The document summarizes key events and developments in the American Civil War from 1861-1865, focusing on how the North and South prepared for war. It describes Lincoln's inaugural address calling for unity, the secession of Southern states, the attack on Fort Sumter that began the war, efforts to keep border states like Maryland in the Union, the balance of forces between the North and South, the failure of the South's hopes that Britain and France would intervene, and two diplomatic crises between the UK and US during the war over the Trent affair and the Confederate raider Alabama.
This document provides an overview of the military and geopolitical situation leading up to and during the American Civil War between 1861-1865. It summarizes that tensions escalated over federal forts in southern states, culminating in the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor in April 1861, which prompted Lincoln to call for troops and sparked the beginning of the Civil War. The document also analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the Union and Confederate forces, the impact of foreign diplomacy, and the key events and battles over the course of the four-year war.
This document provides an overview of the American Civil War from 1861-1865. It includes summaries of key battles in both the Eastern and Western theaters, as well as statistics and facts about the war. Some notable events covered include the First Battle of Bull Run, Shiloh, the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg, and naval developments such as the battle between the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia. The document examines how the Union and Confederacy differed in resources and manpower, and how the Union was able to eventually wear down and defeat the South.
The document provides background information on the events leading up to America's entry into World War II. It discusses the aftermath of WWI and the Treaty of Versailles which led to resentment in Germany. It outlines Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 and the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1939. It also discusses America's policy of neutrality in the 1930s as well as Japan's expansionism. Key events covered include Germany's rearmament under Hitler, the Munich Agreement of 1938, and Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939 which marked the start of WWII. The document concludes with an overview of key events in Europe and North Africa from 1939-1945.
The document summarizes key events leading up to and during the early stages of the American Civil War. It describes how Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter, prompting Lincoln to call for troops from loyal states. Both sides expected a short war but were unprepared for the scale of violence at Bull Run. The Union had early successes in the West under Grant and Farragut. New technologies like ironclads revolutionized warfare, increasing casualties, while political issues challenged both sides as the war continued.
The Middle East has been a strategically important region due to its large oil resources. Tensions between Jews and Arabs have fueled conflict in the region for decades. The creation of Israel in 1948 led to the displacement of Palestinians and ongoing disputes over land claims. Major conflicts have included the Arab-Israeli War, Suez Crisis, and Six Day War, with Israel gaining territory each time but also creating more Palestinian refugees and angering Arab states. The region has been an area of competition between world powers like Britain, the US, and USSR as well.
The document provides an overview of key events and causes leading up to World War 2, including Hitler gaining power in Germany, ignoring the Treaty of Versailles, and invading Poland. When Germany invaded Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the start of WWII in September 1939. The two main opposing sides were the Allies (Britain, France, USSR, US, Canada and others) versus the Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan. Several major battles are described such as Dunkirk, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic involving Canadian merchant sailors, and Canadian involvement in campaigns in Europe, including Dieppe and later Italy.
Civil war broke out between the North and South in 1861 following the bombardment of Fort Sumter in South Carolina by Confederate forces. As Americans chose sides, the Union and Confederacy prepared their volunteer armies for war, though both faced shortages. Fighting spread across Virginia and into the Western United States as Union forces aimed to control the Mississippi River while the Confederacy attempted to break the naval blockade. The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in Confederate states in 1863, and African Americans participated in the war effort. Though the Union faced opposition, its victories at Gettysburg in 1863 and campaigns in 1864-1865 dealt crippling blows to the Confederacy and ultimately forced Southern surrender, ending the Civil War.
This document provides an overview of the military and geopolitical situation leading up to and during the American Civil War between 1861-1865. It summarizes that tensions escalated over federal forts in southern states, culminating in the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor in April 1861, which prompted Lincoln to call for troops and sparked the beginning of the Civil War. The document also analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the Union and Confederate forces, the impact of foreign diplomacy, and the key events and battles over the course of the four-year war.
This document provides an overview of the American Civil War from 1861-1865. It includes summaries of key battles in both the Eastern and Western theaters, as well as statistics and facts about the war. Some notable events covered include the First Battle of Bull Run, Shiloh, the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg, and naval developments such as the battle between the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia. The document examines how the Union and Confederacy differed in resources and manpower, and how the Union was able to eventually wear down and defeat the South.
The document provides background information on the events leading up to America's entry into World War II. It discusses the aftermath of WWI and the Treaty of Versailles which led to resentment in Germany. It outlines Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 and the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1939. It also discusses America's policy of neutrality in the 1930s as well as Japan's expansionism. Key events covered include Germany's rearmament under Hitler, the Munich Agreement of 1938, and Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939 which marked the start of WWII. The document concludes with an overview of key events in Europe and North Africa from 1939-1945.
The document summarizes key events leading up to and during the early stages of the American Civil War. It describes how Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter, prompting Lincoln to call for troops from loyal states. Both sides expected a short war but were unprepared for the scale of violence at Bull Run. The Union had early successes in the West under Grant and Farragut. New technologies like ironclads revolutionized warfare, increasing casualties, while political issues challenged both sides as the war continued.
The Middle East has been a strategically important region due to its large oil resources. Tensions between Jews and Arabs have fueled conflict in the region for decades. The creation of Israel in 1948 led to the displacement of Palestinians and ongoing disputes over land claims. Major conflicts have included the Arab-Israeli War, Suez Crisis, and Six Day War, with Israel gaining territory each time but also creating more Palestinian refugees and angering Arab states. The region has been an area of competition between world powers like Britain, the US, and USSR as well.
The document provides an overview of key events and causes leading up to World War 2, including Hitler gaining power in Germany, ignoring the Treaty of Versailles, and invading Poland. When Germany invaded Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the start of WWII in September 1939. The two main opposing sides were the Allies (Britain, France, USSR, US, Canada and others) versus the Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan. Several major battles are described such as Dunkirk, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic involving Canadian merchant sailors, and Canadian involvement in campaigns in Europe, including Dieppe and later Italy.
Civil war broke out between the North and South in 1861 following the bombardment of Fort Sumter in South Carolina by Confederate forces. As Americans chose sides, the Union and Confederacy prepared their volunteer armies for war, though both faced shortages. Fighting spread across Virginia and into the Western United States as Union forces aimed to control the Mississippi River while the Confederacy attempted to break the naval blockade. The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in Confederate states in 1863, and African Americans participated in the war effort. Though the Union faced opposition, its victories at Gettysburg in 1863 and campaigns in 1864-1865 dealt crippling blows to the Confederacy and ultimately forced Southern surrender, ending the Civil War.
The document provides an overview of international interest in China after World War 2 and the establishment of the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong. Key events summarized include:
1) After defeating Japanese occupation, Jiang Jieshi's nationalist forces prepared for civil war against Mao's communists while receiving aid from the US.
2) Despite American efforts to avert civil war, fighting broke out in 1946 and the communists gained control of China by 1949, forcing Jiang and nationalist leaders to flee to Taiwan.
3) Diplomatic recognition of communist China was slow, with the USSR providing early recognition while the US withheld it due to Mao's support for revolution abroad and involvement in
The Vietnam War was a proxy war between communist North Vietnam, backed by China and the Soviet Union, and South Vietnam, backed by the United States and other anti-communist countries. Starting in the 1950s, the U.S. became increasingly involved in the conflict to prevent the spread of communism. By the 1960s, the U.S. had sent hundreds of thousands of troops to Vietnam but struggled against North Vietnamese guerilla tactics. Public opinion in the U.S. began turning against the war, especially after the Tet Offensive of 1968 showed the conflict was more prolonged than expected. The U.S. gradually withdrew from Vietnam in the early 1970s, and North Vietnam unified the country in 1975.
The Việt cộng (Vietnamese communists) originated as the National Liberation Front in South Vietnam and grew to over 400,000 troops by 1968. They were successful due to guerrilla warfare tactics like booby traps, tunnels, and hit-and-run attacks. American forces lacked counterinsurgency training and struggled to gain public support. Foreign allies like China provided troops and materials via the Ho Chi Minh Trail, while Soviet support was more limited. The Việt cộng maintained high morale through heroism, propaganda, and trying to win over the local populace.
The document provides an overview of several key events and developments during the Early Republic period under Presidents Jefferson and Madison, including:
1) Efforts to establish a distinct American culture and national identity separate from Britain, including the development of the education system and American literature.
2) The peaceful transition of power from the Federalist to Republican party in the 1800 election, establishing Jefferson as the third President.
3) Key policies and events of Jefferson's presidency, including the Louisiana Purchase which doubled the size of the US territory.
4) Continued westward expansion and the detrimental policies toward Native Americans that displaced many tribes from their lands.
The document provides background information on key events leading up to and during World War 2 in the Pacific theater, including:
1) Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and subsequent trade embargoes by the US, as well as the sinking of the USS Panay.
2) Plans for the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 by Japanese admiral Yamamoto and the devastating surprise attack that destroyed much of the US Pacific fleet.
3) The fall of the Philippines and brutal Bataan Death March that followed the Japanese conquest.
4) Major naval battles like Coral Sea, Midway, and Leyte Gulf that turned the tide in favor of the Allies.
5) Gruel
The document summarizes key events from Chapter 21 of an American history textbook, which covers the American Civil War from 1861-1865. It discusses several major battles and campaigns, including Bull Run, the Peninsula Campaign led by General George McClellan, and the pivotal Battle of Antietam. It also covers the Union's naval blockade of the Confederacy and Lincoln's issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, which changed the war's focus to emancipating slaves and destroying the economic foundations of the Old South. While the Proclamation did not immediately free any slaves, it strengthened the Union's moral cause at home and abroad and ensured the war would be fought to its conclusion.
Richard Nixon expanded presidential power during his presidency, reaching the peak of the "imperial presidency". However, the Watergate scandal uncovered Nixon's involvement in a cover-up, leading to his resignation. Gerald Ford succeeded Nixon but struggled with a weak economy including stagflation and rising gas prices due to OPEC embargoes. Jimmy Carter was elected in 1976 but also faced economic woes. He brokered the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel but struggled to gain the release of American hostages in Iran, hurting his re-election bid.
2.7 WW1 Battlesand Events, Russia and the USAjkoryan
The Schlieffen Plan called for Germany to quickly defeat France before turning east to face Russia. Germany pushed through Belgium in 1914 but could not defeat France fast enough. By late 1914, the Western Front was locked in trench warfare that lasted for years. Russia initially had successes against Austria-Hungary and Germany but faced devastating losses. Turkey joining the war in late 1914 further strained Russia. The Russian Revolution in 1917 took Russia out of the war. The US entry into the war in 1917 helped balance Russia's exit and provided resources that aided the Allied powers. After years of brutal trench warfare, the Hundred Days Offensive in late 1918 pushed the Germans back and led to the armistice ending the war.
The document discusses the geopolitical landscape following the collapse of the Soviet Union. It describes how the United States emerged as the world's sole superpower and took on an interventionist foreign policy. It also discusses the formation of international organizations like NATO, the European Union, and the International Criminal Court that have shaped global politics. The challenges of securing Russia's stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction after the fall of the USSR are also summarized.
The document provides background information on several key events leading up to and during World War II. It discusses the rise of dictators like Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin in the 1930s. It also outlines America's initial isolationist policies after WWI and its gradual movement towards supporting the Allies through measures like Lend-Lease and sanctions against Japan. The document summarizes major military campaigns in both the European and Pacific theaters, including D-Day, the Battle of the Bulge, and the island hopping strategy against Japan. It also addresses the Holocaust and internment of Japanese Americans during the war.
The document provides background on the Vietnam War. It discusses how Vietnam gained independence from France after World War 2, but was then divided into North and South Vietnam following the Geneva Accords in 1954. The US became increasingly involved to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. Despite US intervention, North Vietnam was able to reunify the country as a communist state after the fall of Saigon in 1975, ending the war.
The Cold War had global impacts as the US and Soviet Union competed for influence. In Europe, the US provided economic support through the Marshall Plan to prevent countries from becoming communist. China allied with the Soviets after Mao's revolution in 1949. The Korean War in the 1950s and Vietnam War in the 1960s were proxy wars between the superpowers. Tensions escalated during the Cuban Missile Crisis, but began to thaw in the 1970s. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the 1980s ultimately led to the collapse of Soviet communism and end of the Cold War in 1989, symbolized by the fall of the Berlin Wall.
After World War I, the United States adopted a policy of isolationism. However, the rise of dictators like Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and the Japanese military's control of Japan led to World War II. The League of Nations failed to prevent German and Italian aggression. Appeasement of Hitler by giving into his demands for Czechoslovakian territory also failed. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war, beginning World War II in Europe.
The Vietnam War resulted in a complete defeat for the United States. Over 57,000 American lives were lost in their unsuccessful effort to stop the spread of communism. The Viet Cong took control of Saigon in 1975, forcing the evacuation of all remaining U.S. personnel. This reunited Vietnam after years of war that devastated the country and its people. In the aftermath, millions of Vietnamese refugees fled the country by boat seeking asylum, many dying in the process, while Vietnam struggled to recover from the immense physical and economic destruction of the war.
The Vietnam War grew out of Vietnam's long history as a French colony. After World War 2, Vietnam was divided into a communist North and democratic South. The US backed South Vietnam in an attempt to contain communism, believing that if South Vietnam fell, other countries would too. Despite US bombing campaigns and search/destroy missions that caused massive casualties, the Viet Cong waged a successful guerrilla war. US involvement became increasingly unpopular as the war dragged on. Ultimately, the US was unable to stop the communist takeover and North Vietnam reunified the country in 1975.
Safe for Democracy: The United States and World War I, 1916–1920 Heather Powell
The document provides background information on several topics related to World War 1 and the early 20th century United States. It discusses the Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt Corollary, Panama Canal, pluralism in democracy, Niagara Movement, Woodrow Wilson's presidency and role in WWI, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Allied and Central powers, events like the sinking of the Lusitania, Zimmerman Telegram, Fourteen Points, Vladimir Lenin, Bernard Baruch, 19th Amendment, Prohibition, Espionage Act of 1917, NAACP, Gentleman's Agreement, WEB DuBois, Niagara Movement, Great Migration, UNIA, USSR, Red Scare, and the
The document discusses several key events at the end of World War II and establishment of the United Nations:
1) In early 1945, Soviet troops pushed into Germany from the east while the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading Japan to surrender and ending the war.
2) World leaders met at Yalta in 1945 to discuss postwar plans, agreeing Poland would have free elections though the Soviets did not follow through.
3) The U.N. was established in 1945 to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars, with goals of maintaining peace and protecting human rights.
Eoct review questions gps 9 and 10 civil war and reconstructionphillipgrogers
The document summarizes key events and policies related to the American Civil War and Reconstruction era, including the Dred Scott decision, the Missouri Compromise, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, the end of the Civil War, Presidential and Radical Republican Reconstruction plans, amendments that aimed to protect rights of freed slaves, the rise of groups like the Ku Klux Klan, and the disputed 1876 election that ended Reconstruction.
Vietnam war for Cambridge IGCSE HistoryJoanie Yeung
Introduction of Vietcong, Why did USA get involved in Vietnam? Why did USA fail to defeat the Vietcong? What were the roles played by the media and public opinion in USA? How did the Vietnam War end?
This document provides an overview of key events leading up to the American Civil War and during the Civil War era, including:
1) Tensions over the issue of slavery in the western territories and the passage of acts like the Kansas-Nebraska Act intensified the debate between North and South.
2) The 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, who opposed the expansion of slavery, led several Southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America.
3) After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in 1861, the Civil War began in earnest between the Union and the Confederacy, with major battles like Bull Run and Shiloh.
In 1861, seven Southern states seceded from the Union to form the Confederate States of America in response to Abraham Lincoln's election. Both sides expected a short war but were unprepared for the lengthy conflict that ensued. The Union adopted a strategy of naval blockade and dividing the Confederacy, while the South aimed to take Washington D.C. and gain foreign recognition. The first major battle at Bull Run resulted in a Confederate victory and shocked the North with the war's severity. Maintaining European neutrality remained crucial for the Union to ultimately prevail.
The document provides an overview of international interest in China after World War 2 and the establishment of the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong. Key events summarized include:
1) After defeating Japanese occupation, Jiang Jieshi's nationalist forces prepared for civil war against Mao's communists while receiving aid from the US.
2) Despite American efforts to avert civil war, fighting broke out in 1946 and the communists gained control of China by 1949, forcing Jiang and nationalist leaders to flee to Taiwan.
3) Diplomatic recognition of communist China was slow, with the USSR providing early recognition while the US withheld it due to Mao's support for revolution abroad and involvement in
The Vietnam War was a proxy war between communist North Vietnam, backed by China and the Soviet Union, and South Vietnam, backed by the United States and other anti-communist countries. Starting in the 1950s, the U.S. became increasingly involved in the conflict to prevent the spread of communism. By the 1960s, the U.S. had sent hundreds of thousands of troops to Vietnam but struggled against North Vietnamese guerilla tactics. Public opinion in the U.S. began turning against the war, especially after the Tet Offensive of 1968 showed the conflict was more prolonged than expected. The U.S. gradually withdrew from Vietnam in the early 1970s, and North Vietnam unified the country in 1975.
The Việt cộng (Vietnamese communists) originated as the National Liberation Front in South Vietnam and grew to over 400,000 troops by 1968. They were successful due to guerrilla warfare tactics like booby traps, tunnels, and hit-and-run attacks. American forces lacked counterinsurgency training and struggled to gain public support. Foreign allies like China provided troops and materials via the Ho Chi Minh Trail, while Soviet support was more limited. The Việt cộng maintained high morale through heroism, propaganda, and trying to win over the local populace.
The document provides an overview of several key events and developments during the Early Republic period under Presidents Jefferson and Madison, including:
1) Efforts to establish a distinct American culture and national identity separate from Britain, including the development of the education system and American literature.
2) The peaceful transition of power from the Federalist to Republican party in the 1800 election, establishing Jefferson as the third President.
3) Key policies and events of Jefferson's presidency, including the Louisiana Purchase which doubled the size of the US territory.
4) Continued westward expansion and the detrimental policies toward Native Americans that displaced many tribes from their lands.
The document provides background information on key events leading up to and during World War 2 in the Pacific theater, including:
1) Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and subsequent trade embargoes by the US, as well as the sinking of the USS Panay.
2) Plans for the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 by Japanese admiral Yamamoto and the devastating surprise attack that destroyed much of the US Pacific fleet.
3) The fall of the Philippines and brutal Bataan Death March that followed the Japanese conquest.
4) Major naval battles like Coral Sea, Midway, and Leyte Gulf that turned the tide in favor of the Allies.
5) Gruel
The document summarizes key events from Chapter 21 of an American history textbook, which covers the American Civil War from 1861-1865. It discusses several major battles and campaigns, including Bull Run, the Peninsula Campaign led by General George McClellan, and the pivotal Battle of Antietam. It also covers the Union's naval blockade of the Confederacy and Lincoln's issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, which changed the war's focus to emancipating slaves and destroying the economic foundations of the Old South. While the Proclamation did not immediately free any slaves, it strengthened the Union's moral cause at home and abroad and ensured the war would be fought to its conclusion.
Richard Nixon expanded presidential power during his presidency, reaching the peak of the "imperial presidency". However, the Watergate scandal uncovered Nixon's involvement in a cover-up, leading to his resignation. Gerald Ford succeeded Nixon but struggled with a weak economy including stagflation and rising gas prices due to OPEC embargoes. Jimmy Carter was elected in 1976 but also faced economic woes. He brokered the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel but struggled to gain the release of American hostages in Iran, hurting his re-election bid.
2.7 WW1 Battlesand Events, Russia and the USAjkoryan
The Schlieffen Plan called for Germany to quickly defeat France before turning east to face Russia. Germany pushed through Belgium in 1914 but could not defeat France fast enough. By late 1914, the Western Front was locked in trench warfare that lasted for years. Russia initially had successes against Austria-Hungary and Germany but faced devastating losses. Turkey joining the war in late 1914 further strained Russia. The Russian Revolution in 1917 took Russia out of the war. The US entry into the war in 1917 helped balance Russia's exit and provided resources that aided the Allied powers. After years of brutal trench warfare, the Hundred Days Offensive in late 1918 pushed the Germans back and led to the armistice ending the war.
The document discusses the geopolitical landscape following the collapse of the Soviet Union. It describes how the United States emerged as the world's sole superpower and took on an interventionist foreign policy. It also discusses the formation of international organizations like NATO, the European Union, and the International Criminal Court that have shaped global politics. The challenges of securing Russia's stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction after the fall of the USSR are also summarized.
The document provides background information on several key events leading up to and during World War II. It discusses the rise of dictators like Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin in the 1930s. It also outlines America's initial isolationist policies after WWI and its gradual movement towards supporting the Allies through measures like Lend-Lease and sanctions against Japan. The document summarizes major military campaigns in both the European and Pacific theaters, including D-Day, the Battle of the Bulge, and the island hopping strategy against Japan. It also addresses the Holocaust and internment of Japanese Americans during the war.
The document provides background on the Vietnam War. It discusses how Vietnam gained independence from France after World War 2, but was then divided into North and South Vietnam following the Geneva Accords in 1954. The US became increasingly involved to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. Despite US intervention, North Vietnam was able to reunify the country as a communist state after the fall of Saigon in 1975, ending the war.
The Cold War had global impacts as the US and Soviet Union competed for influence. In Europe, the US provided economic support through the Marshall Plan to prevent countries from becoming communist. China allied with the Soviets after Mao's revolution in 1949. The Korean War in the 1950s and Vietnam War in the 1960s were proxy wars between the superpowers. Tensions escalated during the Cuban Missile Crisis, but began to thaw in the 1970s. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the 1980s ultimately led to the collapse of Soviet communism and end of the Cold War in 1989, symbolized by the fall of the Berlin Wall.
After World War I, the United States adopted a policy of isolationism. However, the rise of dictators like Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and the Japanese military's control of Japan led to World War II. The League of Nations failed to prevent German and Italian aggression. Appeasement of Hitler by giving into his demands for Czechoslovakian territory also failed. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war, beginning World War II in Europe.
The Vietnam War resulted in a complete defeat for the United States. Over 57,000 American lives were lost in their unsuccessful effort to stop the spread of communism. The Viet Cong took control of Saigon in 1975, forcing the evacuation of all remaining U.S. personnel. This reunited Vietnam after years of war that devastated the country and its people. In the aftermath, millions of Vietnamese refugees fled the country by boat seeking asylum, many dying in the process, while Vietnam struggled to recover from the immense physical and economic destruction of the war.
The Vietnam War grew out of Vietnam's long history as a French colony. After World War 2, Vietnam was divided into a communist North and democratic South. The US backed South Vietnam in an attempt to contain communism, believing that if South Vietnam fell, other countries would too. Despite US bombing campaigns and search/destroy missions that caused massive casualties, the Viet Cong waged a successful guerrilla war. US involvement became increasingly unpopular as the war dragged on. Ultimately, the US was unable to stop the communist takeover and North Vietnam reunified the country in 1975.
Safe for Democracy: The United States and World War I, 1916–1920 Heather Powell
The document provides background information on several topics related to World War 1 and the early 20th century United States. It discusses the Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt Corollary, Panama Canal, pluralism in democracy, Niagara Movement, Woodrow Wilson's presidency and role in WWI, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Allied and Central powers, events like the sinking of the Lusitania, Zimmerman Telegram, Fourteen Points, Vladimir Lenin, Bernard Baruch, 19th Amendment, Prohibition, Espionage Act of 1917, NAACP, Gentleman's Agreement, WEB DuBois, Niagara Movement, Great Migration, UNIA, USSR, Red Scare, and the
The document discusses several key events at the end of World War II and establishment of the United Nations:
1) In early 1945, Soviet troops pushed into Germany from the east while the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading Japan to surrender and ending the war.
2) World leaders met at Yalta in 1945 to discuss postwar plans, agreeing Poland would have free elections though the Soviets did not follow through.
3) The U.N. was established in 1945 to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars, with goals of maintaining peace and protecting human rights.
Eoct review questions gps 9 and 10 civil war and reconstructionphillipgrogers
The document summarizes key events and policies related to the American Civil War and Reconstruction era, including the Dred Scott decision, the Missouri Compromise, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, the end of the Civil War, Presidential and Radical Republican Reconstruction plans, amendments that aimed to protect rights of freed slaves, the rise of groups like the Ku Klux Klan, and the disputed 1876 election that ended Reconstruction.
Vietnam war for Cambridge IGCSE HistoryJoanie Yeung
Introduction of Vietcong, Why did USA get involved in Vietnam? Why did USA fail to defeat the Vietcong? What were the roles played by the media and public opinion in USA? How did the Vietnam War end?
This document provides an overview of key events leading up to the American Civil War and during the Civil War era, including:
1) Tensions over the issue of slavery in the western territories and the passage of acts like the Kansas-Nebraska Act intensified the debate between North and South.
2) The 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, who opposed the expansion of slavery, led several Southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America.
3) After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in 1861, the Civil War began in earnest between the Union and the Confederacy, with major battles like Bull Run and Shiloh.
In 1861, seven Southern states seceded from the Union to form the Confederate States of America in response to Abraham Lincoln's election. Both sides expected a short war but were unprepared for the lengthy conflict that ensued. The Union adopted a strategy of naval blockade and dividing the Confederacy, while the South aimed to take Washington D.C. and gain foreign recognition. The first major battle at Bull Run resulted in a Confederate victory and shocked the North with the war's severity. Maintaining European neutrality remained crucial for the Union to ultimately prevail.
The American Civil War began due to rising tensions between northern and southern states over the issues of states' rights and slavery. Several events increased sectional tensions, including the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Dred Scott decision. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 prompted southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America. After the Confederacy attacked Fort Sumter in 1861, the Civil War officially began between the Union and Confederate forces. The war ended in April 1865 with the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Appomattox Court House.
The document summarizes key events in American history between 1800-1862, including the Louisiana Purchase which doubled the size of the US, westward expansion and conflicts with Native Americans, the abolition of slavery in British colonies in 1833 putting pressure on the US, and the bloodiest day of the Civil War at the Battle of Antietam in 1862 which prompted Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
The Civil War had major consequences in Georgia. Key events included Fort Sumter being fired upon, starting the war, and Sherman's Atlanta Campaign and March to the Sea, which were devastating for the state. Major battles on Georgia soil included Chickamauga, where the Confederacy had its last major victory, and Sherman finally took Atlanta after months of fighting across the state. Sherman's invasion and tactics broke the will of many Confederate soldiers and citizens.
The Civil War began shortly after Southern states seceded from the Union. The first major battle was at Bull Run in Virginia, which resulted in a Confederate victory. This showed that the war would be long and bloody.
This document provides an overview of the Civil War between the Union and the Confederacy. It discusses key aspects such as leadership, military strategies, important battles, technological developments, and the impact of emancipation. Specifically, it notes that Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens led the Confederacy, while Lincoln's generals included Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee led the South. The Union implemented a naval blockade and the Anaconda Plan to squeeze the South, while the South hoped to exhaust the North's resources through attrition. Major battles like Bull Run, Shiloh, and Antietam resulted in high casualties on both sides. The Emancipation Proclamation positioned the war as a fight against slavery in addition to preserving
Civil war and reconstruction spring 2014 ppAndy Ligeti
The Battle of Antietam in September 1862 was one of the bloodiest single-days of battle in American history, with over 22,000 casualties. General Robert E. Lee hoped a victory at Antietam might convince Britain and France to recognize the Confederacy. However, the battle resulted in a tactical standoff. Though inconclusive, it ended Lee's campaign in Maryland and halted the Confederacy's hopes for foreign recognition due to their inability to score a decisive victory.
The American Civil War and It's Impact on GeorgiaCoachPinto
The document provides an overview of key Civil War events in Georgia including Antietam, the Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia's coast, Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea, and Andersonville prison. It discusses the secession of southern states, early battles like Fort Sumter, key leaders, and how the war increasingly impacted Georgia through major battles, Sherman's invasion and march, and the infamous Andersonville prison.
Civil war national and ga - 2013 use this oneCoachPinto
The Civil War had major consequences in Georgia. Key events included Sherman's Atlanta Campaign and subsequent March to the Sea, which inflicted significant damage and hastened the end of the war. The Union blockade also hurt the Confederate war effort by cutting off imports and exports. Other major battles in Georgia included Chickamauga, while Andersonville prison saw thousands of Union casualties due to overcrowding and disease. Lee's surrender in 1865 marked the official end of the Civil War.
The document summarizes the key events and developments of the American Civil War between 1861-1865. It describes how conflicts over slavery led southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America. The war began with the first shots fired at Fort Sumter and included many important battles between Union and Confederate forces. Key figures like Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis, and Robert E. Lee led their respective sides. Though the Confederacy had early victories, the Union gained momentum over time through strategic wins and the Emancipation Proclamation. Ultimately, the Confederacy surrendered in 1865, ending the war and leading to Reconstruction.
The Civil War was caused by several factors including disputes over states' rights versus federal authority, economic differences between the industrial North and agricultural South, and the issue of slavery. Key battles such as Antietam, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg resulted in massive casualties and shifted momentum between the Union and Confederacy over the course of the four-year war. General Ulysses S. Grant employed successful strategies in the Western Theater that helped the Union gain control of the Mississippi River and contributed to the eventual surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865, marking the end of the Civil War.
The Civil War began with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861. Several other southern states then seceded from the Union. Both sides had advantages and disadvantages in the early war. The Union had more population and industry while the Confederacy had better generals. The first major battle was at Bull Run in July 1861, which showed both sides the war would not be short. Major battles in later years included Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and in 1864, Sherman's March to the Sea and Grant's Overland Campaign inflicted heavy casualties on the Confederacy. The war ended in April 1865 with the surrender of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House
1) The document discusses how the Americas changed in the 19th century, with the U.S. experiencing westward expansion and the Civil War over slavery, Canada establishing itself as a federal dominion, and Latin America forming smaller unstable states.
2) It also covers frontier events like the Louisiana Purchase doubling U.S. size, the Haitian Revolution ending slavery in Haiti, and explorations of newly acquired U.S. lands.
3) The Battle of Antietam in 1862, which had the highest single-day death toll in American history, allowed Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation and arrest Confederate momentum, changing the course of the Civil War and abolishing slavery
The document discusses how the Americas changed during the long 19th century. It covers several topics:
1) European and Asian immigrants helped shape the Americas through their contributions to population growth, economic development, and increased diversity.
2) The westward expansion in the US led to conflicts with Native Americans and Mexico over land.
3) Canada avoided civil war and gained independence gradually through negotiations rather than war.
4) Latin America struggled with instability as new constitutions were created but leaders lacked experience with self-government.
The document discusses how the Americas changed during the long 19th century. It covers several topics:
1) European and Asian immigrants helped shape the Americas through their contributions to population growth, economic development, and increased diversity.
2) The United States struggled to build societies based on freedom and equality due to large social, economic, and cultural diversity. This led to conflicts, wars, and instability.
3) Western expansion caused conflicts with Native Americans already living in these areas and tensions with Mexico.
The American Revolution between 1775-1783 saw the colonies struggle to win independence from Britain through war while also working to establish stable state and national governments. It involved both a military conflict with Great Britain and an internal political struggle. Key events included the Declaration of Independence in 1776, difficulties financing the war under the weak Articles of Confederation, pivotal American victories at Trenton, Princeton, Saratoga, and Yorktown, and eventual recognition of American independence in the 1783 Treaty of Paris after over seven years of war. The outcome was influenced by factors like America's use of guerilla tactics on its home turf against Britain's conventional army, the colonists' resolve to fight for freedom and self-govern
L9 unit 3_american_civil_war_power_point_lectureJonah Howard
The American Civil War was fought between 1861 to 1865 between the Union (Northern states) and the Confederacy (Southern states that seceded from the Union). The war began after Confederate forces fired on Union troops at Fort Sumter in South Carolina in 1861. Key events and leaders included Abraham Lincoln leading the Union, the Emancipation Proclamation freeing slaves, major battles like Gettysburg turning the tide in favor of the Union, Ulysses S. Grant's Anaconda Plan to defeat the Confederacy, and Robert E. Lee leading the Confederate forces. The war ended in April 1865 with Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, though Lincoln was assassinated shortly after. The Union prevailed in reuniting the country
The document summarizes key events at the start of the Civil War, including President Lincoln calling for troops after the attack on Fort Sumter, additional states seceding from the Union, and the divided loyalties in border states like Kentucky and Maryland. It also outlines early military strategies between the North and South, including the South's defensive strategy and the North's goal of gaining control of the Mississippi River. The First Battle of Bull Run resulted in the first major defeat for the Union and showed both sides the challenges of the war.
The document provides background information on key events leading up to the American Civil War. It discusses Abraham Lincoln's political career and his debates with Stephen Douglas. After Lincoln was elected president in 1860, several southern states seceded to form the Confederate States of America. The Civil War began with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter. The document then outlines major military strategies, leaders, battles, events like the Emancipation Proclamation, and concludes with the surrender of Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee.
Here are some examples of interstate cooperation today:
- States work together on issues like environmental protection, with organizations like the Environmental Protection Agency coordinating efforts between states.
- States cooperate on transportation infrastructure like highways that connect multiple states. This requires coordination on projects that cross state lines.
- States participate in regional organizations focused on issues like economic development, education, emergency response and more. Examples include groups of Northeastern, Midwestern, Southern and Western states.
- States collaborate through interstate compacts, formal agreements between two or more states that are ratified by state legislatures. These address issues like sharing water resources, disposal of low-level radioactive waste and enforcement of laws across state lines.
-
This document provides an overview of the peopling and early history of North America from 33,000 BCE to 1769 CE. It describes how the North American landscape formed over time. It then discusses evidence that the first humans arrived in North America across the Bering land bridge from Siberia around 13,000 BCE. Subsequent sections summarize the major indigenous civilizations that developed, such as the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas. The document also outlines the indirect discoveries of North America by Norse explorers and the major European explorations starting in the 15th century with Columbus' voyage. It concludes by describing the Spanish conquest of Mexico and the spread of the Spanish colonies across North America in the 16th-17
During the Eisenhower era of the 1950s, the United States experienced an economic boom driven by suburban home building, growth in electronics and aerospace, and a shift to more white-collar jobs. Women increasingly entered the workforce, though the 1950s ideal still emphasized domesticity. Betty Friedan's 1963 book The Feminine Mystique sparked the modern feminist movement. Consumerism expanded with new technologies like credit cards and entertainment forms including television and rock music. Eisenhower ended the Korean War and pursued a "New Look" foreign policy emphasizing nuclear deterrence over conventional forces. However, events like the Soviet invasions of Hungary and developments in the Middle East challenged this strategy. The civil rights movement gained momentum through the NA
After Pearl Harbor, the Allies adopted a strategy of focusing first on defeating Hitler in Europe while containing Japan. This strategy aimed to give America time to ramp up its massive economic potential for war production. The US home front experienced full employment and conversion of industries to all-out war production, along with rationing of goods and migration of workers to centers of war manufacturing. The war effort ultimately revived the US economy and increased national unity, though Japanese internment caused civil liberties issues.
The document summarizes key events in Europe and Asia in the 1930s leading up to World War 2, and the evolving US response from isolationism to increased involvement. It describes how Roosevelt pulled out of the failed London Conference in 1933, weakening international cooperation. Fascist regimes rose in Germany, Italy and Japan in the 1930s, pursuing aggressive expansionism. The US passed Neutrality Acts aiming to stay out of conflicts but which had the effect of aiding the fascists. Germany remilitarized, invaded Austria and Czechoslovakia despite appeasement. Japan invaded China, and the USSR signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany. World War 2 began with the German invasion of Poland in 1939. The US moved
The Republican administrations of the 1920s pursued pro-business, conservative policies at home and economic unilateralism abroad. The administrations of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge lowered taxes, especially for corporations and the wealthy, and reduced regulations on businesses. However, Harding's administration became embroiled in scandals like Teapot Dome, which undermined public trust. Meanwhile, farmers struggled with low crop prices and the Republican-backed McNary-Haugen bill to provide relief was twice vetoed by Coolidge. Herbert Hoover was elected president in 1928, continuing the pro-business policies amid continued economic prosperity.
1. American society in the 1920s saw a "Red Scare" where fears of communism led to crackdowns on labor unions and immigrants. The Palmer Raids arrested thousands suspected of radical leftist views.
2. Nativism increased as immigration quotas heavily favored immigrants from northern and western Europe. The Ku Klux Klan also resurged during this time. Prohibition criminalized the production and sale of alcohol from 1920 to 1933.
3. The 1920s saw widespread economic prosperity and consumerism as new industries like automobiles and advertising boomed. Installment plans allowed for mass consumption on credit. However, the prosperity of the Roaring Twenties was unevenly distributed and would not last long.
The document summarizes key events in America's turn to overseas expansion in the late 19th century. It describes growing American ambition and belief in cultural superiority that fed expansionism. The US acquired Alaska from Russia in 1867 and began asserting influence in Latin America through the Blaine policy. Tensions with European powers increased through incidents in the 1880s-1890s. The US annexed Hawaii in 1898 after a rebellion. The US also became embroiled in Cuba's rebellion against Spain and responded to the sinking of the USS Maine by declaring war on Spain in 1898. The US victory in the Spanish-American War resulted in the acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines from Spain. This touched off debates over US imperialism
This document provides an overview of different sections in a chapter on business organizations. The sections include forms of business organization, business growth and expansion, and nonprofit organizations. Key points covered are the different types of business entities like sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations; how businesses can grow through reinvestment of profits or mergers; and examples of nonprofit organizations.
Woodrow Wilson became President in 1912 after Democrats nominated him as a progressive reformer. He defeated Republican incumbent President Taft and former President Theodore Roosevelt, who ran as a third party candidate. As President, Wilson ushered in significant progressive reforms like the Federal Reserve Act and lowering tariffs. In foreign policy, he believed in promoting American values abroad but tried to maintain neutrality in World War I for as long as possible to avoid entering the war. However, German submarine attacks on passenger ships eventually helped push public opinion towards supporting entering the war on the side of the Allies.
The passage provides background on the rise of Progressivism in the United States by the early 1900s in response to growing social problems and the unchecked power of large corporations. It discusses key goals of Progressives like strengthening the government's role in regulating businesses and social welfare. Some of the major figures and events discussed include muckraking journalists who exposed corruption, Theodore Roosevelt's trust-busting and environmental conservation efforts as President, and the split of the Republican party between conservatives and Progressives.
This document provides an overview of different economic systems. It begins with an introduction to the chapter and sections on economic systems, evaluating economic performance, and the American free enterprise system. The document then discusses traditional, command, and market economies, as well as mixed economies. It explains the characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of each system. The document also covers economic and social goals in the U.S., such as economic freedom, equity, and security. It discusses resolving conflicts between goals through weighing costs and benefits. Finally, it describes the characteristics of a free enterprise capitalist system as embodied in the American economy.
By the late 19th century, many Americans were moving to cities drawn by new industrial jobs. Rapid urbanization led to overcrowded living conditions, inadequate infrastructure, and public health issues. Between 1870 and 1890, the US population doubled and the population of cities tripled. By 1900, 40% of Americans lived in cities of over 2500 people, with New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago each surpassing 1 million residents. Immigrants, especially those from southern and eastern Europe, integrated less easily than earlier groups and faced nativist backlash. Reformers worked to address urban problems and help immigrants through settlement houses, social programs, and advocacy for workers' rights.
This document summarizes the development of the railroad industry in the United States between 1865-1900. It describes how the railroad network expanded dramatically after the Civil War, driven by government subsidies in the form of large land grants. The completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869 connected the country by rail and spurred major economic growth and western expansion. However, the railroad industry was plagued by corruption and monopolistic practices. This led to the first attempts at government regulation through acts like the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The growth of railroads was central to the massive industrialization of the U.S. economy during this period.
Grant was re-elected in 1872 despite corruption scandals plaguing his administration. The Panic of 1873 led to a severe recession and calls for inflationary policies like coinage of silver dollars, but Grant rejected these proposals. In the election of 1876, Democrat Samuel Tilden won the popular vote but the election was disputed, leading to the Compromise of 1877 that ended Reconstruction. Corruption continued through the Gilded Age as both major parties focused more on patronage than issues. The Populist Party emerged in the 1890s to advocate for farmers as agrarian discontent grew over economic issues like the McKinley Tariff.
Grant was popular after the Civil War but proved unsuited for the presidency. During the Gilded Age from 1869-1889, politics were characterized by corruption and weak differences between the Republican and Democratic parties. The disputed 1876 election between Hayes and Tilden highlighted tensions over Reconstruction, which ended with the Compromise of 1877 and imposition of Jim Crow laws in the South.
The document summarizes some of the major problems and events during the Reconstruction era after the Civil War. It discusses questions around rebuilding the South, granting citizenship to freed slaves, and reintegrating southern states into the Union. It describes the economic and social devastation of the South, and how freed slaves began defining their newfound freedom. It also outlines the creation and goals of the Freedmen's Bureau, as well as southern resentment towards it. Finally, it summarizes President Johnson's reconstruction plans, the passage of Black Codes, and rising tensions between Johnson and Congress over reconstruction policies.
The document summarizes key developments during the Gilded Age in the United States from 1865-1900. Some of the major events and trends discussed include:
1) The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 which connected the country and accelerated industrialization.
2) The rise of large trusts like Standard Oil and U.S. Steel which came to dominate entire industries through consolidation and integration.
3) Technological innovations in areas like electricity, steel production, and oil refining that powered the Second Industrial Revolution and made the U.S. the most powerful economy in the world by 1900.
4) However, this period also saw the rise of corporate power, inequality, and exploitation of workers
This document provides an overview of Reconstruction in the post-Civil War South from 1865-1877. It describes the economic and social devastation of the South after the war. It also discusses the challenges faced by freed slaves in defining their newfound freedom, including establishing their own churches and schools. The Freedmen's Bureau was created to aid freed slaves but faced opposition. Andrew Johnson clashed with Congress over his lenient Reconstruction plans. Southern states enacted Black Codes to restrict freed slaves' rights, prompting the Civil Rights Act and 14th Amendment. Radical and Moderate Republicans disagreed on the speed and extent of Reconstruction reforms in the South.
The document summarizes some of the major problems and events during the Reconstruction era after the Civil War, including:
1) The South faced massive social, economic, and infrastructure problems following the war's end. Freed slaves sought to define their newfound freedom, often leaving plantations in search of work and establishing schools and churches.
2) Congress established the Freedmen's Bureau to aid freed slaves, though southern whites resented its presence and assistance to blacks. The Bureau ultimately failed to achieve all its goals before being shut down in 1872.
3) Disagreements arose between President Johnson, who favored a quick restoration of the former Confederate states, and the Republican-led Congress, which sought to
2. I. The Menace of Secession
• Lincoln’s inaugural address:
• Was firm yet conciliatory
• There would be no conflict unless the South provoked
it
• Secession was wholly impractical
• The North and South were conjoined twins, bound
inseparably together
– Concession would create new controversies:
• What share of the federal debt should the South be
forced to take with it?
3. I. The Menace of Secession
(cont.)
• What portion of the jointly held federal territories
should the Confederate states be allotted?
• How would the fugitive slave issue be resolved?
– A united United States had been the paramount
republic in the Western Hemisphere:
• If this powerful democracy broke into two hostile
parts:
– Europeans could transplant their concept of balance of
power
– They could play the divide and conquer game—creating a
dis-United states
5. II. South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter
– Issue of the divided Union came to a head over
the matter of federal forts in the South:
• As the seceding states left, they seized the United
States’ arsenals, mints and other public property in
their borders
• Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor
– Short on supply; caused Lincoln to adopt a middle-of-the
road solution
– He notified South Carolinians that an expedition would be
sent to provision the garrison, though not to reinforce it
– He promised “no effort to throw in men, arms, and
ammunition.”
6. II. South Carolina Assails Fort
Sumter (cont.)
– To Southern eyes “provision” still spelled “reinforcement”
• A Union naval force was next started on its way to
Fort Sumter—a move the South regarded as an act of
aggression
• On April 12, 1861 cannon of the Carolinians opened
fire on the fort
• After a 34 hour bombardment, no lives taken, the
dazed garrison surrendered
• The North was electrified and provoked to fighting:
– The fort was lost, but the Union was saved.
– Lincoln turned a tactical defeat into a calculated victory.
7. II. South Carolina Assails Fort
Sumter (cont.)
– Lincoln (April 15) issued a call to the states for
75,000 militiamen:
• Volunteers sprang to the colors
• April 19 and 27, the president proclaimed a blockade
of Southern seaports
• The call for troops aroused the South
• Lincoln was now waging war—from the Southern
view an aggressive war—on the Confederacy
• Virginia, Arkansas Tennessee reluctantly joined
Confederacy, as did North Carolina (see Map 20.1)
8. II. South Carolina Assails Fort
Sumter (cont.)
– Seven states became eleven as the
“submissionists” and “Union shriekers” were
overcome
– Richmond, Virginia, replaced Montgomery,
Alabama, as the Confederate capital—too near
Washington for strategic comfort on either side
10. III. Brothers’ Blood and Border Blood
• Border states:
– The only slave states left
• Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and later
West Virginia—the “mountain whites” illegally tore
from Virginia in mid-1861
– They contained
• White population more than half that of the entire
Confederacy
• Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri: double the
manufacturing capacity of the South
11. III. Brothers’ Blood and Border
Blood (cont.)
• The strategic prize of the Ohio River flowed along the
northern border of Kentucky and West Virginia
• Two navigable tributaries, the Cumberland and
Tennessee Rivers, penetrated deep into Dixie
– This same area produced much of the Confederacy’s grain,
gunpowder and iron
– The Border States
• Lincoln successfully used methods of dubious legality
• In Maryland he declared martial law
• He deployed Union troops to western Virginia and
Missouri
12. III. Brothers’ Blood and Border
Blood (cont.)
– An official statement of the North’s war aims
was profoundly influential in the Border States
• Lincoln declared he was not fighting to free blacks
• Antislavery war was extremely unpopular in
“Butternut” region of southern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois
• This area was settled by Southerners who carried
their racial prejudices with them (pp. 236-237)
• Hot-bed of pro-Southern sentiment
• The war did not begin between slave soil and free soil
13. III. Brothers’ Blood and Border
Blood (cont.)
– Slavery also colored the character of the war in
the West:
• Indian territories and tribes sided with Confederacy
• The Cherokees owned slaves and had common
interest with the South
• To secure their loyalty, the Confederate government
agreed to take over federal payments to the tribes
• And invited the Native Americans to send delegates
to the Confederate congress
• In return the tribes supplied troops
14. III. Brothers’ Blood and Border
Blood (cont.)
– Some Cherokees—mostly Plain Indians—sided
with the Union
• The conflict between “Billy Yank” and “Johnny Reb”
was a brothers’ war (see pp. 422-423)
• Many Northern volunteers from the Southern states,
many Southern volunteers from the Northern states
• From the Border States, one brother rode north
(Blue) and one brother rode south (Gray)
16. IV. The Balance of Forces
– First the South seemed to have great
advantages:
• Could fight defensively behind interior lines
• North had to invade the vast unknown Confederacy,
conquer it, and drag it back into the Union
• South did not have to win the war to win its
independence
• South fought for self-determination and preservation
• South at first enjoyed high morale
• Militarily the South had the most talented officers,
especially Lee
17. IV. The Balance of Forces
(cont.)
• Ordinary Southerners were bred to fight
• The South seemed to be handicapped by the scarcity
of factories, but did manage to obtain sufficient
weaponry
– Southern Drawbacks
• Grave shortages of shoes, uniforms, and blankets
• The economy was the greatest Southern weakness,
but was the North’s greatest strength
• The North was not only a huge farm but a sprawling
factory (see Table 20.1)
18. IV. The Balance of Forces
(cont.)
• Yankees boasted ¾ of the nation’s wealth and ¾ of
30,000 miles of railroads
• The North controlled the seas with its superior navy
• Northern sea power enabled it to exchange huge
quantities of grain for munitions and supplies from
Europe
• The Union enjoyed a much larger reserve of
manpower, 22 million population; seceding states 9
million, including 3.5 million slaves
• North’s overwhelming soldiery were immigrants from
Europe pouring into the North (see Table 20.2)
19. IV. The Balance of Forces
(cont.)
• 1/5 of Union forces were foreign-born and in some
units there were four different languages
• Ordinary Northern boys were less prepared than
Southern counterparts for military life
• The North was much less fortunate in its higher
commanders
– Lincoln used a trial-and-error methods to determine the
most effective leaders finally uncovering Ulysses Simpson
Grant
• The Northern strengths outweighed those of the
South
20. IV. The Balance of Forces
(cont.)
• Beginning of the war more favorable for the South to
win
– The might-have-beens are fascinating:
• If the Border States had seceded,
• If the uncertain states of the upper Mississippi Valley
had turned against the Union,
• If a wave of Northern defeatism had demanded an
armistice,
• And if Britain and/or France had broken the Union’s
naval blockade of Southern ports, the South might
well have won—but the South could not hope to win.
26. V. Dethroning King Cotton
• Successful revolutions generally succeed
because of foreign intervention:
– Of Confederacy's potential assets this was the
most important—foreign intervention
• Europe’s ruling classes were openly sympathetic to
the Confederate cause:
– They had long abhorred American democratic experiment
– They cherished a kind of fellow-feeling for the South’s
semifeudal, aristocratic social order
27. V. Dethroning King Cotton
(cont.)
– Northern interests:
• The mass of working people in Britain were pulling
and praying for the North
• They read Uncle Tom’s Cabin and sensed that the war
might extinguish slavery if the North emerged
victorious
– Thus the dead hands of Uncle Tom helped Uncle Sam by
restraining the British and French ironclads from piercing
the Union blockade.
– The British textile mills depended on the American South for
75% of their cotton supplies.
28. V. Dethroning King Cotton
(cont.)
– Why did King Cotton fail the South?
• Strong production in the prewar years-1857-1860,
• Enormous exports had piled up surpluses in British
warehouses
• Later many British workers were unemployed
• Direct effects of “cotton famine” were relieved:
– Hunger of unemployed workers was partially eased by
Americans sending over foodstuffs
– Union armies’ victories gave them the cotton to ship to
Britain
– The Confederates ran a limited quantity through blockades
29. V. Dethroning King Cotton
(cont.)
– Cotton growers in Egypt and India, responding to high
prices, increased their output and captured a share of the
world cotton markets
– Booming war industries in England, which supplied North
and South, relieved unemployment
• King Wheat and King Corn—the monarch of Northern
agriculture—proved more potent potentates than
King Cotton.
– North produced bountiful crops of grain and harvested
them with McCormick’s mechanical reaper
– Britain was forced to import huge quantities of grain from
America—which was cheaper and most abundant
32. VI. The Decisiveness of Diplomacy
• Trent affair—
– 1861 Union warship in Cuban waters was
stopped by the British mail steamer, Trent
• Forced removal of two Confederate diplomats bound
for Europe
• Britons were outraged
• Yankees could not boldly offend the Mistress of the
Sea
• War preparations buzzed
• Red-coated troops embarked for Canada
33. VI. The Decisiveness Diplomacy
(cont.)
• Alabama—
– Second major crisis in Anglo-American relations:
• Over the unneutral building in Britain of Confederate
commerce-raiders
– The Alabama escaped in 1862 to the Portuguese Azores,
loaded weapons and crews from two British ships that
followed it
– Flying Confederate flags and officered by Confederates, it
was manned by Britons and never entered a Confederate
port
– Britain was the chief naval base of the Confederacy
34. VI. The Decisiveness Diplomacy
(cont.)
• “British pirate” captured over sixty vessels
• The Alabama finally accepted a challenge from a
stronger Union cruiser off the coast of in 1864 and
was quickly destroyed.
• The issue of British-built Confederate raiders stay
alive.
• American minister Charles Francis Adams
– prodded the British to perceive that allowing such ships was
a dangerous precedent and someday could be used against
them
35. VI. The Decisiveness Diplomacy
(cont.)
• Britain could not remain neutral:
– Confederate commerce-destroyers, chiefly British-built,
captured over 250 Yankee ships
– Severely crippling the American merchant marine, which
never fully recovered
• American looked north and talked about grabbing
Canada when the war was over
36. VII. Foreign Flare-ups
• Third and final Anglo-American crisis:
– Laird rams—two Confederate warships being
constructed in the shipyard of John Laird and
Sons in Great Britain
• Designed to destroy Union wooden ships with their
iron rams and large-caliber guns
• Minister Adams warned that “this is war” if the rams
were released
• The London government relented and bought the two
ships for the Royal Navy
37. VII. Foreign Flare-ups
(cont.)
• Britain:
– Agreed in 1871 to submit the Alabama dispute
to arbitration
– And in 1872 paid American claimants $15.5
million for damages caused by wartime
commerce-raiders
– American rancor was also directed at Canada:
– Where Southern agents plotted to burn Northern cities
– One Confederate raid into Vermont left three banks
plundered and one American citizen dead
38. VII. Foreign Flare-up
(cont.)
• Dominion of Canada 1867:
– Two great nations emerged from the fiery
furnace of the Civil War:
• One was a reunited United States
• The other was a united Canada
• Emperor Napoleon III:
• Dispatched a French army to occupy Mexico City
• Installed a puppet government with Austrian
archduke Maximilian as emperor of Mexico
39. VII. Foreign Flare-up
(cont.)
• These two acts were flagrant violations of the
Monroe Doctrine
– United States gave aid to the resistance
movement headed by Mexico’s beloved national
hero: Benito Juarez
• After the Civil War was over Americans were going to
head south to Mexico
– Napoleon realized that his costly gamble was doomed
– He reluctantly took “French leave” of his puppet gov’t. in
1867
– Maximilian crumpled ingloriously before a Mexican firing
squad
40. VIII. President Davis Versus President
Lincoln
• The Confederate government weakness:
– Its constitution contained one deadly defect
• Created by secession, it could not logically deny
future secession to its constituent states
– President Jefferson want a well-knit central
government: opposed by states’ rights
– The Richmond regime encountered difficulty
persuading certain state troopers to serve
outside their own borders
41. VIII. President Davis Versus
President Lincoln (cont.)
• President Davis never enjoyed real personal
popularity and was often at loggerheads with
his congress
– Serious talk of impeachment
– He overworked himself
– Task proved beyond his powers
42. VIII. President Davis Versus
President Lincoln (cont.)
• Lincoln had his troubles:
– More experienced but less flexible than Davis
– Able to relax with droll stories at critical times
– “Old Abe” grew as the war dragged on
– Tactful, quiet, patient, yet firm
– He developed a genius for interpreting and
leading a fickle public opinion
• He demonstrated charitableness toward the South
and forbearance toward backbiting colleagues
44. IX. Limitations on Wartime Liberties
• Congress, in times of crisis, generally accepts or
confirms the president's questionable acts
• Lincoln did not believe that once the war was over
that his ironhanded authority would continue
• Congress not in session when war started, so Lincoln
gathered the reins into his own hands
– Brushing aside legal objections, he boldly proclaimed a
blockade
– Arbitrarily increased the size of the Federal army—
something only Congress can do under the Constitution (see
Art. I, Sec. VIII, para 12); Congress later approved
45. IX. Limitations on Wartime
Liberties (cont.)
– Directed the Secretary of the Treasury to advance $2 million
without appropriation of security to three private citizens
for military purpose:
» A grave irregularity contrary to the Constitution (see
Art. I, Sec. IX, para. 7)
– Suspended the precious privilege of the writ of habeas
corpus, so that anti-Unionists could be arrested
» Defied a dubious ruling by the chief justice that the
safeguards of habeas corpus could be set aside only w/
authorization of Congress (see Art. I., Sec. IX,para.2)
– His regime was guilty of many other highhanded acts.
• Davis was less able than Lincoln to exercise arbitrary
power, mainly because of states’ righters.
46. X. Volunteers and Draftees: North
and South
• War demanded men—lots of men:
– Northern armies first manned solely by
volunteers
• Each state assigned a quota based on population
– 1863 Congress passed the first conscription law
• The provisions were grossly unfair to the poor
• One could hire a substitute or pay $300 for exemption
rights
• The draft was especially damned in the Democratic
strongholds of the north, notably in New York City
47. X. Volunteers and Draftees: North
and South (cont.)
• Elsewhere in the north, conscription met with
resentment and an occasional minor riot
• 90% of the Union troops were volunteers
• Recruits were found in other places
• Deserters were plentiful—the Union army recorded
about 200,000 deserters
• Confederate authorities were plagued with a runaway
problem of similar dimensions
48. X. Volunteers and Draftees: North
and South (cont.)
• The South:
– Relied mainly on volunteers:
• Less populous, it scraped the bottom (see Table 20.3)
• The Richmond regime robbed both “cradle and grave”
(age seventeen to fifty); was forced to resort to
conscription as early as 1862
– Nearly a year before the Union
– Confederate draft regulations worked serious
injustices
49. X. Volunteers and Draftees: North
and South (cont.)
• A man could hire a substitute or purchase exemption
• Slaveowners or overseers with twenty slaves might
also claim exemption
• Confederation conscription agents avoided areas
inhibited by sharpshooting mountain whites
53. XI. The Economic Stresses of War
• Northern economies:
– Blessed with a lion’s share of the wealth
• Excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol were increased
by Congress
• An income tax was levied for the first time
• Customs receipts proved important revenue-raisers
– Congress 1861 passed the Morrill Tariff Act:
• Increased duties some 5 to 10 percent,
• Soon pushed upward by the necessities of war
54. XI. The Economic Stresses of War
(cont.)
– Partly to raise revenue
– Partly to provide more protection for the prosperous
manufacturers who were being plucked by the new internal
taxes
• A protective tariff became identified with the
Republican party, as American industrialists were
mostly Republican.
– Greenbacks:
• Washington Treasury issued paper money, totaling
nearly $450 million at face value
– Printing-press currency was inadequately supported by
gold, hence its value was determined by the nation’s credit
55. XI. The Economic Stresses of War
(cont.)
– Bonds:
• Government netted $2,621,916,786 from the sale of
bonds
• Method of sale was through “drives” and payroll
deductions had not been devised
• The Treasury was forced to market its bonds through
private banking house of Jay Cooke and Company,
which received a commission of three-eights of 1%
• Profits and patriotism at stake, the bankers
succeeded in making effective appeals to citizen
purchasers
56. XI. The Economic Stresses of War
(cont.)
• National Banking System
– Financial landmark of the war
• Authorized by Congress in 1863
• Launched as a stimulant to the sale of government
bonds
• Also designed to establish a standard bank-note
currency
– Banks that joined the National Banking System could buy
government bonds and issue sound paper money backed by
them
57. XI. The Economic Stresses of War
(cont.)
– The first significant step toward a unified
banking network since 1836:
• Existed for 50 years, then replaced by the Federal
Reserve System in 1913.
• Southern financial woes:
– Custom duties were cut off by Union blockade
– Confederate bonds sold amounting to $400
million
– Increased taxes sharply and imposed a 10% levy
on farm produce
58. XI. The Economic Stresses of War
(cont.)
– The government was forced to print blue-backed
paper money
– “Runaway inflation” occurred with backed
treasury notes, totaling more than $1 billion.
• These eventually sank to be worth only 1.6 cents.
• The war inflicted a 9,000% inflation rate on the
Confederacy, contrasted with 80% for the Union.
59. XII. The North’s Economic Boom
• Wartime prosperity in the North was little
short of miraculous:
– New factories, sheltered by the new protective
tariffs, mushroomed
• Soaring prices pinched the day laborer and the whitecollar worker to some extent
• But the manufacturers and businesspeople raked in
“the fortunes of war.”
60. XIII. The North’s Economic Boom
(cont.)
– The Civil War bred a millionaire class for the first
time in American history:
• Graft was more flagrant in the North partly because
there was more to steal
• Yankee “sharpness” appeared at its worst
– Newly invented laborsaving machinery enabled
the North to expand economically
• Even though war drained off manpower
• The sewing machine wrought wonders in fabricating
uniforms and military footwear
61. XIII. The North’s Economic Boom
(cont.)
• The marriage of military need and innovative
machinery largely ended the production of customtailored clothing
– Graduated standard measurements were introduced
• Mechanical reapers numbered 250,000 by 1865
– Released tens of thousands of farm boys for the army and
fed them their field rations
– Produced vast surpluses of grain that were sent abroad
– Helped dethrone King Cotton
– Provided profits to buy munitions and supplies from abroad
– Contributed to the prosperity of the North—a prosperity
that enabled the Union to weather the war
62. XIII. The North’s Economic Boom
(cont.)
• Other industries were humming:
– Discovery of petroleum (1859)
• Lead to the “Fifty-Niners” to Pennsylvania
• Birth of the “petroleum plutocracy” and “coal oil
Johnnies”
– Pioneers continued to push westward
• Estimated 300,000
• Homestead Act (1862).
– Only the ocean-carrying trade suffered a
crippling setback
63. XIII. The North’s Economic Boom
(cont.)
• The Civil War was a women’s war, too:
• Women often took men’s jobs as they went off to war
• In Washington, D.C., 500 women clerks became
government workers, with over 100 in the Treasury
Department
• Countless women were drawn into industrial
employment
• Some stepped up to the fighting front
– Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, America’s first female physician
helped organize the U.S. Sanitary Commission to assist the
Union armies in the field
64. XIII. The North’s Economic Boom
(cont.)
– U.S. Sanitary Commission:
• Trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and
equipped hospitals
• Helped women to acquire the organizational skills
and the self-confidence that would compel the
women’s movement
• Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix helped transform
nursing into a respectful profession
• Equally renowned was Sally Tompkins, who ran an
infirmary for wounded Confederate soldiers.
– Women organized bazaars and fairs to raise
money.
67. XIII. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
• The South fought to the point of exhaustion:
– Losses suffered by destruction wrought by
invaders and suffocation of the blockade
– Possessing 30% of the national wealth (1860),
the South claimed only 12% in 1870
– The Civil War squeezed the average Southern
income to 2/5 of the Northern level
– The South’s bid for independence exacted a
cruel and devastating cost
68. XIII. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
(cont.)
– Transportation collapsed
• Driven to economic cannibalism of pulling up rails to
repair main ones
– Window weights were melted down into bullets
– Gourds replaced dishes and pins were reluctantly
loaned.
• To the brutal end, the South mustered
remarkable resourcefulness and spirit
– Women buoyed up their menfolk
69. XIII. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
(cont.)
– A proposal was made that women cut their long
hair and sell it abroad—blocked by the blockade
– Women took pride in denying themselves the
silks and satins of their Northern sisters
• At war’s end the Northern Captains of
Industry had conquered the Southern Lords
of the Manor
Bombardment of Fort
Sumter, South Carolina,
April 1861 At 4:30 the
morning of April 12, a
Confederate battery at
Fort Johnson opened fire
on the Union Forces at
Fort Sumter in Charleston
Harbor. Residents of
Charleston cheered from
their rooftops as the
beleaguered garrison
briefly returned fire,
surrendered, and then
fled.
Map 20.1 Seceding States
(with dates and order of secession)
Note the long interval—
nearly six months—between the
secession of South Carolina, the
first state to go, and that of Tennessee,
the last state to leave the
Union. These six months were a
time of terrible trial for moderate
Southerners. When a Georgia
statesman pleaded for restraint
and negotiations with Washington,
he was rebuffed with the cry,
“Throw the bloody spear into this
den of incendiaries!”
Friendly Enemies The man on the right is George
Armstrong Custer. The youngest general in the Union
army, this brilliant young officer survived the Civil War only
to lose his life and that of every soldier under his command
to Sioux warriors at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in
1876—“Custer’s Last Stand.” The man on the left is a
Southern soldier and prisoner of war. He and Custer had
been classmates at West Point.
A Union Private
A Confederate Soldier
The Technology of War One of the new machines of destruction that made the Civil War the first mechanized war, this eight and-
a-half-ton federal mortar sat on a railroad flatcar in Petersburg, Virginia, ready to hurl two-hundred-pound missiles as far as
two and a half miles. T his powerful artillery piece rode on the tracks of a captured Southern railroad—itself another artifact of
modern technology that figured heavily in the war. Of the 31,256 miles of railroad track in the United States in 1861, less than
30 percent, or 9,283 miles, were in the Confederate states, soon reduced by Union capture and destruction to 6,000 miles. T he
Confederate government’s failure to understand the military importance of railroads contributed substantially to its defeat.
Recruiting Immigrants for the Union Army This poster
in several languages appeals to immigrants to enlist.
Immigrant manpower provided the Union with both
industrial and military muscle.
The Pending Conflict, 1863 Great Britain and France
look on while the Americans struggle. Despite repeated
pleas from Confederate diplomats for recognition and aid,
both France and Britain refrained from intervening in the
American conflict—not least because of the Union’s
demonstrated strength on the battlefield and its economic
importance to European importers.
Lincoln at Antietam (also known as Sharpsburg),
October 1862 Deeply committed to his responsibilities
as commander in chief, President Lincoln visited Union
forces on the battlefield several times during the war. With
him here at Antietam are the detective Allan Pinkerton (on
the left), who provided intelligence to the Union army, and
General John McClernand, who often accompanied the
president on his travels
Leg Amputation on the Battlefields of Virginia A
surgeon wearing a hat and a sword amputates the leg of a
wounded soldier, while an anesthetist (facing the camera)
holds a sponge dipped in chloroform over the patient’s
nose. A surgical assistant ties a tourniquet to stem the flow
of blood. Other soldiers, dressed in Zouave uniforms
modeled on North African designs, which were popular
among some Northern and Southern regiments, watch
closely, likely aware of the dangers accompanying such
crude surgery. An estimated 30 percent of amputees died
from postoperative complications, most often infections.
The New York City Anti-Draft Rioters, 1863 Mostly
Irish American mobs convulsed the city for days and were
in the end put down only by a merciless application of
Federal firepower.
Booth at the Sanitary Fair in
Chicago, 1863 The Chicago
Sanitary Fair was the first of many
such fairs throughout the nation to
raise funds for soldier relief efforts.
Mainly organized by women, the fair
sold captured Confederate flags,
battle relics, handicrafts like these
potholders (left), and donated items,
including P resident Lincoln’s original
draft of the Emancipation Proclamation
(which garnered $3,000 in
auction). When the fair closed, the
Chicago headquarters of the U.S.
Sanitary Commission had raised
$100,000, and its female managers
had gained organizational experience
that many would put to work
in the postwar movement for
women’s rights.
Booth at the Sanitary Fair in
Chicago, 1863 The Chicago
Sanitary Fair was the first of many
such fairs throughout the nation to
raise funds for soldier relief efforts.
Mainly organized by women, the fair
sold captured Confederate flags,
battle relics, handicrafts like these
potholders (left), and donated items,
including P resident Lincoln’s original
draft of the Emancipation Proclamation
(which garnered $3,000 in
auction). When the fair closed, the
Chicago headquarters of the U.S.
Sanitary Commission had raised
$100,000, and its female managers
had gained organizational experience
that many would put to work
in the postwar movement for
women’s rights.