MasterTheory VariablesAboriginalBehavior TheoryClient-Centered The.docx

MasterTheory VariablesAboriginalBehavior TheoryClient-
Centered TheoryCognitive Theory Communication
TheoryConstructivismCrisis TheoryEgo
PsychologyEmpowerment TheoryExistential TheoryFeminist
TheoryFunctional TheoryGestalt TheoryHypnosisLife
ModelMaterialist TheoryMeditation TheoryNarrative
TheoryNeurolinguistic TheoryProblem-Solving
TheoryPsychoanalytic TheoryPsychosocial TheoryRole
TheorySystems TheoryTask-Centered TheoryTransactional
Analysis TheoryTranspersonal TheoryOverviewPrincipal Social
Work AuthorsMawhiney, A., Nabigon, H., Waterfall,
B.Gambrill, E., Rose, S., Stuart, R., Thomlison, R., Thyer,
B.Fischer, J., Larsen, J., Rowe, W., Shulman, L.Goldstein, H.,
Lantz, J., Werner, H.Greene, G., Grove, D., Nelsen, J., Segal,
L., Solovery, A.Carpenter, D., Fisher, D.D.V., Hoffman, L.,
Laird, J.Ell, K., Golan, N., Parad, H.Austin, L., Garrett, A.,
Goldstein, E.G., Hamilton, G.Gutierrez, L. M., Lee, J.A.B.,
Pinderhughes, E., Solomon, B.Bradford, K., Curry, A., Krill,
D., Weiss, D.Hooyman, N.R., Jenkins, M.B., Russel, M.N.,
Valentich, M., Van Den Berg, N.Dunlap, K., Faatz, J., Pray, K.,
Smalley, R.E., Robinson, V., Taft, J.Congrress, E., Lammert,
M., Levenson, J., Napoli, D.Nugent, W., Thyer, B.Germain, C.,
Gitterman, A.Bailey, R., Brake, M., Burghardt, S., Fabricant,
M.Keefe, T.Dean, R., Kelley, P., Hoffman, L., Laird, J., White,
M.Angell, G. B., McLean, M., Zastrow, C.Brill, N., Jaco, R.M.,
McMahon, M., Siporin, M., Turner, J.Freiberg, S., Hamilton,
G., Hellenbrand, S., Strean, H.Hamilton, G., Hollis, F.,
Richmond, M., Turner, F., Woods, M.Davis, L.V., Perlman,
H.H., Strean, H., Thomas, E.J.Andofe, M., Andreae, D.,
Compton, B.R., Galaway, B., Pincus, A., Minihan, A.Epstein,
L., Reid, W., Rooney, R., Telson, E.Coburn, D.C., Cooper, M.,
Turner, S.Canda, E., Cowley, A., Derezotes, D., Vincentla,
J.Principal Authors Outside of Social WorkAntoine, R.,
McKenzie, B., Miller, D., Morisette, L.Bandura, A., Beck, A.,

Meichenbaum, D., Skinner, B.F., Wolpe, J.Berenson, B.,
Carkhuff, R., Rogers, C., Truax, C.B.Beck, A., Ellis, A.,
Lazarus, A.Coyne, J., Fisch, R., Haley, J., Madanes, C.,
Watzlawick, P.Kant, I., Kelly, G., Maturana, H., Watzlawick,
P.Caplan, G., Lindeman, E.Erikson, E., Hartman, H., Mahler,
M., White, K.Friere, P., Gillingan, C., Miller, J., Pouissant, A.,
Tamaz, G.Frankl, V., Hora, T., May, R., Offman, W.Collier, H.,
Hare-Mustin, R.T., Sturdivant, S., Worell, J.Rank, O.Nevis, E.,
Perls, F., Polster, E., Yontef, G.Erickson, M., Rossi, E.Bandler,
B.Draper, H, Engels, F., Heildbroner, R., Marx, K.Eastern
traditions, Goleman, D., Shapiro, D. H., Suzuki, D.I.Bruner, J.,
Epston, D., Jenkins, A., Tomm, K.Andreas, S., Bandler, R.,
Grinder, J., Dilts, R.Dewey, J.Fine, R., Freud, A., Freud, S.,
Hartman, H.Ackerman, N., Hartman, H., Satir, V., Freud,
S.Biddle, B.J., Goode, W.J., Linton, R.L., Sarbin, T.Bateson,
G., Minuchin, S., Von Bertalanffy, L, Weiner, N.Beck, A.,
Bundina, A., Goldman, A., Minuchin, S.Berne, E.Graf, S.,
Walsh, R., Vaughn, F., Washburn, M., Wilber, K.Closest Other
TheoriesExistentialism, Meditation, TranspersonalCognitive,
Social Learning, Task-CenteredExistential, Functional,
PsychosocialCommunication, Constructivism,
ExistentialConstructivisim, Systems, Task-CenteredCognitive,
Client-Centered, Existential, PsychosocialEgo Psychology,
PsychosocialCrisis, Problem Solving,
PsychosocialConstructivist, Feminist, Life Model, Narrative,
Psycho-socialClient-Centered, Cognitive, GestaltEmpowerment,
Problem Solving, Psycho-socialProblem Solving,
Psychoanalytic, Task-CenteredExistentialism, Life-Model,
Client-centeredCognitive, PsychodynamicProblem Solving,
ReciprocalFeminist, Role, SystemsCognitive, Existentialism,
GestaltConstructivism, Personal Construct, Problem Solving,
Solution

-focusedGestalt, Hypnosis, NarrativeBrief Therapy, Cognitive,
Task-CenteredEgo Psychology, PsychosocialEgo Psychology,
Life Model, Object RelationsCognitive, Systems, Transactional-
AnalysisGestaltProblem SolvingCognitive, Encounter, Gestalt,
Re-decisionBehavior, Ego Psychology, Existential,
PsychosocialLevel of Integration into SW PracticeBeginning
RecognitionStrongly InfluentialStrongly InfluentialMajor
TheoryBeginning RecognitionBeginning RecognitionMajor
TheoryMajor TheoryModerately/Strongly ImportantModerately
ImportantModerately ImportantMajor TheoryBeginning
RecognitionBeginning recognitionStrongly influentialBeginning
recognitionJust emergingBeginning recognitionStrongly
influentialMajor theoryMajor TheoryMajor TheoryBeginning
recognitionStrongly infuentialMajor TheoryBeginning
recognitionBeginning recognitionInterdisciplinary
UtilityStrongly UsefulPan-ProfessionalPan-ProfessionalPan-
ProfessionalPan-ProfessionalPan-ProfessionalPan-
ProfessionalPan-ProfessionalStrongly Useful for other
professionsStrongly Useful for other professionsStrongly Useful
for other professionsStrongly Useful for other
professionsStrongly Useful for other professionsStrongly useful
for other professionsModerate utility for other professionsPan-
professionalPan-professionalSrongly Useful for othe
professionsPan-professionalPan-professionalStrongly
usefulStrongly UsefulPan-professionalStrongly useful for other

professionsModerate Utility for other professionsPan-
ProfessionalPan-professionalEmpirical
BaseMinimalExtensiveStrongExtensiveModerateMinimalEmergi
ngStrongEmergingEmergingEmergingMinimalMinimalEmerging
/ModerateEmergingStrongModerateEmergingModerateEmerging
ExtensiveExtensiveModerateModerate/EmergingExtensiveMode
rateMinimal/EmergingExtent of SW
LiteratureMinimalModerateModerateStrongEmergingEmergingE
xtensiveExtensiveEmerging/ModerateMinimalModerateModerat
eMinimalMinimalExtensiveEmergingMinimalModerateModerate
ModerateExtensiveExtensiveModerateModerateExtensiveMinim
alEmergingAttributes of TheoryNature of therapeutic
ProcessUse of natural elements to heal mind, body, and
spiritShort-term time limited systemic & planned individual
behavior change program built on a positive relationshipTo
facilitate the natural self-actualizing tendency of persons toward
meeting their individual or collective life enhancing goalsTo
change patterns of irrational thinkingBrief prescriptions
focusing on defining problems & goals; Identifying problem
maintaining patterns, Implementing prescription to disrupt
themA conceptual framework from which treatment derives
emphasizing cognitive, psycho, & neurophysicalogic
mechanismsBrief, immediate emotional, cognitive tangible aid
with some pharmacological aid under specific conditionsTo
restore, maintain, & enhance ego functioning & person's ability

to cope with environmentClients examine internal & external
power blocks which disempower & work towards action to
change both & empower & liberatePromote understanding to
enhance choice & responsibility. Emphasis on heightened
awarenessEnabling women to take charge of their lives to
relieve stress & achieve social justiceTo engage client in a
time-limited process of personal growth leading to self-
actualization within the limits of the settingTo engage client in
intense emotional relationship focusing on greater self-
awareness & personal growthTo assist clients to access latent
potentialsTo elevate the level of fit between people & their
environment, & bear witness against social injusticeTo engage
client as equal in a safe relationship where the person-in-
situation can be exploredDevelopment of non-reactive
experiential self. Global desensitization, relaxation, & self-
regulationTo help client reauthor their lives, incorporating
wider views of self, offering more choiceShort term experiential
relationship focused on intention & behavior represented in
verbal/non-verbal communicationTo involve clients in the
cognitive emotional process in which processing factors in their
situation is the key factorAlthough designed for a long-term
relationship, applicable to many modalitiesTo facilitate
intrapsychic, interpersonal, intersystemic change through
mutual contact & client worker relationshipTo assist client to
understand how significant life roles critically influence past &

present socializationTo make client aware of the impact of
environment on behavior & behavior on the system(s)To help
clients specify self-perceived problems & to develop implement
tasks to resolve themTo engage client in taking responsibility
for their destinies, life scripts; people are capable of leading
healthy and productive livesTo assess & intervene in issues
related to spiritual dimensions, moral development, "beyond
ego" potentialTherapeutic Vocabulary Proper to TheoryFour
colors of man; four medicines; four sacred directions; healing;
Little Rascals; Sacred pipeAntecedant behaviors; Baseline
measure; Behavior-target; Behavior-inventory; Consequences;
Contingencies; Negative and Positive reinforcement;
ReinforcersAccurate empathy; Client/Person; Congruency;
Genuineness; Experiential; Positive Regard; Self-Actualization;
Self-Disclosing; ValuingCognitive misconception; Cognitive
restructuring; Homework; Irrational thinking; Rational self-
analysis; Relationship Behavioral prescriptions; Double bind;
1st & 2nd order change; Metacommunication; Pragmatics of
human communication; Reframing; Restraint from change;
Pragmatics of communicationAutopoiesis; Cognition;
Epistemological relativism; Ideosyncratic reality; Perception;
Schemas (beliefs); Structure determinism; Structural
couplingAmeliorative; Brief; Preventive;
PsychotherapeuticCorrective relationship; Defenses; Ego
assessment; Ego deficits; Ego mastery; Ego modification; Ego

strengths; Ego supportPersonal political & interpersonal
change; Empowering mutual processes; Challenging false
beliefs & oppression; Praxis; Consciousness raising; Telling the
story; Group & Individual actionWorld design (being in the
world); Value positions; Awareness; Here and now; Choice;
Intuitive knowing; Healing as revealing; Detached caring;
SufferingCollaborative relationship; Assessment; Gender
analysis; Personal is political; Empowerment; Advocacy;
Healing; Social ChangeAgency sanctions; Function; Growth;
Process; Purpose; Time; WillAwareness; Contact; Enactment of
dreams; Figure & ground; Here & now; Relationship; Self-
regulation; WholenessHynotic response; Induction; Post-
hypnotic; Relationship; Suggestion; Trance; UnconsciousDegree
of choice; Level of fit; Life course; Life stressors; Mutual
agreement; Relationship; Sensitivity to differences;
StrengthsCapitalism; Class consciousness; Dialectic; Socialism;
Production; Economics; LaborEgo; Desensitization; Observer
self; Present focus; Relaxation; Self-Awareness; Self-
observation; Stress reductionDeconstruct; Externalize; Problem-
saturated story; Reconstruct; Relative influence; Re-story;
Subjugated knowledge; Unique outcomesAnchoring; Changing
personal history; Eye-accessing cues; Metaphors; Para-message;
Preferred; Representational system; ReframingCapacity;
Cognitive activity; Context; Outcome; Problem; Process;
Solving; StagesAggression; Countertransference; Dreams;

Fantasies; Id-Ego-Superego; Resistnace; Sexuality;
Transference; UnconsciousPerson-situation configuration;
Internal/external force & system balance; Psychosocial study;
Differential assessment; Prescription procedure/communication
typology; Mutuality; Self-direction transferenceAlter; Ego; Role
ambiguity; Role conflict; Role complimentarity; Role
expectations; Role induction; Role reciprocityAwareness;
Boundaries; Closed systems; Dysfunction; Environment;
Family; Interlocking; Open systems; TherapyCollaborative;
Context; Empirically based; Integrative; Problem-solving;
Short-term; Structure; TasksI'm OK, You're OK; Life Scripts;
Positive strokes; Relationship; TherapyConsciousness;
Developmental; Multidimensional; Multimodal; Holistic; Post
Modern; Spirituality; TranspersonalImportance of Gender,
Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as
VariablesEssentialModerateSomewhatModerateSomewhatEssent
ialUnclear; lack of
researchEssentialEssentialModerateEssentialEssentialMinimalS
omewhatEssentialEssentialSomewhatEssentialModerateModerat
eModerateModerateEssentialStrongSomewhatModerateStrongIm
portance of Significant Environments in
ChangeEssentialEssentialSomewhatModerateModerateSomewha
tEssentialModerateEssentialStrongEssentialEssentialMinimalSo
mewhatEssentialEssentialSomewhatModerateSomewhatSomewh
atModerateEssentialStrongEssentialStrongModerateStrongRole

of Therapeutic RelationshipHelper/helpee: shares knowledge to
guide the person to achieve balancePositive relationship skills
focused on increasing desirable & decreasing undesirable
behavior to improve day to day functioningCentral: By
communicating accurate empathy, positive regard &
authenticity, clients' capacity for change will be unleashedTo
decrease client anxiety so that client can engage in treatmentTo
join client system to gain cooperation in carrying out behavioral
prescriptions (tasks & directives) between sessionsTo create
conditions to elicit constructive alternativism to form new &
novel problem meaningsProvide sense of safety, information re
normality of distress & resource mobilizationTo provide
encouragement, support & reality testing in order to help client
use & enhance ego strengths & repair deficitsTo assist client(s)
as they reflect on disempowerment & oppression issues & take
action toward personal and political changeGenerate hope,
vitality, spontaneity; Modeling of awareness and choosing;
Promote self understanding of clientTo provide women with
needed knowledge, skills, & support to make individual &
collective changes to end oppressionConstructive relationship
between worker & client creates environment in which client
can explore & freely express selfTo facilitate development of
greater self awareness & promote personal growthTherapist-
client rapport is used to facilitate trance induction & therapeutic
responseTo the therapeutic encounter worker brings knowledge

& skills; client brings experiential knowledge & their life
storiesTo assist person to understand the societally induced
constraints of human growth & developmentTo teach techniques
& assist client with difficulties encountered in practice of
techniqueCollaborative with client & worker having a dialogue
exploring clients' life story & alternative views of realityTo
guide client change by developing alternative behaviorally
linked communication patterns in support of positive
intentionsTo present client with logical model & method for
moving through problem solving processTo examine client's
present and past as it emerges in the transference relationship &
in the form resistance takesProvide encouragment non-
possessive warmth realistic hope accurate empathy, careful
listenting, genuiness & mutualityTo establish a complementarity
of the roles of client & therapist to foster client equilibriumTo
assist client, dyad, family, to understand the impact each has on
the other's behavior & that the whole is greater than its parts'
sumTo help client engage in structured processes of problem
identification/specification & tasks
development/implementationTo assist client in taking
responsibility for their own debilites (life scripts)To function as
an evocateur/mid-wife as client engages in spritual emergence;
To deal with spiritual malaise & emergenciesNature of
RelationshipElder with wisdom to be shared with learnerReality
based method/skills to empower, teach, purposeful management

approaches to one's environmentOpen trusting exchange
between equals ready to explore creative solutions & existential
questionsA reality based educational relationshipCollaborative
with the focus on client's relationships & life outside the
treatment relationshipTo foster a close alliance (structural
coupling) with therapist client role reversal for teacher-learner
rolesExpert with access to resources, supportive &
caringMixture of benigh parental authority & genuine human
experience that is accepting and encouragingAs equal dialogue
of partners, worker guides reflection & action on oppression
sharing at times authentic selfA reality based trusting
interchange between equals which is open and safePartnership
of equals who can grow & effect individual & social changeThe
reality based trusting relationship guided by worker focuses on
present as sample of past & futureClose personal Buber I-Thou
relationship in which power differences or objectivity are
minimizedTherapist meets client within the client's own model
of the worldA heuristic partnership with power differences
between the partners reduced to the greatest degree possibleA
respectful acceptance of persons as equal products of historic &
economic causesEmpathic & trustingA partnership collaborative
relationship where both parties explore client's problem stories
& strengthA directive process using the workers skill to effect
client change cognitively & behaviorallyA relationship of
equality & objectivity where client is guided to a logical &

acceptable solutionA working alliance is utilized to explore
transference manifestations & other phenomenaAn open, mutual
reflective interaction in which the needs & goals of client are
primaryThe seeking of a comfortable role partnership
facilitative of desired changeThrough trust, therapist acts as
guide & facilitator showing how system & people influence;
Often directiveA caring relationship that stresses practioner-
client collaboration & practitioner avoidance of hidden
agendasA reality-based trusting relationship between therapist
& clientCo-creator; Horizontal; ReciporicalImportance of
Transference in
RelationshipMinimalMinimalModerateSomewhatMinimalVery
strongMinimalModerateMinimal to
somewhatMinimalMinimalSomewhatMinimalMinimalModerate
MinimalMinimalMinimalStrongSomewhatVery
strongModerateSomewhatModerateMinimalModerateModerateSi
gnificance of Unconscious in Functioning and ChangeVery
strongMinimalSomewhatModerateMinimalMinimalMinimalSom
ewhatSomewhatModerateSomewhatMinimalMinimalVery
StrongSomewhatSomewhatMinimalMinimalVery
strongMinimalVery
strongModerateSomewhatSomewhatSomewhatModerateModerat
eValue BaseBasic Human Nature (in order of preference)Good;
Neutral; FlawedNeutral; Good; FlawedGood; Neutral;
FlawedNeutral; Good; FlawedNeutralNeutral; Good;

FlawedNeutral; Good; FlawedGood; Flawed;
NeutralNeutralNeutral; Good; FlawedGood; Neutral;
FlawedGood; Flawed; NeutralGood; Neutral; FlawedGood;
Neutral; FlawedGood; Neutral; FlawedNeutral; Flawed;
GoodGood; N/A; N/ANeutral; Good; FlawedGood; Neutral;
FlawedGood; Neutral; FlawedNeutral; Flawed; GoodGood;
Neutral; FlawedGood; Neutral; FlawedNeutral; Good;
FlawedGood; Neutral; FlawedGood; Flawed; NeutralGood;
Neutral; FlawedActivity (in order of preference)Doing; Being;
Being in BecomingBeing in Becoming; Being; DoingBeing in
Becoming; Being; DoingDoing; Being in Becoming;
BeingDoing; Being in Becoming; BeingBeing in Becoming;
Being; DoingDoing; Being in Becoming; BeingBeing; Being in
Becoming; DoingBeing in Becoming; Doing; BeingBeing in
Becoming; Doing; BeingBeing in Becoming; Being=DoingBeing
in Becoming; Being; DoingBeing in Becoming; Being;
DoingDoing=Being=Being in BecomingBeing in Becoming;
Being; DoingDoing; Being in Becoming; BeingBeing in
Becoming; Being; DoingBeing in Becoming; Being;
DoingDoing; Being; Being in BecomingDoing; Being in
Becoming; BeingBeing; Being in Becoming;
DoingDoing=Being=Being in BecomingDoing; Being=Being in
BecomingDoing; Being in Becoming; BeingDoing; Being in
Becoming; BeingDoing; Being; Being in BecomingBeing in
Becoming; Being; DoingRelational (in order of

preference)Family; Individual; CommunityIndividual; Family;
GroupIndividual; Group; familyIndividual; Group;
familyFamily; Group; IndividualIndividual; Family;
GroupIndividual; Group; familyIndividual; Group;
familyGroup=Individual=Family=CommunityFamily; Group;
IndividualGroup; Individual; FamilyFamily; Group;
IndividualIndividual; Group;
familyIndividual=Group=FamilyIndividual=Group=FamilyGrou
p; Family; IndividualIndividual; Family; GroupFamily;
Individual; GroupIndividual; Family; GroupIndividual; Family;
GroupIndividual; Group;
familyIndivdual=Group=FamilyGroup=Family;
IndividualFamily; Group; IndividualIndividual; Family;
GroupIndividual; Group; familyIndividual; Family; GroupTime
PreferencePast; Present; FuturePresent; Future; PastPresent;
Future; PastPresent; Future; PastPresent; Future; PastPresent;
Future; PastPresent; Past; FuturePresent; Past; FuturePresent;
Past; FuturePast; Present; FuturePresent; Past; FuturePresent;
Past; FuturePresent; Future; PastPresent; Past; FuturePast;
Present; FuturePresent; Future; PastPast; Present;
FuturePresent; Future; PastPresent; Future; PastPresent; Past;
FuturePresent; Past; FutureRelation to NatureIn harmonyIn
harmonyIn harmonyWith natureWith natureWith natureN/AOver

natureWith natureWith natureIn harmonyIn harmonyIn
harmonyIn harmonyIn harmonyOver natureIn harmonyIn
harmonyIn harmonyOver natureWith natureOver natureOver
natureIn harmonyOver natureIn harmonyIn harmonyPerception
of PersonFreewill-Determination ContinuumAbout equalStongly
determinedTotally freeStrongly freeAbout equalStrongly
determinedN/AAbout equalStrongly freeStrongly freeAbout
equalStrongly freeTotally freeAbout equalAbout equalStrongly
determinedTotally determined/totally freeAbout equalStrongly
freeStrongly freeStrongly determinedAbout equalAbout
equalStrongly determinedStrongly freeStrongly freeStrongly
freeEmotion-Rationality ContinuumEqually emotional and
rationalMore rational than emotionalStrong emotive
influenceStrongly rationalStrongly rationalStrongly
rationalEqually emotional and rationalEqually emotional and
rationalStrong emotive influenceEqually emotional and
rationalStrong emotive influenceEqually emotional and
rationalStrongly rationalEqually emotional and rationalMore
Emotional than rationalEqually emotional and rationalMore
Rational than EmotionalMore Rational than EmotionalEqually
emotional and rationalMore Rational than EmotionalEqually
emotional and rationalHeredity-Environment as factor in

Development ContinuumAbout equalEnvironment strongMore
environment than heredityAbout equalEnviornment strongAbout
EqualEnviornment strongAbout equalMore environment than
heredityMore environment than heredityEnviornment
strongMore environment than heredityEnviornment strongAbout
equal to More environment than heredityMore environment than
heredityEnviornment strongEnviornment strongAbout
equalEnviornment strongAbout equalAbout equalAbout
equalEnviornment strongEnviornment strongAbout
equalEnviornment strongAbout equalHuman Ability to
ChangeHighly adaptableHighly adaptableHighly
adaptableHighly adaptableHighly adaptableStrongly
adaptableHighly adaptableModerately adaptableHighly
adaptableModerately adaptableStrongly adaptableHighly
adaptableHighly adaptableHighly adaptableHighly
adaptableStrongly adaptableHighly adaptableModerately
adaptableHighly adaptableStrongly adaptableStrongly
adaptableStrongly adaptableModerately adaptableHighly
adaptableStrongly adaptableHighly adaptableStrongly
adaptableInfluence of Early History on Current
FunctioningHighly relevantPartially relevantSomewhat
relevantSomewhat relevantMinimally relevantSomewhat
relevantSomewhat relevantStrongly relevantSomewhat
relevantPartially relevantSomewhat relevantMinimally
relevantSomewhat relevantSomewhat relevantPartially

relevantHighly relevantSomewhat relevantSomewhat
relevantStrongly relevantSomewhat relevantHighly
relevantSomewhat relevantSomewhat relevantPartially
relevantSomewhat relevantSomewhat relevantStrongly
relevantNature of Mature functioningBalance of mind, body,
spiritProvides highly generalized skills for functioningAbility
to realize full potential as a human being, self-actualize, value
self & othersAble to think in rational ways & to use behavior
that follows rational ideasPeople function well if neither they
nor anyone in the environment have identified them as having a
problemAbility to self-validate uniqueness & to view life as
growth opportunities by use of new & novel approachesAn
ability to function in the face of situations in a comfortable
growth enhancing wayThe exercise of autonomous ego
functioning in the service of coping effectively with
environementActualizes potentials; Uses & changes structures
in environment to liberate self & people/community from
oppressionAssuming responsibility for own actions & willing to
expand personal awarenessAble to make informed choices, seek
individual & collective goals & function in chosen rolesAbility
to accept reality & act on positive, growth enhancing choices
based on available dataAbility to function in way client sees as
most fulfillingAbility to adaptively cope with whatever life
bringsActive efforts to improve level of fit by changing
behavior, environment, or person-environment transactionsTo

seek to understand person-society dialectic and find autonomy
while striving to change conditionsBeing central; Ability to
observe self, interactions & responses and make compassionate
choicesAn ability to have multiple views of self & reality to
tolerate ambiguityFunctioning relies on linking positive
intentions with efficient behavioral alternatives through
verbal/non-verbal communicationAn ability to cope with the
inevitable problems of living competently and effectivelyAble
to love & work, feel a wide range of emotions; have a role in
family and society; absence of symptomsAbility to function in
various ways that staisfy personal & social needsMeasured by
satisfaction in role set & ability to deal with role conflicts and
role ambiguityAn ability to develop boundaries and to fluidly
interact with various systems and environmentsNo positionTo
lead a full & productive lifeCapacity to be intentional, self-
socially responsible; principled, reciprocal inter-
subjectiveNature of Personality ChangeUse of sacred
ceremonies to achieve balanceEmphasis on behavior change &
interaction between the person & their environmentPeople have
a natural tendency to actualize, maintain, and enhance selves.
Self concepts are changed by experiencing positive
regardModification of irrational ideas based upon cognitive
restructuringBehavior change resolves problems & may produce
insight but insight is not necessaryModification of self-
evaluation, cognitiveN/A, not a goalEnhancement of ego

mastery, problem-solving & self-understanding & corrective
relationshipMoves from victim to victor, affirms self &
people/community in the process of liberationReassessing
values that govern behavior & assuming responsibility for
affirming or altering such valuesAlleviation of stress by
achieving harmony within self & understanding of societal
oppressionClient can solve problem & relate to others in ways
that enhance personal growth & creativityChange defined as
increased awareness of inner self and outer self as unified
wholeUse of latent and/or actual potential to creatively cope
with current problemsImproved adaption & copingFreeing of
self from societal determinism and finding one's destiny
withinMaking decisions and responses based upon insight of
compassion and ongoing self-observationExpanding one's view
of reality of self and developing more ways of beingCognitive
change leads to new patterns of communication and
behaviorGrowth in applying cognitive/emotional skills of
problem solving in an intentional mannerAimed at a strong
change in personality based on introspection and study of
therapeutic relationshipImproved ability to understand and
modify internal processes, relationships and environment
possible and necessary to achieve goalsSeeking of equilibrium
between ego & significant altersBehavioral change leading to
cognitive and affective modification based on understanding of
role in system and impact of systemsNo positionImproving

social communication and social and interpersonal
changeProgress toward operating in a mindful (conscious),
"beyond ego" wayThe TherapyPrincipal Therapeutic Goal in
Vocabulary of TheoryTo achieve harmony with self &
othersThe modification of specific individual & specific
interactional observable changesIndividuals will develop their
potential under favorable conditions; thus therapist must be
non-directiveTo understand irrational ideas & cognitive
misconceptions to change themTo resolve the presenting
problem(s) as identified by client(s) by disrupting problem
maintaining patternsAcquiring new meanings/understandings to
…
24
Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from
Incarceration
The Lemoyne Owen College
Division of Social and Behavior Science
What is the Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once
Released from Prison?
A Senior Capstone
Submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for

CRJS 460Comment by Calverta McMorris: correct
By
Alex Washington
Instructor
Dr. Calverta H. McMorris
February 26, 2020
Abstract:
The exponential increase in the number of women parolees and
probationers in the last decade has made women the most
rapidly growing group of offenders in the United States. The
purpose of this descriptive, qualitative study is to understand
the unique gendered experiences of homeless female ex-
offenders, in the context of healthcare needs, types of health
services sought, and gaps in order to help them achieve a
smooth transition post prison release. Focus group qualitative
methodology was utilized to engage 14 female ex-offenders
enrolled in a residential drug treatment program in Southern

California. The findings suggested that for homeless female ex-
offenders, there are a myriad of healthcare challenges,
knowledge deficits, and barriers to moving forward in life,
which necessitates strategies to prevent relapse. These findings
support the development of gender-sensitive programs for
preventing or reducing drug and alcohol use, recidivism, and
sexually transmitted infections among this hard-to-reach
population.
Table of Content
I.Chapter 1
a. Introduction5
b. Statement of problem 6
c. Significant of the study6
d. Need for the study7
e. Purpose of study7
f. Operational definitions8
II.Chapter II -Review of Literature

a. Introduction10
b. (Incarceration)14
c. (Socioeconomic Status) 14
d. Theory (Locus of Control) 15
III.Chapter III Research Methodology
a. Research Question18
b. Research design18
c. Selection of participants18
d. Procedure19
e. Instruments19f. Demographics collected20
g. Assumptions about the kind of research project20

Chapter IComment by McMorris, Calverta: Check APA Manual
for correction
Introduction:
Women face many objections as treenter their community after
being incarcerated. The collective voices of homeless female
ex-offenders are both unified and emblematic of a population
which continues to struggle and is at a crossroads. Successful
reintegration amidst a storm of healthcare barriers, relationship
challenges, substance use and addiction, as well as lack of
education and job skills is the reality for many women. The
study findings emphasize the need to understand that successful
post-release supervision necessitates adequate linkage to
healthcare (physical and psychological), job skills and
opportunities for employment, stable and safe permanent
housing. Successful community reintegration is composed of
providing physical and psychological services, as well as
substance abuse treatment, job skills and employment
opportunities. For clinicians working with homeless women on
parole or probation, it is imperative to understand that this
population has experienced victimization, traumatic life
conditions, and may continue to be faced with potential
substance abuse issues. Furthermore, clinicians need to consider
the fact that this population struggles with meeting necessities;

thus, they need to develop chronic disease treatment plans to
facilitate transportation, appointments, and care. Another
strategy which can be employed is that providers of RDT
facilities can collaborate with nurses and primary care
practitioners in order to help facilitate mental health services,
dental and other allied health services for this
population.Comment by McMorris, Calverta: Need references
and removal of personalpronouns.
Statement of the problem:
The problem is that once female offenders are released back
into their community, whether its directly or indirectly, these
ex-offenders’ socioeconomic status’ changes unbelievably
because of the times they are disadvantaged while being
incarcerated. Women are typically convicted of relatively minor
crimes, because they are usually convicted of offences that are
less serious than those committed by men, the sentences they
receive are also different. However, female imprisonment has
increased dramatically in most western jurisdictions over the
last 15-20 years as evidenced by increases in the numbers of
women given sentences of imprisonment, in daily female prison
populations and in the rate of imprisonment of women (McIvor,
2010). Furthermore, because the rise in women’s imprisonment

has outstripped parallel increases in the imprisonment of men,
women now make up a greater proportion of prisoners. As of
2016, the number of incarcerated women increased by more than
750% (N/A, 2017).Comment by Calverta McMorris: Too much
space
Significant of the study:
African American women make up the largest percentage of
incarcerated women, they are also the most invisible prison
population, because their voices are often ignored. As a result,
literature on African American women's prison writing is even
scarcer, due to lack of access or knowledge. Most importantly,
they address broader social problems with race, gender, and
sexual oppressions. Women social relationships, incarceration
experiences, and community context, and the intersection of
these factors with race, influence the occurrence and timing of
recidivism. The significance of this study is to report the
discovery of how female offenders’ socioeconomic status is
overwhelmed by their time spent incarcerated. Over the past
quarter century, there has been a profound change in the
involvement of women within the criminal justice system. This
is the result of more expansive law enforcement efforts, stiffer
drug sentencing laws, and post-conviction barriers to reentry
that uniquely affect women (N/A, 2019). Treatment, education
and a focus on return to the community need to be the new

model, not just locking people in cages. Recidivism rates are
high, and this is largely because people are not provided the
resources while incarcerated to improve their behavior (Redden,
2018).Comment by McMorris, Calverta: rewriteComment by
McMorris, Calverta: referenceComment by McMorris, Calverta:
. Given the lack of information about the background of the
family of the ex-offenders, future research could benefit from
further investigating the family system that was in place before
the prisoner's admittance to prison. That investigation could
further the supportive nature in which there is a necessary
support for studying the family. Another option to help further
this study would be to take heed of the programs that are in
place to help with prisoner's reintegration into society. This
would allow for more information about how the program works
and if that would be effective in keeping prisoners out of prison
and lowering recidivism. The policies put in place and when
they were put in place should also come into play in further
investigation of this study. Policies could affect how many
prisoners enter prison or possibly released from prison because
of the "enforcement" of the policy. Depending on the prison
conditions that they faced while incarcerated, it could increase
their criminal activity following reentry intosociety (Francesco,
2011).
Need for the study:
This study is compulsory to the increasing number for female

offenders that are continuously being imprisoned. They are
taken away from job opportunities or employment, education
opportunities, friends, associates, and even their families. The
United States is one of the top incarcerators of women in the
world. The percentage at which women are incarcerated diverge
greatly from state to state. That indicates to the number of
problems that female offenders faces as being the criminal
justice system. As they are incarcerated families are
overwhelmed as well as the person imprisoned. This study will
inform options as to what can be done to decrease ex-offenders’
chances of returning to prison as well as their chances of being
successful following their time spent being incarcerated.
Lastly, over the past 24 years our knowledge and understanding
of women’s lives have increased dramatically. The new
information has impacted and improved services for women in
the fields of health, education, employment, mental health,
substance abuse, and trauma treatment. At present, both a need
and an opportunity exist to bring knowledge from other fields
into the criminal justice system in order to develop effective
programs for women. Until recently, theory and research on
criminality focused on crimes perpetrated by males, with male
offenders viewed as the norm. Historically, correctional
programming for women has thus been based on profiles of
male criminality or paths to crime. However, the programs,
policies, and services that focus on the overwhelming number of

men in the corrections system often fail to identify options that
would be gender-responsive and culturally responsive to the
specific needs of women.Comment by McMorris, Calverta:
References
Purpose of study:
The purpose of this study is to regulate if imprisonment
influences the socioeconomic status of a female prisoner once
they are released. The increasing of female offenders is rising
each year, as the years continue to go on all across the nation is
something that should be discussed. The lack of awareness
taking place in prison for female offenders could examine
positive and negative development of these prisoners’ lives.
Whether a person is incarcerated for a few months to a few
years, they are still not a part of their community during the
time that is spent in prison. They feel like they have to
acclimate to life all over again after being released from prison,
hence bettering their socioeconomic status if it was at all
afflicted to them being incarcerated. The primary focus of this
study is to describe the socioeconomic status of female
offenders after incarceration women. The independent variable
in this study would be incarceration, and the dependent variable
would be socioeconomic status. The target population is female
offenders who were released from prison between the ages of
18-35. the research question by explaining the aspects of the
socioeconomic status of female offenders once they are released

from incarceration Aside from the race in which the study is
being conducted, choosing the age group was imperative. The
millennials seem to be the age group that is more likely to be
incarcerated than any other age group.Comment by McMorris,
Calverta: Wrong wordComment by McMorris, Calverta: New
wordComment by McMorris, Calverta: Missing information. See
Capstone format. ReferencesComment by Calverta McMorris:
Operational definitions:Comment by Calverta McMorris: Terms
must be alphabetized and referenced
Socioeconomic status- is the social standing or class of an
individual or group. It is often measured as a combination of
education, income and occupation.
Offender- is the way prison inmates and lawbreakers are often
referred to in news reports or by police officers and prison staff.
Recidivism- tendency to relapse into a previous condition or
mode of behavior.
Incarceration- the state of being confined in prison;
imprisonment.
Success- is peace of mind, which is a direct result of self-
satisfaction in knowing you made the effort to do your best to
become the best that you are capable of becoming.
Community- a group of people living in the same place or
having a particular characteristic in common.
Victimization- the action of singling someone out for cruel or
unjust treatment.

Crime- an action or omission that constitutes an offense that
may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law.
Locus of Control- a construct that is used to categorize people’s
basic motivational orientations and perceptions of how much
control they have over the conditions of their lives.
external locus of control- tend to behave in response to external
circumstances and to perceive their life outcomes as arising
from factors out of their control.
internal locus of control- tend to behave in response to internal
states and intentions and to perceive their life outcomes as
arising from the exercise of their own agency and abilities.
Quantitative- relating to, measuring, or measured by the
quantity of something rather than its quality.
Transition- the process or a period of changing from one state
or condition to another.
Solitary Confinement- the isolation of a prisoner in a separate
cell as a punishment.
Psychological distress- is a general term used to describe
unpleasant feelings or emotions that impact your level of
functioning. ... Sadness, anxiety, distraction, and symptoms of
mental illness are manifestations of psychological distress.
Chapter II
Literature Review:

Women make up a growing share of incarcerated populations,
and they have different needs than justice-involved men. Most
female inmates are also mothers of children under the age of
eighteen. These women do not stop being mothers when they
receive a prison sentence, but in fact try a variety of means to
maintain motherhood and mothering while away from their
children. Based on research conducted in a women’s prison,
mothering from the inside reveals how inmate mothers find
places for their children to live, manage relationships with
caregivers, demonstrate their fitness as mothers, and negotiate
rights to their children under challenging circumstances. The
impact of race, ethnicity, and marginality on women in prison is
traced through the development of the women s motherhood
careers. The incarceration of African American women and
threaten to render these women recidivists. The increased
incarceration of African American women is part of a cultural
phenomenon that reflects their social exclusion in U.S. society.
African American women possess limited access to resources to
address their health conditions due to intersecting oppressions
of race, class, and gender that may be further compounded by
involvement with the criminal justice system. Women presented
with multidimensional treatment needs, including limited
educational/employment histories, significant child-care needs,
and histories of victimization and psychological distress.
Comment by Calverta McMorris: Correct and explainComment

by Calverta McMorris: Comment by Calverta McMorris:
Comment by Calverta McMorris: Name of authors and
datesComment by Calverta McMorris: Comment by Calverta
McMorris: This information is not congruentComment by
Calverta McMorris:
Women being incarcerated for drug related offenses at an
alarming rate, it is imperative that treatment services be
designed to reflect the realities of their lives. This means
comprehensive, integrated programs that understand and address
the intersection of race, class, gender, and addiction. Even
though most professionals believe addiction is a disease,
societally we still respond to it chiefly as a crime. When men
are incarcerated, women are usually the ones 'holding them
down', supporting them and taking care of their children, on the
outside. The woman will regularly visit her man and promise to
wait for him. But when women become inmates themselves,
they rarely get that same kind of support. Despite decreasing
crime rates, the United States incarcerates more people than any
other nation. Comment by Calverta McMorris: This is your
thesis sentence. All things in the rest of this paragraph must
support, explain, discuss, describe this sentence.
Follow this for all paragraphsComment by Calverta McMorris:
Incomplete sentence
We can also no longer think only of individual addicts but must
acknowledge that society fosters addiction. In 2016, there were

1.2 million women under the supervision of the criminal justice
system, including 1,031,999 women on probation or parole. Out
of 213,722 women incarcerated in 2016, nearly half (102,300)
were in jail, and an earlier study suggests that more than half of
the women in local jails likely have not been convicted of a
crime. While the rate of imprisonment for African American
women has been declining since 2000, the 2016 rate (96 per
100,000) was twice the rate of imprisonment for white women
(49 per 100,000)(EJI, 2018).Women in state prisons are more
likely than men to be incarcerated for a drug or property
offense. Compared to 14 percent of incarcerated men, 25
percent of incarcerated women have been convicted with a drug
offense; 27 percent of incarcerated women have been convicted
of a property crime, in contrast with 17 percent of incarcerated
men. Girls of color are much more likely to be incarcerated than
white girls. The number of incarcerated youths has declined
significantly, but the placement rate for African American girls
(110 per 100,000) and Native girls (134 per 100,000) is more
than three times greater than for white girls (32 per 100,000).
Girls are more likely to be incarcerated for the lowest level
offenses; 38 percent of youth incarcerated for status offenses
like truancy and curfew violations are girls, and more than half
of all youth incarcerated for running away are girls (EJI,2018).
The United States judicial system seems to be inefficient. Both
men and women, who have not yet been convicted of a crime,

rot in overcrowded, unsafe, understaffed jails while waiting on
their fair trial in court. Considering the case of Kalief Browder,
who was a 16-year-old when he was arrested and who spent
three years behind bars on Rikers Island—including two of
which he spent in solitary confinement--- before his case was
dismissed (Brown & Patterson, 2016). Riker's practices
isolation incarceration at its jail complex. It has been discussed
that data on jail isolation is not as available as it should (Haney,
2016). The trauma of those years behind bars lingered. At the
age of 22, Kalief Browder committed suicide.Comment by
Calverta McMorris: explainComment by Calverta McMorris:
reference, but this paragraph is about addictions. Were the
crime committed because of acditions?Comment by Calverta
McMorris: Comment by Calverta McMorris: Comment by
Calverta McMorris: Comment by Calverta McMorris: Comment
Socioeconomic Status (SES) is a measure of an individual's
sociological and economic status. Socioeconomic status is
considered to be a major basis for inequalities and an important
predictor of life. It is an assessment measured in a variety of
ways that pertain to a person's work experience, economic, and
social position concerning their counterparts, based on
education, income, and occupation (Andrew, 2010). The
quantitative differences of socioeconomic status can be
measured. The metrics of socioeconomic status include: current

occupation, education of parents, the highest level of education
attained, household income, wealth (assets, capital), net income,
and other related variables. People are usually separated into
groups based on metrics, from least advantaged to most
advantaged, or low, medium, or high SES (Andrew, 2010).
There are also three theories of how SES might also greatly
affect health. Comment by Calverta McMorris:
Theory
The materialist theory states that gradients in income and
wealth are associated with varying levels of deprivation, which
in turn affects health status as those with fewer means have
inferior access to health care and the necessities of life
(Andrew, 2010). Another view is that education influences
health through lifestyles and health-related behaviors such as
smoking, substance use, and diet (Andrew, 2010). The third
theory sees the social status and personal autonomy as key
influences on health, particularly through the stresses that
accompany low autonomy and low social status (Andrew, 2010).
Income is associated with employment status, and many
economic factors and the benefits are available to those with
disabilities and poor health raising problems of reverse
causation (Alexander, 2010). Socioeconomic status is a property
of individuals; however, a collection of measures that can be
used to describe the social context in which people live. For
example, employment rates, average income, or educational

attainment may be useful descriptors when describing the
groups of people living in similar geographic areas such as
housing facilities or neighborhoods and may allow for a
conducted study on health.Comment by Calverta McMorris:
Need more references. Each paragraph must have at least four
different references.Comment by Calverta McMorris: How is
this information related to your topic?
There are several strategies for creating alternatives to
incarceration for non-violent and drug-affected women, and
specific policies that should be modified or nullified in order to
give women exiting prison an opportunity to reconstruct their
lives. We must advocate for changes in the following laws and
policies to assist women in maintaining their ties to their
children while incarcerated and provide the legal and economic
support that will enable them to regain custody of their
children, as they have the basic supports to do so, after their
release from prison. More than 60 percent of women in state
prisons have a child under age 18(EJI, 2018). (Bloom, Chesney-
Lind, & Owen, 1994) argue that mothers in prison face multiple
problems in maintaining relationships with their children and
encounter obstacles created both by the correctional system and
child welfare agencies. The distance between the prison and the
children's homes, lack of transportation, and limited economic
resources compromise a woman prisoner's ability to maintain
these relationships. Children of women in prison experience

many hardships. Children may be traumatized by the arrest of
their mother and the sudden, forced separation imprisonment
brings. Emotional reactions such as anger, anxiety, depression,
and aggression have been found in the children of incarcerated
mothers.Comment by Calverta McMorris: Comment by Calverta
McMorris: Incorrect. Get APAMComment by Calverta
McMorris:
Using a large, modern sample of women released from prison,
we find that women who are drug dependent, have less
education, or have more extensive criminal histories are more
likely to fail on parole and to recidivate more quickly during the
eight-year follow‐up period. We also observe racial variation in
the effect of education, drug use, and neighborhood
concentrated disadvantage on recidivism. This study highlights
the importance of an intra‐gender, theoretical understanding of
recidivism, and has import for policy aimed at female parolees.
There are numerous amounts of issues, problems, and trends
facing prisons today(Travis,2014). (Travis, 2014) Some of the
major problems that prisoners face while still incarcerated are
overcrowding, health care, racism, gang activity, and assaults.
Overcrowding in the U.S. Prison system is a huge issue. The
United State has the world's largest prison population. Although
the United States only takes up 5% of the world's population,
they are responsible for 25% of the world's prison population
(Brown & Patterson, 2016). There are more mental health

patients in prisons and jails than in hospitals or special
facilities (Lurigio,2011). They await trial such as their
counterparts and miss out on the treatment they need because
funding for mental health has been cut from the state budget.
prisoners are not receiving the proper treatment, thus, possibly
keeping them in prison longer. Racism, gang activity, and
assaults still exist even with prison walls. Prisoners are abused
by fellow prisoners as well as by guards. These issues that are
faced by prisoners affect their socioeconomic status once they
are released. The reentry process for offenders is very difficult.
Once prisoners are released into society, they must become
accustomed to the many changes that may have taken place.
Depending on how long they were incarcerated, it may seem as
though prisoners are completely oblivious to the outside world.
The reentry process for offenders is very difficult. They may
have to brush up on technology, employment opportunities, and
uniting with their support system which is a combination of
family and friends.Comment by Calverta McMorris: Comment
Comment by Calverta McMorris: Treatment for what
The theory that best regulate with this research is the Locus of
Control Theory. The Locus of Control Theory was created by
Julian Rotter in 1954. Control can be defined as the power to
determine outcomes by directly influencing people, events, and
actions. A locus is a place, position, or point in which

something occurs. Locus of Control Theory is broken down into
two schools of thought. One school of thought is the internal
locus of control and the other being the external locus of
control. People who base their success on their work and
believe they control their life have what is called an internal
locus of control (Vyncke, 2010). Opposed to its counterpart the
external locus of control, which is when people attribute their
success or failure to outside influences. Those who take
responsibility for their actions, whether those actions or results
are good or bad identify more with an internal locus of control.
They tend not to reject the thought of outside influences, for the
outcomes in their lives. Conflicting a person with an external
locus of control looks to their surroundings as a part of their
success or failure. They applaud those around them for a job
well done, even if they did not contribute to the
accomplishment. Socioeconomic status was theorized by
sociologist Talcott Parsons in 1970. Parsons understood that
there is such a thing as an idea of status as a position in the
social structure. A status is assessed, and the social evaluation
is central to Parson's contribution to the concept of
socioeconomic status. Parson's also understood family units as
the key component of rank, class or caste. The core premise of
this theory is that society has to differentially evaluate positions
so that members of society are motivated both to pursue the
training necessary for the most important positions and, once in

those positions, to perform them as well as possible. There are
differences in socioeconomic status which is another way to
understand "necessary" hierarchy. Once female offenders are
released from prison, they must reenter a society that is
comprised of their possible occupation, the highest level of
education attained, wealth (capital, assets), household income,
education of parent/guardian, net income, and other related
variables. All these variables are entities of socioeconomic
status and are influenced when prisoners are released. An ex-
offender can have an internal or external locus of control, which
can then affect their socioeconomic status. If a person has more
of an internal locus of control, they are more likely to take
responsibilities for their actions. The ex-offenders with an
internal locus of control, are least likely to fall victim to a low
socioeconomic status. However, those with an external locus of
control tend to blame their surroundings for their missteps.
Many accumulate a low socioeconomic status as well as, the
possibility of returning to prison. Comment by Calverta
McMorris: How does theory support, explain, discuss, the DV
Methodology:
Research Question
The research question for this study is: What is the
Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from
Prison?

The hypothesis for the study:
H0: There is no association between incarceration and
socioeconomic status.
H1: There is an association between incarceration and
socioeconomic status.
The research question for the Locus of Control Theory: How
does the Locus of Control Theory play a part in life after
incarceration as it pertains to the ex-offender’s socioeconomic
status?
Design:
This is Quantitative Research.
Sampling Procedure and Sample
It is essentially beyond the bounds of possibility to study every
individual in the target population. In this case, the target
population, female offenders who were recently released from
prison between the ages of 18-35, would be sampled in
Memphis, TN. The simple random sampling procedure would be
used for this specific study. There is a need for an equal chance
among everyone in the target population to be able to
participate in this study. The sample will possibly be more
altered depending on who randomly selected for this study and
who responds. The participants of the study will be selected at
random. They will be chosen from the different steppingstones
of the legal system at 201 Poplar. Furthermore, there is not
limited to those who have probation meetings, those whom

might have an active court case, as well as those whom might
just be there to pay on their court fees.
Data Collection Procedure
The issue for this would be: following an everyday routine and
the unbelievable conditions that a corrections facility offer; how
would that influence a female offenders’ socioeconomic status
once releases? Data will be collected from recent studies, done
by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Also, at random sampling, a
survey will be distributed to female offenders between the ages
of 18 and 35. An association between both the independent
variables and dependent …
Template
The first section is for introducing the client. Please include
the following information:
Agency Information
Client information (confidentiality of course)
Session Number
Date
Presenting Issue (reason for referral)

Relevant Information
Goal of Session
1. Client Goal
2. Your Goal
Dialogue
Please group dialogue together.
Identify (for each section)
1. Theory
2. Practice Model
3. Techniques and
4. Skills
Analysis/assessment of dialogue
What was going on? What were the patient's reactions to your

feedback? How did the client respond verbally (quality of
voice, tone, did the respond better to closed or open-ended
questions?) How did the client respond non-verbally (how did
you know they were listening? were they distracted? Did they
welcome your feedback?)
Personal reactions and self-reflection to the interaction
What were you thinking? How do you feel the session went?
What could you have done better? What will you do
differently/the same next time?

Process Recording- Cavanagh (Advanced Year) 2019
The first section is for introducing the client. Please include
the following information:
· Agency Information
· Client information (confidentiality of course)
· Session Number
· Date
· Presenting Issue (reason for referral)
· Relevant Information
· Goal of Session
There are four (4) columns:
1. Dialogue
2. Identify a) Theory b) Practice Model (new to form) c)
Techniques d) Skills
3. Analysis/assessment of dialogue
4. Personal reactions and self-reflection to the interaction
Column 1: Dialogue- is the verbatim discussion that occurred.

Column 2: Identify Theory, Practice Model, Technique and
Skills- you must use all four (4)- what theory drove your
interaction- what specific practice model was used, what
specific techniques (from the practice model) were implemented
and what skills you used (from the microskills hierarchy).
Remember there are also skills in basic rapport building
Theories (not an exclusive list): (Some theories have multiple-
be specific in your choice)
A.Theories and Perspectives that explain Behavior (good for
assessment-not meant for intervention) These are used mostly in
Foundation (generalist practice) social work. There are no
Practice Models or Techniques for these. There are tools for
these.
Attachment
Feminism
Power
System (Eco-system)
Grief & Loss
Social Support
Strengths
Developmental
Theories of Culture

Conflict Theories
Integrative Theories
Transpersonal Theories
Social Learning Theory
B. Advanced Clinical Intervention Model Examples (each
theory has practice models. Each practice model has
techniques). These are used in advanced practice internships
THEORY examples
Psychodynamic
Rational Choice Theory
Behavioral
Cognitive
Integrative
Person-Centered
Task-Centered Theory
PRACTICE MODELS examples
Psychoanalysis (Therapy)

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