Accords temporarily divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel. Under President Kennedy and Johnson, the US increased support for South Vietnam due to fears of communism spreading. Massive US troop deployments from 1966 led to a bloody stalemate as the Vietcong adopted guerrilla tactics. Growing anti-war sentiment and the 1968 Tet Offensive turned US public opinion
The document provides an overview of the Vietnam War, including key events, leaders, and causes. It describes how the war began as a conflict between North Vietnam and South Vietnam in 1959 and escalated with US involvement throughout the 1960s. Major figures discussed are Ho Chi Minh of North Vietnam and presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard Nixon of the US.
1) Andrew Carnegie dominated the steel industry in the late 19th century through his company Carnegie Steel. Use of the Bessemer process allowed him to produce steel much cheaper, making it more widely used in infrastructure like railroads and skyscrapers.
2) Railroads expanded greatly due to steel, facilitating westward expansion and economic growth by connecting farms and industries across long distances. They relied on steel produced cheaply by Carnegie.
3) Chinese and Irish immigrants faced difficult and dangerous conditions building the transcontinental railroad but were essential to its completion in 1869, connecting the country by rail coast to coast.
Eoct review questions gps 9 and 10 civil war and reconstructionphillipgrogers
The document summarizes key events and policies related to the American Civil War and Reconstruction era, including the Dred Scott decision, the Missouri Compromise, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, the end of the Civil War, Presidential and Radical Republican Reconstruction plans, amendments that aimed to protect rights of freed slaves, the rise of groups like the Ku Klux Klan, and the disputed 1876 election that ended Reconstruction.
Eoct review questions gps 19 and 20 wwii and cold warphillipgrogers
world war II cold war d-day v-e day atomic bomb hiroshima nagasaki fall of berlin bay of pigs eisenhower john f. kennedy vietnam war u2 incident kent state incident containment policy
Richard Nixon expanded presidential power during his presidency, reaching the peak of the "imperial presidency". However, the Watergate scandal uncovered Nixon's involvement in a cover-up, leading to his resignation. Gerald Ford succeeded Nixon but struggled with a weak economy including stagflation and rising gas prices due to OPEC embargoes. Jimmy Carter was elected in 1976 but also faced economic woes. He brokered the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel but struggled to gain the release of American hostages in Iran, hurting his re-election bid.
Eoct review questions gps 25 late cold war and modern politicsphillipgrogers
Late Cold War and Modern Politics Richard Nixon detente stagflation Roe v. Wade Watergate Gerald Ford Camp David Accords Iranian Hostage Crisis Reaganomics Ronald Reagan Berlin Wall Iran-Contra Scandal George H.W. Bush Bill Clinton George W. Bush Gore September 11th
The Middle East has been a strategically important region due to its large oil resources. Tensions between Jews and Arabs have fueled conflict in the region for decades. The creation of Israel in 1948 led to the displacement of Palestinians and ongoing disputes over land claims. Major conflicts have included the Arab-Israeli War, Suez Crisis, and Six Day War, with Israel gaining territory each time but also creating more Palestinian refugees and angering Arab states. The region has been an area of competition between world powers like Britain, the US, and USSR as well.
Vietnam has a long history of resisting Chinese domination from 111 BC to 938 AD. It was then under French colonial rule from the late 19th century until its independence in 1954 after the First Indochina War. Vietnam has since experienced continued population growth and now has over 86 million people, making it the 14th most populous country globally. Its geography is characterized by tropical lowlands and a long coastline stretching from the Chinese border down through the Mekong Delta.
The document summarizes events at the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. It discusses how tensions between the US and Soviet Union led to the Iron Curtain dividing Europe. It also describes the US policy of containment to resist Soviet expansion, the Truman Doctrine to provide aid to Greece and Turkey, and the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe's economies. Finally, it summarizes the crisis in Berlin where the Soviets blocked land access to the city, requiring the Berlin Airlift to supply it by air until the blockade ended in 1949.
This document provides an overview of the American Civil War from 1861-1865. It includes summaries of key battles in both the Eastern and Western theaters, as well as statistics and facts about the war. Some notable events covered include the First Battle of Bull Run, Shiloh, the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg, and naval developments such as the battle between the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia. The document examines how the Union and Confederacy differed in resources and manpower, and how the Union was able to eventually wear down and defeat the South.
After World War I, the United States adopted a policy of isolationism. However, the rise of dictators like Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and the Japanese military's control of Japan led to World War II. The League of Nations failed to prevent German and Italian aggression. Appeasement of Hitler by giving into his demands for Czechoslovakian territory also failed. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war, beginning World War II in Europe.
The document discusses the rise of the nation state in Europe from the 17th to 19th centuries and its global dominance prior to World War I. Key points:
1) Powerful European nations established overseas colonies, viewing their cultures as superior and exploiting resources through expansionism.
2) Concepts like the "White Man's Burden" and "Manifest Destiny" justified controlling satellite countries and expanding spheres of influence globally.
3) Competition between European powers and rising nations like Germany, Japan, and the U.S. led to conflicts over resources and territories in Africa, China, and elsewhere, increasing tensions that ultimately contributed to World War I.
The Vietnam War began as a conflict between communist North Vietnam and its southern allies, the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its ally, the United States. The U.S. goal was to contain communism and support South Vietnam, while North Vietnam aimed to unify Vietnam under communist rule. After the French withdrawal in 1954, the U.S. involvement escalated throughout the 1960s. Despite massive U.S. bombing campaigns and troop increases, the 1968 Tet Offensive showed the war was unwinnable. Growing anti-war sentiment and the release of the Pentagon Papers undermined support for the war. The U.S. withdrew under the 1973 Paris Peace Accords, and North Vietnam unified Vietnam in 1975. Over 58
Changing Cold War Relations - afghanistan warmrmarr
The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979 to prop up the communist government that came to power after a 1978 revolution. However, many Afghans opposed communist rule and fought back as mujahedeen rebels in a civil war. The Soviet invasion was intended to ensure communist control and give the Soviets access to oil, but they faced guerrilla warfare tactics from the mujahedeen. After 10 years of fighting, the costly and unwinnable war became a disaster for the Soviets similar to the US in Vietnam, and Soviet troops withdrew in 1989.
The Việt cộng (Vietnamese communists) originated as the National Liberation Front in South Vietnam and grew to over 400,000 troops by 1968. They were successful due to guerrilla warfare tactics like booby traps, tunnels, and hit-and-run attacks. American forces lacked counterinsurgency training and struggled to gain public support. Foreign allies like China provided troops and materials via the Ho Chi Minh Trail, while Soviet support was more limited. The Việt cộng maintained high morale through heroism, propaganda, and trying to win over the local populace.
This document discusses the history of women's rights from the early 20th century through the late 20th century. It describes how, in the early 1900s, women in many parts of the world had very limited roles and rights. They had little access to education, employment, property rights, or suffrage. Starting around the 1920s, industrialization created more jobs for women. The women's suffrage movement gained successes in the UK, US, and other Western nations through the 1920s. World War I further opened opportunities as women took over men's civilian jobs. Advances in contraception in the 1960s increased women's control over their reproductive rights. However, equality was still lacking, and struggles continued into the late 20
This document provides a profile and overview of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. It discusses his background growing up poor in Texas and joining the military. Eisenhower had a long military career, rising to Supreme Commander of NATO and helping to liberate Europe in WWII. The document outlines his 1952 election as president as a Republican, defeating Adlai Stevenson. As president, Eisenhower supported the Brown v. Board of Education decision and civil rights acts, initiated the interstate highway system, and continued New Deal programs while opposing McCarthyism. His legacy includes the Eisenhower Doctrine on combating communism and rankings among top ten presidents.
The Vietnam War lasted from 1954 to 1975 and divided the United States. It began as an effort to prevent South Vietnam from falling to communism with U.S. military advisors supporting South Vietnam. However, the Viet Cong insurgency and North Vietnamese army made the war very difficult for the U.S. The Tet Offensive in 1968 was a major turning point that turned U.S. public opinion against the war. Protests against the war grew significantly. The U.S. began withdrawing troops under Nixon and a ceasefire was reached in 1973, though South Vietnam fell to communism in 1975. Over 58,000 U.S. soldiers died in the war.
This document provides background information on two cases regarding why the U.S. entered World War I. Case 1 discusses Germany attacking merchant and passenger ships in the Atlantic in violation of agreements, resulting in American deaths. Various perspectives are given from a president, naval officer, merchant, and widow. Case 2 discusses the implementation of the draft in the U.S. to expand its army in response to demands in Europe. Perspectives are included from a draftee, African American soldier, mother of a draftee, and female factory worker replacing drafted men.
The document discusses two main causes of US involvement in WWI: 1) German U-boats attacked and sank the British passenger ship Lusitania in 1915, killing over 100 American citizens and angering the US public; 2) American business interests supported entering the war to profit from increased exports to Europe.
The document discusses two main causes of US involvement in WWI: the sinking of the Lusitania by a German U-boat in 1915, and the economic opportunities for US businesses and industries from exporting goods to Europe. The sinking of the Lusitania, which killed over 100 American passengers, outraged public opinion in the US and pushed the country towards entering the war. US business owners also saw joining the war as a chance to profit from increased overseas demand and sales.
This document contains two cases presenting different perspectives on why the U.S. entered World War I. Case 1 discusses attacks on U.S. merchant ships by German U-boats and President Woodrow Wilson's decision to enter the war. Case 2 focuses on the implementation of the draft, the need for more troops and factory workers, and the experiences of African American draftees facing segregation.
Afas 200 live discussion in pursuit of democracyvliu523
- World War 1 erupted in Europe in 1914 due to imperialism and nationalism in several European powers. Americans initially wanted to remain neutral but were drawn into the war in 1917 on the side of the Allies.
- Over 2 million African Americans registered for the draft despite racism in the US military. Black troops faced discrimination, unequal treatment, and Jim Crow conditions. However, they served with distinction overseas, with the 369th Infantry regiment becoming the first Americans to reach the Rhine river.
- Black soldiers proved themselves in combat but still faced slander and were denied honors like the Medal of Honor awarded to white soldiers. Their service helped advance the cause of civil rights at home despite facing discrimination.
The document discusses the 2016 Pennsylvania Young Readers Choice awards for young adult books. It recognizes excellence in literature for teenage readers in the state of Pennsylvania. No other details are provided in the very brief document title.
This certificate confirms that an individual's name was carried to Mars aboard NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover. The certificate provides the participant's name, a unique certificate number, and a link to the NASA website where one could send their name to Mars.
SEARAN LLC provides dotstackTM, an ultra small Bluetooth stack designed for low cost and low power embedded devices. DotstackTM supports many processor architectures and operating systems, has a small footprint of 3KB RAM and 40KB flash, and supports Bluetooth specifications up to 4.1 and a wide range of profiles and protocols. It has been tested with over 100 devices and certified by the Bluetooth SIG.
La teoría de la relatividad describe tres conceptos fundamentales: 1) la teoría especial de la relatividad de Einstein establece que la velocidad de la luz es constante e independiente del observador y que el tiempo y longitud varían según el marco de referencia, 2) la equivalencia entre masa y energía expresada en la ecuación E=mc2, y 3) la teoría general de la relatividad explica que la gravedad es el resultado de la curvatura del espacio-tiempo producida por masas.
Laurie discovered belly dancing through a university class in 2002. She enjoyed it despite being clumsy. After the class ended, she practiced on her own using a DVD. In 2004, Laurie and her friend Jodi took their first class together at a dance studio. Laurie loved the energy and feeling of belly dancing. A year later, they joined a troupe of 15 women. Laurie's first performance was exhilarating. Over the years, belly dancing has brought Laurie joy and close friendships with other dancers.
El documento trata sobre el tema del aborto. Define el aborto como la interrupción del embarazo antes de las 20 semanas cuando el feto no es viable fuera del útero. Explica que existen diferentes tipos de aborto como el espontáneo, inducido, indirecto, legal e ilegal. Además, presenta estadísticas sobre abortos en Ecuador y en el mundo, así como las leyes relacionadas con el aborto en el Código Orgánico Integral Penal del Ecuador.
El documento presenta un examen de química de 10 preguntas para el grado 10 sobre conversiones entre las escalas Celsius, Fahrenheit y Kelvin. Las preguntas 1-4 requieren que los estudiantes conviertan temperaturas entre las diferentes escalas, mientras que la pregunta 5 pide graficar las conversiones anteriores e indicar las características por las cuales se crearon cada una de las escalas de temperatura.
Este documento presenta una prueba de química de 8o grado con 5 preguntas sobre elementos químicos y la tabla periódica. La prueba es impartida por el profesor James Cárdenas Olmedo en el Colegio Nuestra Señora de la Providencia y cada pregunta vale 1 punto.
El documento presenta un examen de química para el grado 9 con 5 preguntas sobre conceptos como peso molecular, elementos químicos y su ubicación. Cada pregunta vale 1 punto y las preguntas 1, 3, 4 y 5 se calificarán considerando 0.5 puntos para la respuesta correcta y 0.5 puntos para el procedimiento utilizado. Se permite el uso de la tabla periódica.
This document outlines the eligibility criteria and evaluation criteria for several cooperative awards given by the Cooperative Development Authority (CDA) in 2013. It describes awards for the Most Outstanding Primary Cooperatives, Cooperative Federation, Cooperative Union, Cooperative Development Offices, and Cooperative Leaders. It also outlines special awards for Best in Environmental Protection, Community Involvement, Cooperative Solidarity and Partnership, and Membership Growth. Cooperatives must meet registration, compliance, nomination and evaluation requirements to be eligible for these annual awards that recognize excellence in leadership, operations, social responsibility and membership growth.
This document provides an overview of key events leading up to the American Civil War and during the Civil War era, including:
1) Tensions over the issue of slavery in the western territories and the passage of acts like the Kansas-Nebraska Act intensified the debate between North and South.
2) The 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, who opposed the expansion of slavery, led several Southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America.
3) After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in 1861, the Civil War began in earnest between the Union and the Confederacy, with major battles like Bull Run and Shiloh.
The document summarizes key events leading up to and during the early stages of the American Civil War. It describes how Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter, prompting Lincoln to call for troops from loyal states. Both sides expected a short war but were unprepared for the scale of violence at Bull Run. The Union had early successes in the West under Grant and Farragut. New technologies like ironclads revolutionized warfare, increasing casualties, while political issues challenged both sides as the war continued.
The American Civil War and It's Impact on GeorgiaCoachPinto
The document provides an overview of key Civil War events in Georgia including Antietam, the Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia's coast, Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea, and Andersonville prison. It discusses the secession of southern states, early battles like Fort Sumter, key leaders, and how the war increasingly impacted Georgia through major battles, Sherman's invasion and march, and the infamous Andersonville prison.
Civil war national and ga - 2013 use this oneCoachPinto
The Civil War had major consequences in Georgia. Key events included Sherman's Atlanta Campaign and subsequent March to the Sea, which inflicted significant damage and hastened the end of the war. The Union blockade also hurt the Confederate war effort by cutting off imports and exports. Other major battles in Georgia included Chickamauga, while Andersonville prison saw thousands of Union casualties due to overcrowding and disease. Lee's surrender in 1865 marked the official end of the Civil War.
The American Civil War began due to rising tensions between northern and southern states over the issues of states' rights and slavery. Several events increased sectional tensions, including the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Dred Scott decision. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 prompted southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America. After the Confederacy attacked Fort Sumter in 1861, the Civil War officially began between the Union and Confederate forces. The war ended in April 1865 with the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Appomattox Court House.
The Civil War had major consequences in Georgia. Key events included Fort Sumter being fired upon, starting the war, and Sherman's Atlanta Campaign and March to the Sea, which were devastating for the state. Major battles on Georgia soil included Chickamauga, where the Confederacy had its last major victory, and Sherman finally took Atlanta after months of fighting across the state. Sherman's invasion and tactics broke the will of many Confederate soldiers and citizens.
The Civil War was caused by several factors including disputes over states' rights versus federal authority, economic differences between the industrial North and agricultural South, and the issue of slavery. Key battles such as Antietam, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg resulted in massive casualties and shifted momentum between the Union and Confederacy over the course of the four-year war. General Ulysses S. Grant employed successful strategies in the Western Theater that helped the Union gain control of the Mississippi River and contributed to the eventual surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865, marking the end of the Civil War.
The document provides background information on key events leading up to the American Civil War. It discusses Abraham Lincoln's political career and his debates with Stephen Douglas. After Lincoln was elected president in 1860, several southern states seceded to form the Confederate States of America. The Civil War began with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter. The document then outlines major military strategies, leaders, battles, events like the Emancipation Proclamation, and concludes with the surrender of Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee.
The Civil War began with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861. Several other southern states then seceded from the Union. Both sides had advantages and disadvantages in the early war. The Union had more population and industry while the Confederacy had better generals. The first major battle was at Bull Run in July 1861, which showed both sides the war would not be short. Major battles in later years included Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and in 1864, Sherman's March to the Sea and Grant's Overland Campaign inflicted heavy casualties on the Confederacy. The war ended in April 1865 with the surrender of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House
The Civil War began after Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina. President Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to put down the rebellion and asked Northern states to send soldiers. However, more Southern states seceded, including Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Virginia, and North Carolina in response. The border states of Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland were split between Union and Confederate support. Kentucky declared neutrality while Union forces occupied parts of Missouri and Maryland to keep them in the Union. The first major battle was the First Battle of Bull Run, where poorly trained Union troops were initially successful but then panicked and fled after a Confederate counterattack. Most soldiers spent their time in camp rather than fighting and faced
The document summarizes key events and developments during the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865, including the formation of the Confederacy, major battles like Bull Run, key military leaders and strategies on both sides, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the social and economic impacts of the war on both the North and South.
Civil war broke out between the North and South in 1861 following the bombardment of Fort Sumter in South Carolina by Confederate forces. As Americans chose sides, the Union and Confederacy prepared their volunteer armies for war, though both faced shortages. Fighting spread across Virginia and into the Western United States as Union forces aimed to control the Mississippi River while the Confederacy attempted to break the naval blockade. The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in Confederate states in 1863, and African Americans participated in the war effort. Though the Union faced opposition, its victories at Gettysburg in 1863 and campaigns in 1864-1865 dealt crippling blows to the Confederacy and ultimately forced Southern surrender, ending the Civil War.
The document summarizes key events at the start of the Civil War, including President Lincoln calling for troops after the attack on Fort Sumter, additional states seceding from the Union, and the divided loyalties in border states like Kentucky and Maryland. It also outlines early military strategies between the North and South, including the South's defensive strategy and the North's goal of gaining control of the Mississippi River. The First Battle of Bull Run resulted in the first major defeat for the Union and showed both sides the challenges of the war.
President Lincoln called for 75,000 troops from loyal states after the attack on Fort Sumter. Several states refused and seceded from the Union, joining the Confederacy. The border states of Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland faced internal divisions, with some supporting the Union and others the Confederacy. While the North had advantages in population and industry, the South had military experience and would be fighting on home territory. The First Battle of Bull Run was the first major land battle, resulting in a Confederate victory that shocked the North and ended any idea of a quick victory.
The document summarizes key events in American history between 1800-1862, including the Louisiana Purchase which doubled the size of the US, westward expansion and conflicts with Native Americans, the abolition of slavery in British colonies in 1833 putting pressure on the US, and the bloodiest day of the Civil War at the Battle of Antietam in 1862 which prompted Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
L9 unit 3_american_civil_war_power_point_lectureJonah Howard
The American Civil War was fought between 1861 to 1865 between the Union (Northern states) and the Confederacy (Southern states that seceded from the Union). The war began after Confederate forces fired on Union troops at Fort Sumter in South Carolina in 1861. Key events and leaders included Abraham Lincoln leading the Union, the Emancipation Proclamation freeing slaves, major battles like Gettysburg turning the tide in favor of the Union, Ulysses S. Grant's Anaconda Plan to defeat the Confederacy, and Robert E. Lee leading the Confederate forces. The war ended in April 1865 with Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, though Lincoln was assassinated shortly after. The Union prevailed in reuniting the country
In 1861, seven Southern states seceded from the Union to form the Confederate States of America in response to Abraham Lincoln's election. Both sides expected a short war but were unprepared for the lengthy conflict that ensued. The Union adopted a strategy of naval blockade and dividing the Confederacy, while the South aimed to take Washington D.C. and gain foreign recognition. The first major battle at Bull Run resulted in a Confederate victory and shocked the North with the war's severity. Maintaining European neutrality remained crucial for the Union to ultimately prevail.
The Civil War began in 1861 following the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in South Carolina. As the Union and Confederacy prepared for war, volunteers joined both armies despite shortages of supplies. Major battles were fought in the East, including Bull Run, the Seven Days Battle, Antietam, and in the West as Grant sought to control the Mississippi River through battles at Shiloh, New Orleans, and Vicksburg. The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in Confederate states in 1863, and over 180,000 African Americans served in the Union army, though Lincoln faced opposition to the war from Copperheads in the North.
This document provides background information on the Korean War through a geographic and historical lens. It discusses:
1) The geography of the Korean Peninsula, including that 70% is mountainous and it is surrounded by seas, and compares its size to U.S. states.
2) The history leading up to the war, including Japanese imperialism, the division of Korea after WWII into Soviet and U.S. spheres of influence, and the establishment of authoritarian regimes in North and South Korea.
3) The key events that sparked the war, including the North's invasion in 1950 and General MacArthur's defense of South Korea with UN authorization.
This document provides an overview of the Civil War between the Union and the Confederacy. It discusses key aspects such as leadership, military strategies, important battles, technological developments, and the impact of emancipation. Specifically, it notes that Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens led the Confederacy, while Lincoln's generals included Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee led the South. The Union implemented a naval blockade and the Anaconda Plan to squeeze the South, while the South hoped to exhaust the North's resources through attrition. Major battles like Bull Run, Shiloh, and Antietam resulted in high casualties on both sides. The Emancipation Proclamation positioned the war as a fight against slavery in addition to preserving
Here are some examples of interstate cooperation today:
- States work together on issues like environmental protection, with organizations like the Environmental Protection Agency coordinating efforts between states.
- States cooperate on transportation infrastructure like highways that connect multiple states. This requires coordination on projects that cross state lines.
- States participate in regional organizations focused on issues like economic development, education, emergency response and more. Examples include groups of Northeastern, Midwestern, Southern and Western states.
- States collaborate through interstate compacts, formal agreements between two or more states that are ratified by state legislatures. These address issues like sharing water resources, disposal of low-level radioactive waste and enforcement of laws across state lines.
-
This document provides an overview of the peopling and early history of North America from 33,000 BCE to 1769 CE. It describes how the North American landscape formed over time. It then discusses evidence that the first humans arrived in North America across the Bering land bridge from Siberia around 13,000 BCE. Subsequent sections summarize the major indigenous civilizations that developed, such as the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas. The document also outlines the indirect discoveries of North America by Norse explorers and the major European explorations starting in the 15th century with Columbus' voyage. It concludes by describing the Spanish conquest of Mexico and the spread of the Spanish colonies across North America in the 16th-17
During the Eisenhower era of the 1950s, the United States experienced an economic boom driven by suburban home building, growth in electronics and aerospace, and a shift to more white-collar jobs. Women increasingly entered the workforce, though the 1950s ideal still emphasized domesticity. Betty Friedan's 1963 book The Feminine Mystique sparked the modern feminist movement. Consumerism expanded with new technologies like credit cards and entertainment forms including television and rock music. Eisenhower ended the Korean War and pursued a "New Look" foreign policy emphasizing nuclear deterrence over conventional forces. However, events like the Soviet invasions of Hungary and developments in the Middle East challenged this strategy. The civil rights movement gained momentum through the NA
After Pearl Harbor, the Allies adopted a strategy of focusing first on defeating Hitler in Europe while containing Japan. This strategy aimed to give America time to ramp up its massive economic potential for war production. The US home front experienced full employment and conversion of industries to all-out war production, along with rationing of goods and migration of workers to centers of war manufacturing. The war effort ultimately revived the US economy and increased national unity, though Japanese internment caused civil liberties issues.
The document summarizes key events in Europe and Asia in the 1930s leading up to World War 2, and the evolving US response from isolationism to increased involvement. It describes how Roosevelt pulled out of the failed London Conference in 1933, weakening international cooperation. Fascist regimes rose in Germany, Italy and Japan in the 1930s, pursuing aggressive expansionism. The US passed Neutrality Acts aiming to stay out of conflicts but which had the effect of aiding the fascists. Germany remilitarized, invaded Austria and Czechoslovakia despite appeasement. Japan invaded China, and the USSR signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany. World War 2 began with the German invasion of Poland in 1939. The US moved
The Republican administrations of the 1920s pursued pro-business, conservative policies at home and economic unilateralism abroad. The administrations of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge lowered taxes, especially for corporations and the wealthy, and reduced regulations on businesses. However, Harding's administration became embroiled in scandals like Teapot Dome, which undermined public trust. Meanwhile, farmers struggled with low crop prices and the Republican-backed McNary-Haugen bill to provide relief was twice vetoed by Coolidge. Herbert Hoover was elected president in 1928, continuing the pro-business policies amid continued economic prosperity.
1. American society in the 1920s saw a "Red Scare" where fears of communism led to crackdowns on labor unions and immigrants. The Palmer Raids arrested thousands suspected of radical leftist views.
2. Nativism increased as immigration quotas heavily favored immigrants from northern and western Europe. The Ku Klux Klan also resurged during this time. Prohibition criminalized the production and sale of alcohol from 1920 to 1933.
3. The 1920s saw widespread economic prosperity and consumerism as new industries like automobiles and advertising boomed. Installment plans allowed for mass consumption on credit. However, the prosperity of the Roaring Twenties was unevenly distributed and would not last long.
The document summarizes key events in America's turn to overseas expansion in the late 19th century. It describes growing American ambition and belief in cultural superiority that fed expansionism. The US acquired Alaska from Russia in 1867 and began asserting influence in Latin America through the Blaine policy. Tensions with European powers increased through incidents in the 1880s-1890s. The US annexed Hawaii in 1898 after a rebellion. The US also became embroiled in Cuba's rebellion against Spain and responded to the sinking of the USS Maine by declaring war on Spain in 1898. The US victory in the Spanish-American War resulted in the acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines from Spain. This touched off debates over US imperialism
This document provides an overview of different sections in a chapter on business organizations. The sections include forms of business organization, business growth and expansion, and nonprofit organizations. Key points covered are the different types of business entities like sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations; how businesses can grow through reinvestment of profits or mergers; and examples of nonprofit organizations.
Woodrow Wilson became President in 1912 after Democrats nominated him as a progressive reformer. He defeated Republican incumbent President Taft and former President Theodore Roosevelt, who ran as a third party candidate. As President, Wilson ushered in significant progressive reforms like the Federal Reserve Act and lowering tariffs. In foreign policy, he believed in promoting American values abroad but tried to maintain neutrality in World War I for as long as possible to avoid entering the war. However, German submarine attacks on passenger ships eventually helped push public opinion towards supporting entering the war on the side of the Allies.
The passage provides background on the rise of Progressivism in the United States by the early 1900s in response to growing social problems and the unchecked power of large corporations. It discusses key goals of Progressives like strengthening the government's role in regulating businesses and social welfare. Some of the major figures and events discussed include muckraking journalists who exposed corruption, Theodore Roosevelt's trust-busting and environmental conservation efforts as President, and the split of the Republican party between conservatives and Progressives.
This document provides an overview of different economic systems. It begins with an introduction to the chapter and sections on economic systems, evaluating economic performance, and the American free enterprise system. The document then discusses traditional, command, and market economies, as well as mixed economies. It explains the characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of each system. The document also covers economic and social goals in the U.S., such as economic freedom, equity, and security. It discusses resolving conflicts between goals through weighing costs and benefits. Finally, it describes the characteristics of a free enterprise capitalist system as embodied in the American economy.
By the late 19th century, many Americans were moving to cities drawn by new industrial jobs. Rapid urbanization led to overcrowded living conditions, inadequate infrastructure, and public health issues. Between 1870 and 1890, the US population doubled and the population of cities tripled. By 1900, 40% of Americans lived in cities of over 2500 people, with New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago each surpassing 1 million residents. Immigrants, especially those from southern and eastern Europe, integrated less easily than earlier groups and faced nativist backlash. Reformers worked to address urban problems and help immigrants through settlement houses, social programs, and advocacy for workers' rights.
This document summarizes the development of the railroad industry in the United States between 1865-1900. It describes how the railroad network expanded dramatically after the Civil War, driven by government subsidies in the form of large land grants. The completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869 connected the country by rail and spurred major economic growth and western expansion. However, the railroad industry was plagued by corruption and monopolistic practices. This led to the first attempts at government regulation through acts like the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The growth of railroads was central to the massive industrialization of the U.S. economy during this period.
Grant was re-elected in 1872 despite corruption scandals plaguing his administration. The Panic of 1873 led to a severe recession and calls for inflationary policies like coinage of silver dollars, but Grant rejected these proposals. In the election of 1876, Democrat Samuel Tilden won the popular vote but the election was disputed, leading to the Compromise of 1877 that ended Reconstruction. Corruption continued through the Gilded Age as both major parties focused more on patronage than issues. The Populist Party emerged in the 1890s to advocate for farmers as agrarian discontent grew over economic issues like the McKinley Tariff.
Grant was popular after the Civil War but proved unsuited for the presidency. During the Gilded Age from 1869-1889, politics were characterized by corruption and weak differences between the Republican and Democratic parties. The disputed 1876 election between Hayes and Tilden highlighted tensions over Reconstruction, which ended with the Compromise of 1877 and imposition of Jim Crow laws in the South.
The document summarizes some of the major problems and events during the Reconstruction era after the Civil War. It discusses questions around rebuilding the South, granting citizenship to freed slaves, and reintegrating southern states into the Union. It describes the economic and social devastation of the South, and how freed slaves began defining their newfound freedom. It also outlines the creation and goals of the Freedmen's Bureau, as well as southern resentment towards it. Finally, it summarizes President Johnson's reconstruction plans, the passage of Black Codes, and rising tensions between Johnson and Congress over reconstruction policies.
The document summarizes key developments during the Gilded Age in the United States from 1865-1900. Some of the major events and trends discussed include:
1) The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 which connected the country and accelerated industrialization.
2) The rise of large trusts like Standard Oil and U.S. Steel which came to dominate entire industries through consolidation and integration.
3) Technological innovations in areas like electricity, steel production, and oil refining that powered the Second Industrial Revolution and made the U.S. the most powerful economy in the world by 1900.
4) However, this period also saw the rise of corporate power, inequality, and exploitation of workers
This document provides an overview of Reconstruction in the post-Civil War South from 1865-1877. It describes the economic and social devastation of the South after the war. It also discusses the challenges faced by freed slaves in defining their newfound freedom, including establishing their own churches and schools. The Freedmen's Bureau was created to aid freed slaves but faced opposition. Andrew Johnson clashed with Congress over his lenient Reconstruction plans. Southern states enacted Black Codes to restrict freed slaves' rights, prompting the Civil Rights Act and 14th Amendment. Radical and Moderate Republicans disagreed on the speed and extent of Reconstruction reforms in the South.
The document summarizes some of the major problems and events during the Reconstruction era after the Civil War, including:
1) The South faced massive social, economic, and infrastructure problems following the war's end. Freed slaves sought to define their newfound freedom, often leaving plantations in search of work and establishing schools and churches.
2) Congress established the Freedmen's Bureau to aid freed slaves, though southern whites resented its presence and assistance to blacks. The Bureau ultimately failed to achieve all its goals before being shut down in 1872.
3) Disagreements arose between President Johnson, who favored a quick restoration of the former Confederate states, and the Republican-led Congress, which sought to
2. President Lincoln
• Lincoln takes office on March 4,
1861
– President of dis-United States of
America
– Next 4 years would test Lincoln and
US
3. The Menace of Secession
• Lincoln argued against secession in
his inaugural address
– No conflict unless South provoked it
– Secession would not work
• No way to split North and South
physically
4. The Menace of Secession
• Problems with secession
– No natural boundary to divide North
and South
– How to divide up debt, federal
territories?
– How to resolve problems with fugitive
slaves and Underground Railroad?
5. The Menace of Secession
• Europe would love to have US split
– Could divide and conquer in Americas
– US would be too weak to stop
European colonization or enforce
Monroe Doctrine
6. South Carolina Assails Fort
Sumter
• Fighting began over federal forts in
the South
– By the time Lincoln became
president, only 2 forts were still under
Union control
– Most important was Fort Sumter at
Charleston harbor, South Carolina
7. South Carolina Assails Fort
Sumter
• Lincoln’s options for Fort Sumter
– Provisions would run out in mid-April,
1861
– If fort ran out of supplies, it would
have to surrender without defending
itself
– If Lincoln tried to reinforce the fort,
South would attack
8. South Carolina Assails Fort
Sumter
• Lincoln decided to send provisions
(food, etc.) but not reinforce it
(with guns, ammunition, or men)
– Union navy ships moved to Fort
Sumter; seen by South as hostile
9. South Carolina Assails Fort
Sumter
• South’s response was to attack
– April 12, 1861 – cannon bombarded
fort for 1 1/2 days
– Fort surrendered with no men killed
11. South Carolina Assails Fort
Sumter
• The North’s reaction to the fall of Fort
Sumter
– Some northerners had been willing to let
the South go if they wanted to go
– Attack on Sumter rallied Northerners
against the South
– Lincoln called for 75,000 troops; so many
volunteers came that some were turned
away
– Lincoln also ordered blockade of Southern
ports
12. South Carolina Assails Fort
Sumter
• The South responds to the call for
troops
– Southerners saw this as an
aggressive attack on South
– 4 more states (Virginia, Arkansas,
Tennessee, North Carolina) join
original 7 in Confederacy
• Richmond, Virginia became capital
14. Brothers’ Blood and Border
Blood
• Crucial Border States stayed in
Union
– Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland,
Delaware, West Virginia (broke from
Virginia in mid-1861)
15. Brothers’ Blood and Border
Blood
• If North had attacked first, South would
probably have gotten the Border States
and won the war
– Border States had white population over 1/2
of entire Confederacy
– Border States had large manufacturing
capacity, horses and mules
– Important Ohio River was Kentucky’s
northern boundary
• 2 of its tributaries, Cumberland and Tennessee,
flowed deep into Confederacy, where many other
supplies (grain, gunpowder, iron) produced
16. Brothers’ Blood and Border
Blood
• Dealing with the Border States
– Lincoln declared martial law in Maryland and
sent in federal troops
• Could have cut off Washington, DC from North
– Federal troops also sent into Missouri and
West Virginia
– Lincoln declared North was fighting to keep
Union together, not against slavery
• Border States and southern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois
would not fight to end slavery
• US fought with slaveowners and proslavery
sympathizers in North
17. Brothers’ Blood and Border
Blood
• Slavery and the war in the West
– Most of the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokees,
Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles)
in Indian Territory (Oklahoma) sided with
Confederacy
• Some Indians owned slaves
• Indians provided slaves to Confederacy;
Confederacy took over government payments to
Indians
– Splinter group of Cherokees and Plains
Indians sided with Union
• After Civil War, Union hunted them down and
forced them onto reservations
18. Brothers’ Blood and Border
Blood
• Families split up over Civil War,
especially in Border States
– Brothers, fathers and sons, would
split
– Senator James Crittenden’s 2 sons
both became generals – one in Union,
the other in Confederacy
– Lincoln had 4 brothers-in-law who
fought for Confederacy
19. The Balance of Forces
• South’s initial advantages
– Confederacy only had to fight
defensively and fight North to draw
• North had to invade, conquer, and force
South back into the Union
– At first had higher morale, fighting on
their own soil and for independence
20. The Balance of Forces
• South had more talented officers
and leaders in military
– General Robert E. Lee was top
commander in US
• Had been offered command of Northern
armies by Lincoln; felt it was his duty to
go with his state (Virginia) when it
seceded
– Lee’s chief lieutenant was Thomas J.
“Stonewall” Jackson
21. The Balance of Forces
• Southern boys born to fight
– Had used horses and guns all their
lives
– “rebel yell” struck terror into hearts of
advancing Union armies
22. The Balance of Forces
• Southern compensated for scarcity
of factories
– Seized federal weapons
– Ran Union blockades
– Developed their own ironworks
23. The Balance of Forces
• Problems in the South became
clear as the war dragged on
• Supply problems, especially when
North cut Southern railroad lines
– Led to shortages of uniforms, shoes,
blankets, even food
24. The Balance of Forces
• South’s biggest weakness was its
economy
– Primarily based on agriculture and
export produce like cotton
• North’s economy had lots of
agriculture, but factories as well
– North had 3/4 of US’s wealth and 3/4
of US’s railroad mileage
25. The Balance of Forces
• North controlled the sea with much
stronger navy
– Blockade was weak at first, but soon
cut off Southern supplies and
destroyed Southern morale
– Allowed North to trade grain for guns
and ammunition with Europe
26. The Balance of Forces
• North’s population was much greater
than South’s
– North had 22 million people, with more
immigrants from Europe pouring in
– South had 9 million people (3.5 million of
these were slaves)
– Northern soldiers less prepared than
Southern soldiers, but they were trained
well and learned
27. The Balance of Forces
• Northern leaders were not nearly
as good as South’s
– Lincoln had to use trial-and-error to
find good leaders
– Ulysses S. Grant, willing to win no
matter the cost, finally led Union to
victory
28. The Balance of Forces
• North eventually used its strengths to
win the war, but war could have gone
the other way
– If Border States had seceded
– If upper Mississippi Valley states (in North),
like Illinois had turned against Union
– If Northern defeatism had led to them
asking for armistice (truce)
– If Britain or France had broken Union naval
blockade of South
29. Dethroning King Cotton
• Most successful revolutions have been
helped by foreign intervention
• South did not get help from Britain or
France
– Elites in Britain and France were openly
supportive of South
• Opposed example of revolution and democracy in
US and favored feudal, aristocratic society of
South
• Even if troops did not fight, their ships could have
broken the Union blockade
– Working classes in Britain and France
strongly favored North
• Wanted abolition; believed that if North won,
slavery would be abolished
• Prevented elites from supporting South
30. Dethroning King Cotton
• Britain depended on South for 75% of
their cotton; why didn’t South’s cotton
force Britain to enter war?
– Large shipments in 1857 – 1860 gave
Britain surpluses that lasted first 1 1/2
years of war
• By the time cotton surpluses ran out, Lincoln had
announced emancipation, putting English working
class firmly behind North
31. Dethroning King Cotton
• How effects of “cotton famine” in Britain
were relieved
– US sent food to England to help working
classes who lost jobs
– As Union penetrated South, they gained
cotton-producing land and sent cotton to
Britain
– Confederates were able to sometimes run
blockade to ship cotton to Britain
– Egypt and India increased output of cotton
– Workers in England worked in industries
supplying both North and South, relieving
unemployment
32. Dethroning King Cotton
• North sent wheat and corn to
England
– North had plentiful harvests; Britain
had series of bad harvests
– If England broke Northern blockade,
US would cut off shipments of corn
and wheat
– These products were more important
than South’s cotton
33. The Decisiveness of
Diplomacy
• Diplomacy was very important
during war
– South kept trying to get Europe to
intervene
– Europe kept trying to take advantage
of US’s problems
34. The Decisiveness of
Diplomacy
• Late 1861 – the Trent affair
– Union ship near Cuba stopped a British mail
ship and took 2 Confederate diplomats
going to Europe
– Angry British prepared for war
– Slow communications allowed passions (on
both sides) to cool down
– Lincoln released the 2 prisoners (“One war
at a time”)
35. The Decisiveness of
Diplomacy
• British-built Confederate commerce raiders
– Loophole in British neutrality laws allowed the
ships to be built in England, sail away unarmed,
and then pick up guns later
– Alabama was most famous; captured over 60
US merchant marine ships before being sunk in
1864
– Over 250 US ships captured by these ships; US
merchant marine never fully recovered
– As a result, there was talk in North of taking
Canada when war was over
– 1871 – Britain paid US $15 million as
compensation for damages caused by war-time
raiders
36. Foreign Flare-ups
• 1863 – Laird rams
– 2 Confederate warships being built in
England
• Heavy iron ships with rams and large guns
• Could sink the Union blockade ships and then fire
on Northern coastal cities
– If ships had been released, North would
have declared war against Britain
– At last minute, Britain agreed to buy the
ships for the Royal Navy
37. Foreign Flare-ups
• Canada
– Confederates stationed in Canada
threatened to attack and burn Northern
cities
– Irish Americans hated British and launched
a few small invasions of Canada after the
war (1866, 1870)
– US government did little to stop these raids
so as to not antagonize Irish voters
– 1867 – unified Dominion of Canada created
by British Parliament to strengthen nation in
case of US attack
38. Foreign Flare-ups
• Mexico
– 1863 – Napoleon III (France) occupied
Mexico and put Maximilian into power
• Both were flagrant violations of Monroe Doctrine,
but US could do nothing while war was being
fought
– Napoleon had hoped that US would lose war
and be unable to stop France
– 1865 – US threatened war against France if
French did not withdraw
– Napoleon withdrew French Army;
Maximilian overthrown and killed
39. President Davis Versus
President Lincoln
• The Confederacy and states’ rights
– States in the Confederacy asserted
states’ rights against calls by the
Confederate Government, causing
problems for Jefferson Davis
– Some state troops even refused to
serve outside the borders of their own
state
40. President Davis Versus
President Lincoln
• President Davis as a leader
– Stubborn leader who sometimes
defied (instead of led) public
– Suffered nervous disorders
– Worked himself into exhaustion by
micromanaging every detail of both
civil and military operations
41. President Davis Versus
President Lincoln
• President Lincoln as leader had
problems, but much less serious than
Davis
– North had recognized and legitimate
government
– Lincoln was quiet and patient, yet firm
– Talented at interpreting and leading public
opinion
– Demonstrated charity to South and
forgiveness to attacks from opponents in
the North (including his generals and
cabinet)
42. Limitations on Wartime
Liberties
• Lincoln went around some
provisions of Constitution to keep
the United States united
– Generally not sweeping; Congress
generally confirmed Lincoln’s actions
– Lincoln’s increases in authority were
only to continue as long as war
continued
43. Limitations on Wartime
Liberties
• Congress not in session when war
started, so Lincoln acted without
Congress
• Proclaimed a blockade of South (upheld
by Supreme Court)
• Increased size of army; only Congress
is allowed to do so under Constitution
(Congress later approved)
44. Limitations on Wartime
Liberties
• Directed secretary of Treasury to
transfer $2 million to 3 private
citizens for military purposes
• Suspended writ of habeas corpus,
allowing anti-Unionists to be
arrested without charges
– Defied ruling by Supreme Court chief
justice that only Congress could do
this
45. Limitations on Wartime
Liberties
• “supervised” voting in Border
States; voters had to go (with
colored ballot, so that their choice
was obvious) through line of
troops to vote
• Suspension of some newspapers
and arrest of editors because they
obstructed the war effort
46. Limitations on Wartime
Liberties
• Jefferson Davis could not exercise
the power that Lincoln did
– States’ righters refused to give more
power to Confederate government
– One of the reasons the South lost the
war
47. Volunteers and Draftees:
North and South
• Northern army staffed at first by
volunteers
– Each state had quota based on population
• 1863 – Congress passed first national
conscription (draft) law
– Unfair to poor; rich could pay $300 for
exemption
• 1863 – draft riot in New York City
– Poor and antiblack (Irish) rioted because of
draft and refusal to fight to end slavery
48. Volunteers and Draftees:
North and South
• Most (90%) of Union soldiers were
volunteers
– Patriotic pressure to enlist
– Toward end of war, bounties (up to $1,000)
paid to volunteers
• “bounty brokers” would get foreigners
poor (or drunk) foreigners to enlist
• “bounty jumpers” would enlist, get the
bounty, desert, and reenlist for another
bounty
• About 200,000 deserted from Union
army (not only bounty jumpers)
49. Volunteers and Draftees:
North and South
• South at first also relied on
volunteers
– Had to resort to draft 1 year earlier
than Union (April 1862)
– Willing to take almost anyone,
including young and old (17 – 50)
50. Volunteers and Draftees:
North and South
• Confederate draft very unjust
– Rich could hire a substitute or purchase an
exemption
– Slaveowners or slave overseers with 20 or
more slaves could claim exemption
– Many poor, nonslaveholding Southerners
felt they were fighting so rich could keep
slaves
• “a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”
– No draft riots occurred in South, but agents
sometimes were attacked
51. The Economic Stresses of
War
• North’s financial situation much
stronger than South’s during the
war
52. The Economic Stresses of
War
• Taxation
– Excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol
– Income tax levied for first time by
Congress (at rates low by today’s
standards)
53. The Economic Stresses of
War
• Tariffs
– 1861 – Morill Tariff Act passed
• Raised tariffs 5% to 10%, to moderate levels
before low Tariff of 1857
– Tariffs continued to go up as war costs
increased
– Tariffs also provided protection to US
manufacturers
• Republicans became identified with protection and
tariffs, gaining support of industrialists and
manufacturers
54. The Economic Stresses of
War
• Paper money
– Greenbacks printed ($450 million)
– Not backed by gold, value changed
with success of Union army
– Greenbacks also affected by inflation;
worth less each year
55. The Economic Stresses of
War
• Borrowing
– $2.6 billion raised (net) through sale
of bonds (paid with interest to holders
at a later date)
– Treasury sold bonds through private
banking house of Jay Cooke and
Company
• Received 3/8 of 1% of all sales
56. The Economic Stresses of
War
• National Banking System
– Passed in 1863
– Purpose was to stimulate sale of
government bonds and establish standard
bank-note currency (to replace many
different worthless notes issued by many
different banks)
– Banks would purchase government bonds
and then issue money backed by the bonds
– First unified banking network since Jackson
killed the Bank of the US in 1836
– Lasted until 1913, when Federal Reserve
was set up
57. The Economic Stresses of
War
• South’s problems were different
from North’s, and much more
serious and crippling
58. The Economic Stresses of
War
• $400 million in Confederate bonds
sold (in CSA and Europe)
• Taxes increased, including 10% on
farm produce
• States’ righters opposed direct
taxation
– Only 1% of CSA’s revenue came from
taxes
59. The Economic Stresses of
War
• Confederate paper dollar
– Printed without backing by gold (or
anything else) except stability of CSA
– Runaway inflation (9,000%) over
course of war; Confederate dollar
worth only 1.6 cents when war ended
• Union only experienced 80% inflation
60. The North’s Economic Boom
• North came out of war more
prosperous than before the war
61. The North’s Economic Boom
• New factories opened
– Helped by protective tariff and soaring
prices (because of inflation)
• New millionaire class created, for first
time in American history
– Many lived loudly and extravagantly
– Many became rich off graft and unethical
deals
• Selling old or blind horses, poorly made shoes or
uniforms to government
62. The North’s Economic Boom
• Laborsaving technology
– Allowed more goods to be produced while
using more workers as fighters
– Sewing machine made uniforms faster and
better
• Standardized measurements and sizes created
– Mechanical reapers used to harvest food
• Thousands of army men released from farms
• Surpluses used to feed army and export to
Europe (where arms were bought and brought to
Union)
63. The North’s Economic Boom
• 1859 – oil discovered in Pennsylvania
– Led to rush to pump the oil out
• 300,000 pioneers continued to move
West
– Free land under Homestead Act of 1862 and
desire to avoid draft led many to go West
• Only major industry to be hurt during
war was ocean trade
– Because of Alabama and other Confederate
raiders
64. The North’s Economic Boom
• Opportunities for women
– Took men’s jobs while men fought
– Women moved into industrial jobs to make war
supplies (especially sewing uniforms and shoes)
– 400 women stayed with husbands on frontlines by
posing as men
– Some women performed dangerous spy missions
– Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1st female doctor) organized
US Sanitary Commission
• Trained nurses, collected medical supplies for hospitals
– Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix trained female nurses
– Sally Tompkins (in South) ran infirmary for wounded
Confederate soldiers
– Organized sales of goods to sell for widows, orphans,
disables soldiers
65. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
• War took terrible economic cost to
South
– Blockade and destruction of invaders
destroyed South
– 1860 – South had 30% of US wealth
• 1870 – South only claimed 12%
– War lowered per capita (person) income of
Southerners from 2/3 of Northerners to 2/5
of Northerners
• Remained low for rest of 1800s
66. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
• Transportation collapsed in Canada
– Railroads destroyed by Union armies
and by Southerners, who used lessused railroads to repair more
important lines
• Women denied themselves in
South to help the war effort
– Lived without luxuries and sometimes
necessities
67. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
• Industrial North beat aristocratic
South
– Northern industrials controlled
economy and country during 2nd
Industrial Revolution and through
1920s