The document discusses how the Americas changed during the long 19th century. It covers several topics: 1) European and Asian immigrants helped shape the Americas through their contributions to population growth, economic development, and increased diversity. 2) The westward expansion in the US led to conflicts with Native Americans and Mexico over land. 3) Canada avoided civil war and gained independence gradually through negotiations rather than war. 4) Latin America struggled with instability as new constitutions were created but leaders lacked experience with self-government.