The document summarizes several theories of counseling psychology: - Psychodynamic theory, developed by Freud, focuses on the influence of childhood events on adult mental functioning and the interaction between conscious and unconscious minds. - Behavioral theory, developed by theorists like Thorndike and Skinner, focuses on how environmental factors shape behavior through conditioning principles. - Trait-factor theory aims to help clients with career guidance and decision-making by identifying their unique personality traits and abilities.

1. PSYCHONALYTIC THEORY
 DEVELOPED BY SIGMUD FREUD
IN THE 19TH C
 FOCUSED ON THE STUDY OF
CHILDHOOD EVENTS THAT
COULD INFLUENCE MENTAL
FUNCTIONING OF ADULTS.
 BELIEVED THAT HUMAN
BAHAVIOR IS DETERMINED BY
CONCIOUS AND UNCONCIOUS
MIND
 FREUD ARGUED THAT

2.  Focuses on personality organisation and
dynamic of personality development that
guides psychoanalysis
 Psychonalysis is a method of treating
mental disorders by investigating the
interaction of the concious and unconcious
mind

3. PURPOSE OF THE THEORY
Helps the counselor to assist
clients in a more effective way.
Enables the counsellor to tolerate
painful emotion of the counselee
Explains defense mechanism and
why every individual reacts to
differently to similar situation
Client get opportunity to speak out
Initiates and addresses the
importance of the concious,sexual
that make up the majority of all

4. ADVANTANGES OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
 Very comprehensive theory
 Gives patients opportunity to talk about their problems.
 Can be used to explain the nature of human development and all
aspects of mental functioning.
 Long and intensive hence good for long-term therapy.
 It encourages the clients to understand how negative responses to life
events can lead to psychological discomfort.
 Notion “unconciouness”explains the behaviour that we are unaware of.

5. DISADVANTAGES SO PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
 Freud ignored about individual differences.
 Does not have scientific proof.
 Provides piece of pie neglecting biological, cultural and social
consideration.
 Time consuming.
 Lacks immediacy to some symptoms.
 Has vacuum.
 Some people are reluctant to think about their past events.

6. BEHAVIOURAL THEORY
 Focuses on human behaviour.
 Major proponents are Thoresen and krumblzt.
 Focuses on assumption that environment determines individual
behaviour.
 Focuses on behavioural therapy which is the clinical approach.
 Deals with operant and classical conditioning.
 Classical conditioning was proposed by Pavlov.
 States that positive reinforcement causes the repetition of behavior.

7. TECHNIQUES USED IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Flooding
Systematic desensitization.
Aversion therapy

8. TECHNIQUES USED IN OPERANT CONDITIONING
Token reinforcement.
Contingency management.
Modeling.
Extinction.
Punishment.

9. PURPOSE OF BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY
client(s) are taught skills to help them manage their life effectively.
 Theory is not fixed.
 Effectiveness and outcome of behaviour are assessed after the
counselling process.
 Gives counselor specific guidelines to help them evaluate their
development as proffessionals.
 It may work best where medication hasn’t worked.
 Can be used to treat mental disorders.
 Helps counselor identify unwanted behaviour with client.
 Increases personal choice and crate new condition for learning's

10. ADVANTAGES OF BEHAVIOUEAL THEORY.
Client is given a chance to create their own goals.
Client are likely repeats the behaviour willingly when reinforced.
Data is easy to quantify and collect.
Helps to treat variety of disorders.
Provides clients with behavioural guidelines maintaining their dignity.
Offers high degree of ethical accountability.

11. DISADVANTAGES OF BEHAVIOURAL THEORY.
Does not consider innate ability of client.
Time consuming
Clients may overestimate the goals.
Not easy to predict how to behave in a certain way's
Adaptability

12. TRAIT-FACTOR THEORY.
 Major proponents were John Dale y,Donald G.
 Also called counselor centered therapy.
 Was initially known as talent matching approach.
 It is an approach to the study of human personality.
 Main aim was to help client in career guidence.

13. STAGES OF COUNSELING IN TRAIT FACTOR THEORY
Analysis
Synthesis.
Diagnosis.
Prognosis.
Counseling.
Follow up.

14. PURPOSE OF TRAIT THEORY.
 Help client in decision making.
 Help client stop irrational thinking and use problem solving skills.
 Creating self-understanding.
 Counselor identifies unique individuality in a more objective way.
 Development excellence in all human life aspects.
 Helps students in assessesing their assets and liabilities in relation to
societal requirements.

15. ADVANTAGES OF TRAIT THEORY
 Its scientific and systematic.
 Allows clients to analyse themselves,
 Uses objective criteria for categorizing and measuring behaviour.
 Clarity.

16. DISADVANTAGE OF TRAIT THEORY.
 Does not account why or how traits develop.
 Counselee is considered to have no idea of his problem.
 Cannot predict future behaviour.
 It only seeks to describe a client's potential.