Designing A Computer Network - TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Designing A Computer Network -such
There are many things to consider when designing a computer network –such as costs of components, software and labor; communication, cohesion,
expandability and many others. However, the end goal in such an enterprise is to have a fully functional, harmonious, and cohesive tiered system
where duties and actions are divided, and delineated accordingly. One of the major network architectures used to facilitate this process is known
as the TCP/IP Protocol Suite. The TCP/IP Protocol Suite was designed by scientists in the effort to support a new type of network known as the
ARAPNET that was being installed across the US in the late 60's to 70's. (White, 2013, p. 15) The challenge was to create an open system
whereby all networks could freely communicate with each other. The design was based on a layered system whereby the user would connect at
the topmost (or application) layer, while at the same time being removed or separated from the lower (physical) layer. Although the number of
layers is not exactly set, depending on the source this number can range between five and seven layers, with each layer providing services to the
layer above it. For the purposes of this discussion however, we will address the five layer model. The five layers of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite are:
Application, Transport, Network, Network Access (or Data Link), and Physical. (White, 2013, p. 15) Application This layer supports all of the
applications on the network. Some of the most frequent
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Application And The Evolution Of Tcp Ip Protocol
Ronald Vongphachamk
Larry Ball
IS–3413
8 August 2016
TCP/IP
Since the Internet has been introduced to the world. There have been an increasing number of people using the Internet for the very first time. They are
using device(s) like their phone, computers, and television to connect to the Internet. An integral of this growth is the use of Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). The Transport Control Protocol and Internet Protocol are two important communication protocols used in the
network today. In this paper, I will discuss the functionality and the evolution of TCPIP protocol.
Prior to the 1960s, computer communication consisted of basic binary data and simple text, carried by telecommunications network ... Show more
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universities and the corporate research community to design open, standard protocols and build multi–vendor networks. This was the first packet
switching network. The experiment was successful creating these four nodes at three different sites connecting together at 56 kbit/s circuits using
Network Control Protocol and the trial network evolved to a useful operational network, which was called, the "ARPA Internet". The first node of the
ARPANET was installed at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). Then another node was at Stanford Research Institute (SRI), the
University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB), and the University of Utah.
In 1973, Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E. Kahn conducted a research on a reliable way data communication across packet radio networks. From what Cerf
and Kahn learned, they created the next generation TCP, which is the standard protocol used on the Internet today. Since the change, the set of
communications protocols is used for the Internet and other networks. IP evolved in the 1960s and 1970s, namely the Internet and LANS, which
emerged in the late–1980s and advent of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s. The two
–network TCP/IP communication test was performed in 1975
with Stanford and University College London. Later that year, there was test conducted between sites in the US, UK, and Norway. There were multiple
research centers conducting TCP/IP prototypes between 1978 – 1983. The

Data Communication
DATA COMMUNICATION
Advancements in the information technology sector have brought many benefits to the people all around the world. Today with computer networking,
we can chat, speak and see each other over a long distance. Data communication refers to the transmission of the digital signals over a communication
channel between the transmitter and receiver computers. Communication is possible only with wired and wireless connectivity of the computers with
each other.
All the computers, in the logically and physically networks have to follow the same rules known as Protocols such as TCP/IP, IPX/SPX and
NETBEUI etc. Today, there are many computer networking technologies such as LAN, MAN, WAN, WLAN, ISDN, ATM, Frame Relay, X.25,
Bluetooth, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Well–known communications protocols are Ethernet, a hardware and Link standard that is ubiquitous in local area networks, and the Internet Protocol
Suite, which defines a set of protocols for internetworking, i.e. for data communication between multiple networks, as well as host–to–host data
transfer, and application–specific data transmission formats.
Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub–discipline of electrical engineering, telecommunications, computer science, information
technology or computer engineering, since it relies upon the theoretical and practical application of these disciplines.
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users
worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global
scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information
resources and services, such as the inter–linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.
Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new
services such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and IPTV. Newspaper, book and other print publishing are adapting

Application And Application Of Cloud Computing
Introduction With the Internet, users have been able to access information faster than ever. Today, users have the ability to utilize cloud technologies
to access information and services. Users no longer have to rely on the processing power of their personal computer (PC) to complete task or limit the
ability of accessing pictures or document to a physical location such as their hard drive on their PC. The Internet is a large network that is continues to
provide more services and opportunities. The Internet is support by a large network of routers, switches, and servers. Understanding how to network
terms and utilization will continue to allow business and user to optimize the utilization of the Internet and cloud computing.
Ways users use applications in the cloud in today's business environment As information technology continues to improve, applications no longer are
limited to being installed locally on a physical computer or server. Cloud computing now allows applications be access via a virtual solution knows as
the "cloud". There are many essential characteristics of cloud computing such as on–demand access, pay per use, connectivity, and resource pooling
(Durkee, 2010). Users must be able to trust the connectivity when relying on access an application over the internet. Today 's cloud servers are
connected to high–speed networks that allow data to flow to the Internet. These high–speed networks improve reliability and expand accessibility.
Cloud computing offers

Evolution Of The Internet And Network Protocols
The Evolution of the Internet and Network Protocols The internet has revolutionized the modern world like no other invention has before, except
perhaps, electricity. The internet allows sharing and collaboration to take place between people on opposite sides of the globe. Vinton G. Cerf,
often called the "Father of the Internet", admits that when the original idea of an "intranet" was in its infancy, there was no possible way to
imagine all of the ways we would come to use it (NDTV, 2013). But how does it work? The internet, based on the concept of "packet switching",
involves the travelling of small packets of data over one or more networks (Frenzel, 2013). This can be compared to "electronic postcards",
meaning that "a computer generates a piece of data and flings it into the net, just like the postal system, except 100 million times faster" (Cerf,
2013). This concept allows one computer to speak to many different computers around the network by sending out these "electronic postcards".
However, before these networks can work seamlessly together, they must use a common protocol, or set of rules for transmitting and receiving these
packets of data. There are several protocols currently in use, including the OSI Model, the TCP/IP Model, UDP, HTTP, and FDP (Mitchell, 2014),
but the most commonly used is Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (Gilmer, 2011). Even as early as 1977, TCP/IP was being
used by other networks to link to ARPANET (Kozierok,

Network Security Concepts Essay
Network Security Concepts
File security falls into two categories, encryption and access. Access to files can mean physical access to a computer with unsecured files or access
via user permissions or privileges in the form of access control lists (ACLs) (Strengthen Your Users' File Security, 2003). The files kept on a server
with NTFS storage can be locked to prevent anyone who does not have the correct permissions from opening them. This is secure but can be bypassed
with physical access to an open computer and should not be used for sensitive information. The other method of securing files is by encrypting the
information in the files using an Encrypting File System (EFS), which employs public key encryption privileges (Strengthen ... Show more content on
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Secret and private keys are very similar and are often used interchangeably. The difference is that secret keys are used for both encryption and
decryption, while a private key is part of the public/private key system and is used only for decryption (Cryptography, 2005). In both cases, the key
may be known only to a single person or a limited group of people in order to keep the key secure.
Public–Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a method of verifying users on a network, while a digital certificate is a reference from a neutral company that
confirms the identity of an internet site (Shay, 2004, p. 321) and (Tomsho, G., Tittel, E. Johnson, D., 2004, P. 378). The digital certificate is issued by a
Certificate Authority (CA) such as Verisign, and a registration authority (RA) that acts as a reference to identify an entity to a user of the website,
and uses a directory that holds the certificate and can revoke a company's digital status. The PKI technology is at the core of the digital certificates
used in almost all transactions on the internet. The PKI uses a cryptographic key pair, one of which is public and one which is private, to authenticate
the owner of the certificate (PKI, 2002).
In each of the layers of the OSI model, there are security risks that exist and are developing now, and

The Osi And Tcp Model
1.Introduction In this report, the OSI and TCP/IP models will be compared after going through a brief history and how the models were made. The
report will bring the reader a greater understanding about the OSI and TCP model. The model shows the different layers for example for the OSI
model it has the following layers: Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer, Transport layer, Network layer, Data
–Link layer and Physical
layer. The similarities in the TCP model would be: the Application layer and the Transport layer. This is then compared for the differences to see
which models layer has, that is different to the other. 2.The OSI Model 2.1.Brief History In the late 1970's, two projects started separately, with the
same ambitions: to characterize a unifying standard for the architecture of networking systems. An individual was administered by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the other was undertaken by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee known as
CCITT. In 1983, these two documents were merged to form a criterion called The Basic Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection. This
was too long to pronounce, so the standard is usually referred to as the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model, or more commonly known as
the OSI Model. The OSI model had two major parts: an abstract model of networking, called the "Basic Reference Model" or the "seven–layer model",
and a set of precise

3g Wireless Access, Abstract
5G WIRELESS ACCESS Abstract: 5G technology stands for fifth Generation Mobile technology .From era 1g to 2.5g and from 3g to 5g this world
of telecommunication has seen a number has seen upgrades along with improved performance with every passing day. This fast revolution in mobile
computing changes our everyday life. That is way we work, associate, learn and so on. This paper also focuses on all the preceding generations of
mobile communication along with fifth generation technology. Fifth generation network provide very high speed broadband wireless connectivity. In
fifth generation researches are generally made on development of world wide wireless web(WWWW), dynamic adhoc wireless networks (DAWN)
and real wireless world. The most critical advances for 5G technologies are 802.11 wireless Local Area networks(WLAN)and 802.16 wireless
metropolitan area networks(WMAN).The Fifth generation concentrate on VOIP –empowered gadgets that client will experience a high level of call
volume and data transmission. 5G technology will satisfy all the necessities of clients who always want progressed peculiarities in mobile phones. The
main feature in 5g mobile network is that client can simultaneously connect to the multiple wireless technologies and can switch between them. The
anticipated versatile technology will help Ipv6 and flat Ip.fifth

unit 3 assignment 3 Essay
Chapter 3 Review 1. Which of the following is true about a TCP/IP network? A) The network uses only standards defined in TCP/IP RFCs. 2.
Which of the following terms is not a common synonym for TCP/IP model? (Choose two answers.) D) TCP/IP mapping and C) Ethernet 3. Think
generically about the idea of a networking standard, ignoring any particular standard or standards group. Which of the following is typically true of a
standard? (Choose two answers.) B) It exists as a deployed network device, which people can visit on the Internet. C) It has been passed through some
form of review and approval or certification process. 4. Contrast an international standard as compared to a de facto standard. (Choose two answers.) B)
International... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A) Vendor models 10. Which of the following statements is true when comparing the OSI and the TCP/IP model as defined in RFC 1122? B) The
lower four layers of TCP/IP define the same kinds of functions as the matching layer numbers from OSI. 11. A network engineer connects two PCs
(PC1 and PC2) using Ethernet NICs and an Ethernet cable that has copper wires inside. The two PCs communicate successfully. Which of the
following happens when PC1 sends bits to PC2? D)PC1 converts the bits to sound waves, and the NIC uses an A/D converter to send the data over
the cable. 12. A TCP/IP network includes an Ethernet LAN with 10 PCs uses a LAN switch. PC1 sends data intended for an app running on PC2.
Which of the following mechanisms does Ethernet define so that PC2 receives and processes the data? A)The Ethernet header lists PC2's MAC
address so that PC2 will realize that the data is meant for PC2. 13. Two network pros are having a conversation about some issues in a network.
They discuss some issues related to how PPP forwards data, so they happen to be discussing the data structure that includes the PPP header and trailer.
Which of the following terms do they use? B) Packet 14. Which of the following are true facts about IP addresses? (Choose two answers.) C) Are
listed in the data–link trailer D) Used by routers to make a forwarding decision 15. Which of the following answers is true about Ethernet MAC
addresses? A) 48 bits in length C) Are listed

History Of The Internet Essay example
The year is 1957 and the USSR has just launched the first artificial earth satellite. In response America launches the Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense (DOD) to create America's lead in science and technology. The Internet had its humble beginnings
here, within ARPA's many projects.
The Internet has become one of the key symbols of today's pop culture: everything has a "dot com" address; people do not say "call me," but instead its
"I'll E–mail you;" and the new word on the stock market is "E–business." The
Internet has not always been such a key figure in American life; in fact it was mostly unheard of until recently.
The theory for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The final problem that ARPAnet came across was the fact that most computers did not run exactly the same hardware or software as another. Their
solution to this was to build smaller computers (called Interface Message
Processors or IMPs) that were in direct contact with the main computer and also in connection with the other IMPs on the network. All of the IMPs
were built to the same specifications so that one could easily communicate with the other5.
In 1968 all three of these developments were put into action when ARPA sent out proposals and requests for contractors. Bolt, Beranek, and Newman,
Inc. (BBN) were awarded the contract to build the IMPs, University of California,
Los Angeles (UCLA) was awarded the Network Measurement Center contract, and the Network Working Group (NWG) was formed to develop host
protocols for the soon to be developed ARPAnet. Nodes are set up as soon as BBN builds the IMP for that location. The first node was at UCLA and
installed on
August 30, 1969. It was the Network Measurement center and ran on the SDS
SIGMA7 operating system. The second node was setup on October 1, 1969, at
Stanford Research Institute. It was the Network Information Center (NIC) and ran on the SDS940/Genie operating system. Node three was installed
November 1, 1969, at University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB). It served as the mathematical

Elements of Communication
The Elements of Communication Communication begins with a message, or information, that must be sent from one individual or device to another.
People exchange ideas using many different communication methods. All of these methods have three elements in common. The first of these
elements is the message source, or sender. Message sources are people, or electronic devices, that need to send a message to other individuals or
devices. The second element of communication is the destination, or receiver, of the message. The destination receives the message and interprets it. A
third element, called a channel, consists of the media that provides the pathway over which the message can travel from source to destination.
Consider, for example,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hardware is often the visible components of the network platform such as a laptop, a PC, a switch, or the cabling used to connect the devices.
Occasionally, some components may not be so visible. In the case of wireless media, messages are transmitted through the air using invisible radio
frequency or infrared waves. Services and processes are the communication programs, called software, that run on the networked devices. A network
service provides information in response to a request. Services include many of the common network applications people use every day, like e–mail
hosting services and web hosting services. Processes provide the functionality that directs and moves the messages through the network. Processes
are less obvious to us but are critical to the operation of networks. End Devices and Their Role on the Network The network devices that people are
most familiar with are called end devices. These devices form the interface between the human network and the underlying communication network.
Some examples of end devices are: * Computers (work stations, laptops, file servers, web servers) * Network printers * VoIP phones * Security
cameras * Mobile handheld devices (such as wireless barcode scanners, PDAs) In the context of a network, end devices are referred to as hosts. A host
device is either the source or destination of a message transmitted over the network. In order to distinguish one host from another, each

Using Interconnected Computer Networks For Communication
The term internet refers to a system of billions of interconnected computers across the globe that uses a universally accepted and standardized internet
protocol suite also known as the TCP/IP. The internet makes it possible to access extensive information resources through the World Wide Web
(WWW), supports telephony, email and file sharing (Ian, 2004). Theinternet started out as a commissioned study by the United States government in
the 1960s to explore the possibility of using interconnected computer networks for communication. This was also done in Europe but real progress
came in the 1980s when funding was availed to create the needed basic infrastructure by the USA organisation; National Science foundation and then
by other private entities. From here the interconnected computers grew in number at rapid rates. This was the case since personal, institutional and
mobile computers continue to get added to the network to date (University of Texas, 2002). Basically the birth of the internet was necessitated by the
need to communicate and to share data and information as effectively as possible. The growth of internet use has however continued to grow at a
tremendous pace all across the world making it a part of many people's daily lives. The internet has become such an integral part of many people's lives
that they rely on it for such activities as communicating, entertainment and even earning a living. However, as is the case with most innovations, the
internet has

nt1210 Essay
Roman Katoliko
NT1210
CHAPTER 3: Building TCP/IP Networks
Lab 3.1: Network Reference Models
Ex 3.1.1
What would happen if wireless devices were not governed by the Wi–Fi Alliance and each vendor had its own standards and protocol? What impact
would this have on your personal life or business communications?
If each vendor had their own standards and protocols, we would have a harder time making devices that we use every day to inter–operate. Imagine
buying specific BRAND of ROUTER for a SPECIFIC computer just to use the internet; so if you have a Sony computer you would also need a Sony
wireless router to connect to the internet via provided Sony made routers. We would to have multiple routers depending on the devices we own... Show
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It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects.
2. DATA LINK (Layer2)– divided into 2 sub layers: MAC, which controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to
transmit it, and LLC which controls frame synchronization. At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission
protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization.
3. NETWORK (layer 3) – Provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from
node to node.
4. TRANSPORT (layer 4) – provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end–to–end error recovery and
flow control.
5. SESSION (layer 5) – this layer establishes, managers and terminates connections between applications
6. PRESENTATION (layer 6)– this layer provides independence from differences in data representation. E.g. encryption.
7. APPLICATION (layer 7)– This layer supports application and end–user process.
Ex 3.2.2
Ex 3.2.3
Briefly explain the deencapsulation steps in the communication from host B receiving a message from Host A destined for an active application.
A. Converts data to bits for transmission
B. Packages the data for end to end transport

C. Adds the data–link header and trailer
D.

Oral Exam
1.Explain the I/O process. Describes any operation, program, or device that transfers data to or from a computer. Typical I/O devices are printers,
hard disks, keyboards, and mouses. 2.You typed "abcd", but the local printer prints garbled text. How do you resolve this issue? You have the wrong
printer driver. For the printer you are using. Delete the current printer configuration and install the right driver. If you don't have the disk with the driver
go online and download the correct driver. 3.What is the OSI model? (Open Systems Interconnection) is a model that characterizes the internal funcions
of a communication system by partitioning it into abstraction layers. It helps provide error–free communications across a network and... Show more
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Verify persistent route table entries, 8. Use the tracert command, 9. Verify server services on the other computer, 10. Check IP security on the
server. 2.Define a windows domain a windows domain is a form of computer network in which all user accounts, computers, printers and other
security principals, are registered with a central database (called a directory service) located on one or more clusters of central computers known
as domain controllers. 3.What are the steps to determine what domain a computer belongs to? Open system by clicking start button, right click
computer, and then click on properties. If your computer is connected to a domain, under computer name, domain, and workgroup settings, you'll
see the name of the domain your computer belongs to. If your computer is connected to a workgroup, you'll see the nae of the workgroup your
computer belongs to. 4.List 3 possible reasons why a user cannot log on to a domain. Changes to the group policy such as blocking interactive
logins on a domain member computers or by users in a certain group or OU, Check the settings on user account because perhaps some script has
placed the wrong restrictions on the accounts, the domain name may be incorrect. 5.What function can windows server provide for a SOHO?
(NetServerDiskEnum) returns a list of locak disk drives on a server, (NetServerEnum) List all visible servers of a particular type or types in the
specified domain, (NetServerGetInfo) Returns

Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Networking Paper
Patton–Fuller Community Hospital has been in business in the City of Kelsey since 1975. The hospital provides high quality medical care to the
citizens of Kelsey and the surrounding area. Some of the services the hospital offers are x–rays, pharmacy, and emergency services for children and
adults. "As one of the first hospitals in Kelsey, the staff is committed to providing a variety of programs that will support the health and welfare of the
local community populations" (Apollo Group, 2010). The hospital's backbone network structure for the entire hospital is 1000Base T. Some of the
other individual sections of the departmental network use different standards such as 1000Base F. The areas that use the 1000Base T are responsible
for the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the other individual sections of the departmental network use different standards such as 1000Base F. The two networks are connected
by a network bridge. The network bridge is used to inexpensively and easily connect local area network segments (Microsoft, 2010). The reason a
network bridge is inexpensive is that there is no configuration required and you don't have to purchase additional hardware such as routers and
other bridges. The hospital's administrative network consists of Apple iMACS and thin computers that use 1000Base T with CAT 6 cables. All
work stations belonging to Executive Management has Apple iMAC computers with 24" monitors, 2.4 GHz speed, 2 GB RAM, and a 500 MB
hard drive. Human Resources, OPNS, and the Finance Senior Managers have Apple iMACS with 20" monitors, 2 GHz speed, and a 350 MB hard
drive. All of the systems have OS virtualization and use the MAC Operating System X, Leopard, and Windows XP. OS virtualization allows
separate, isolated virtual environments to be used on a single server. The MAC Operating System X is a UNIX system that is both simple and
powerful. Leopard further enhanced the system by making it faster and more reliable. Windows XP is a product of Microsoft but it is able to be
installed on any MAC using a native version of Microsoft Office. This way users are able to create documents using MS Word, make presentations
using PowerPoint, and

Nt1310 Unit 1 Assignment
Unit I Assignment: Open System Interconnection Reference Model
As we all know, the growth of computer networks continues to rapidly grow. The digital revolution has changed the way we work and communicate
almost beyond recognition. Provided that, foreseeing the changes and potential compatibility problems, in the mid nineteen eighties, the international
standard organization (ISO) developed a networking reference model to standardize how network systems communicate with each other. It is a logical
model for how network systems are supposed to communicate with each other. It breaks down the different components of the network
communication and puts them into layers which reduce complexity. This reference model consists of seven layers: Application Layer, Presentation
Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, and the Physical Layer. Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in
the protocol specification and then communicates with the same layer's software or hardware on other computers. It's important to realize, that these
layers are separated into 2 sets: Transportation Set (Laters 1– 4) and Application Set (Layers 5 – 7). More importantly, the OSI model is 7 logical ...
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The Application layer within the OSI reference model is where the application and the user communicates. In other words, the application layer is the
ending of data that is transferred in visual form to the user. This layer provides the interface between the applications we use to communicate and the
underlying network over which our messages are transmitted. The Application Layer functions are to provide the interface for application–specific
protocols commonly used such as HyperText Transfer (HTTP), file transfer (FTP), Simple mail transfer (SMTP),Internet message Access (IMAP),

Router and Switches
Router and Switches II In Routers and Switches we learned several things such as: what is a Router, why we need Routers, what is the importance
of a Router. We also learned what VLSM is and how to do it and use it. Throughout CCNA we learned how to configure a Router; the different types
of Routing protocols and most importantly what, when and how to use those protocols in the field. Finally I will discuss Switches in how they are
use to set up a LAN. Throughout this paper these topic will be discuss to cover what was learned through class lecture and text book (CCNA study
guide by Lammle) and actually applied through hands on labs which were done with actual Cisco Router and Switches within a working LAN and
Ethernet connection... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most common of the two link state protocols is OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) it is widely used throughout the field (#1) due to it being a
non proprietor protocol as well as its ability to interface with other networks. With OSPF you can group router into small areas and link them
through a back bone when this is done you create the following a back bone router within the area of the back bone there is an area border router
(ABR), ABR must have one interface in each area meaning the back bone and the area trying to link to the back bone, OSPF can also connect to
multiple Autonomous System. When configuring OSPF you must assign a process number in all router within that group must use that same
number, the number can range for 1 to 65,535 you can also have more than one each one will maintain its own separate topology table as well as
manage it independently. There is also distance vectors RIP vs. 1 and 2 (Routing Information Protocol) these work well on small networks, IGRP
(Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) and EIGRP (is the enhanced version of IGRP). The thing about these two meaning IGRP and EIGRP is that they
are proprietary protocols so they only work

Protocol Stack, Subnetting And Results
Introduction In this report, I will discuss 3 sections: Protocol Stack, Subnetting and Results. Within the protocol stack section, I will explain how
the encapsulation process works within each layer of both TCP/IP & IOS/OSI models. The explanations will relate to the stages which occur within
the process of requesting a web page from the web server via PC0 over the Wide Area Network (WAN). Within the subnetting section, I will produce
a guide on subnetting an IP address. Within, the results section, screenshots of composing and receiving email will be shown, also screenshots
displaying the webpage of web server and outputs of 2 show commands on routing and switching devices. Protocol Stack There are 2 different protocol
stacks; TCP/IP and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, within the WAN connection, to request a webpage from PC0 located within the Birmingham site, the DNS protocol is used to determine the
domain name whereas the HTTP application protocol manages the way a web server & web client interact. When requesting for the webpage,
DNS protocol sends data to the next 2 layers of the OSI Model in order to firstly encrypt the data within the Presentation layer and then the
dialogue is organized and data exchange is managed within session layer. Data remains as one block during these 3 stages. Within the next layer
(Transport layer) of both models, data is segmented and a port number is attached to each segment which identifies the application which should
receive the data on receiving device. Port numbers are attached when the TCP header is added. TCP & UDP are the 2 protocols functioning on
this layer. TCP is used for reliable connections whereas UDP is used for unreliable connection. When referring back to the scenario of requesting a
webpage, data will be segmented and port number 80 will be attached in order for web server's HTTP service to receive the data then the segments
will be forwarded on using the TCP protocol (Jaro., 2010). Segments are encapsulated into packets when forwarded to Network Layer (Internet Layer
on TCP/IP Model), the Network layer implements logical addressing to the packets. In the scenario of requesting for

Thesis Statement On Digital Security
Digital Security
The 21st century has been described as the "Information Age", a period in human history characterized by the shift in traditional industry implemented
through the industrial revolution to an economy based on information computerization.
We have come a long way from paper based systems through the use of a computer for efficient data processing. The creation of local area networks
(LAN) all the way through opening channels for communication and knowledge sharing on a much larger scale. This is where the introduction to
connecting LAN networks to the internet came about. The internet allows for seamless communication to take place virtually right around the world.
Technology with the use of the internet has changed the way we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More people with malicious intent are finding new ways to infiltrate our lives through the technology we use. While using the internet has become an
essential part of everyday life, there is an element of risk involved. We are exposing ourselves to a number of cybercrimes and need to educate
ourselves on how to identify these crimes and put the necessary protection policies and procedures in place.
Digital Security "is the protection of your digital identity – the network or internet equivalent of your physical identify. Digital security include the
tools you use to secure your identity assets and technology in the online and mobile world. "– Google definition
Main Statement: explaining the need for digital security when connecting your corporate computer network to the Internet
"Internet based Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), power line communications, satellite communications and wireless communications (wireless sensor
networks, WiMAX and wireless mesh networks) are discussed."
Malware
Malware also referred to as 'malicious software' is a piece of software that was designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorised access to a computer
system.
There are various type of malware expertly designed for very specific

Networking Standards ( Osi Layers )
ASA College CIS 125–M01: Network Concepts Networking Standards (OSI Layers) Joel Hernandez Vasquez joelvasquez@asa.edu 02/09/2016
Nowadays everybody can get access to the internet through networks, but according to Columbia University over the 37% of people do not know
what a network is. A network is a group of computers which are connected to share information, files, and performs tasks. A network is built using the
same common language. My purpose of this project is to explain what a network is, and let you know how important is to know it. The next
paragraphs will explain the introduction of networking, the disadvantages of networking, and the disadvantages. A network is a group of computer or
electronic devices connected... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A wide local area network is used to link networks in vast geographic. For instance, you can use a WAN to connect to larger places such as the
United States, China, and Japan. Another type of network is Metropolitan area network (MAN) which is used to connect an entire city, a
particular region, and university campus. Moreover, a metropolitan area network is smaller than a wide area network but larger than a local area
network. Furthermore, there is another type of network, which is called PAN (Personal Area Network). A Personal Area network is defined as a
group of computers or electronic devices connected to a specific range of a user. For example, when we have a group of devices at home
interconnected such as laptops, printers, tablets, and cell phones. Networks have become a central issue for organizations, business, and universities
because it provides many advantages. One of the benefits of a network is the easiest way to share information. For example, in a company where
there are many offices around the world you can distribute information to all the offices in short time. Moreover, having a network will give you the
benefits to talking with people in real time in a larger distance. In addition, another advantage of a network is that allow you to share hardware. For
example, in an office that you only have a printer you can use this printer connected to multiple computers instead of having one printer for

Changing The Physical Layer
The physical layer specifics the function details for initiating, keeping up and turning off the physical link when moving the bits of data over the
physical media such as copper, fibre or wireless. So it will takes your data bits of ones and zeros covert them to what is needed to transfer over that type
of media so for example change bits into electrical signals for copper cables then will covert it back to ones and zeros once it reaches its destination to
send up OSI model layers.
When changing the bits so they can be sent over different types of media this is known as signalling. Signalling will change the bits to what it needs to
be for transmission then is read by the connections at the other end.
Protocols of the physical layer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is a difference a CRC frame error is generated to state there is a corruption either on the sending device side or the destinations device packet
transmission.
For detecting and troubleshooting these issues use the different types of show commands such as show interface and show spanning–tree.
The data link layer is responsible for controlling access to the media and formatting the data for transmission for going across the physical network
link. So it encapsulates the packets from the network layer to suitable frames for the network media to use for transferring data frames from one place
to another error free. The addressing used at this layer is physical addressing also known as mac addressing which is how devices are addressed at this
layer instead of IP addressing. The data link layer also does error detection at this layer as well.
The data link layer has two sub layers which are logical link control and Mac. The logical link control sub layer gives flexibility in services to the layers
above so it will let the data link layer known what to do with a packet when gets a frame. This works by it will check the header to establish that the
packet inside the frame it received is destined for the network layer. The MAC sub layer keeps a table with the mac addresses of the devices because
each device must have a unique Mac to be identified on the network.
At the data link layer you also

Nt2799 Oral Exam Essay examples
Nt2799 Oral Exam Topic I: The input/ output Process 1. A person wishes to purchase a personal computer for home usage. Identify the internal
hardware components this computer should contain. a. Mother board b. Power supply c. RAM d. NIC e. Graphic card if not on mother board f.
Processor 2. Explain in simple terms the I/O process. a. The Input / Output Process – simply put anything that puts input into the computer is an Input
device, such as a keyboard or mouse. Output is what comes out such as typing on the keyboard will give you output on your display monitor and
some things do both such as a hard drive. 3. You typed "abcd", but the locally attached printer prints garbled text. How do you go about resolving this
issue? a. It appears... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| Make sure all data is sent intact. | TRANSPORT layer 4 | Make sure all data has arrived intact. | Keep track of how many hops; open shortest path
First; Go to IP address 255.65.0.123 | NETWORK layer 3 | Keep track of how many hops; opened the shortest path First; Went to IP address
255.65.0.123 | Is the initial connection set up? Put data into frames according to X standard. | DATA LINK layer 2 | The initial connection set up.
Decoded data in frame according to X standard. | Send as electrical signal over the network cable at X voltage, and X Mbps. | PHYSICAL layer 1 |
Receive electrical signal over the network cable at X voltage, and X Mbps. | OSI LAYER | DEVICES | PROTOCOLS | APPLICATION layer 7 | |
SNMP, SMTP, FTP, TELNET, HTTP, NCP, SMB, AppleTalk | PRESENTATION layer 6 | | NCP, AFP, TDI | SESSION layer 5 | | NetBIOS |
TRANSPORT layer 4 | | NetBEUI, TCP, SPX, NWlink | NETWORK layer 3 | Routers, layer 3 (or IP) switches. | IP, IPX, NWlink, NetBEUI | DATA
LINK layer 2 | Bridges and switches, Ethernet incorporates both this layer and the Physical layer. | – | PHYSICAL layer 1 | Hubs, repeaters, network
adapters, Parallel SCSI buses. Various physical–layer Ethernet incorporates both this layer and the data–link layer. Token ring, FDDI, and IEEE 802.11.
| – | * On OSI stack: * FTAM File Transfer and Access Management Protocol * X.400 Mail X.400 is a

Network File System Version 4.2
NETWORK FILE SYSTEM VERSION 4.21
Network File System Version 4.2
By:
Setu Bhatt
CWID: 802145656
Research Paper
CPSC 558 – Advance Computer Networking
Professor: Mike
Department of Computer Science
California State University, Fullerton
Fall, 2014 NETWORK FILE SYSTEM VERSION 4.22
Table INDEX
Abstract.4
Introduction.5

Background.............................................................................................5
Problem statement....................................................................................5
Goal and Benefits of the Study................................................................5
Relevance and Significance............................................................................6
Literature Review ..............................................................................................7
Background .........................................................................................7
Differences from earlier versions of NFS ....................................................7 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So we can manage shared files with the help of Network File System in our network. NFS Version 4.2 extends and improves some of the features
which were not included in earlier versions. For example server side copy, space reservations and application data blocks. So NFSv4.2 provides
protocol extensions in previous versions. NFSv4.2 focuses more on security aspect by introducing Firewalls and Access Control Lists (ACL).
NETWORK FILE SYSTEM VERSION 4.25
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Network File System is a Distributed File System protocol developed by Sun Microsystems in 1984. It allows a user on a client computer to access
files over a computer network much like local storage space. Network File System builds on Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call (ONC
RPC) system.
Network File System is used to provide access of remotely located files across a network. So with the help of Network File System we can see and
access remotely

Questions On Protocol And Protocol
2.3 What is a Protocol?
Protocol is nothing but set of guidelines, which supports the data exchange between the layers. The guidelines describe what to do (the details like
when and where to send the data, data format).
2.4 What is a Protocol Data Unit?
Telecommunication protocol create protocol data unit in sender side. This protocol data unit of message is transmitted by using protocol. Each PDU
have particular format and contains header information in header information identify protocol type and send data to particular destination. The type of
data transmitted by protocol is called PDU.
2.5 What is Protocol Architecture? The protocol architecture is nothing but development of communication protocols in network. Has multiple layers
with many protocols.
2.6 What is TCP/IP?
The transmission control protocol/Internet protocol is used to transmit the data to hosts in network. This is used in network topology communication
establishment and data transmission purpose. TCP/IP is a two layer protocol high layer is TCP and low layer is IP. Small packets data are transmitted
by TCP and it gets small packets grouped and form original data. IP protocol forward these data to particular destination.
2.7 What are some advantages of Layering seen in TCP/IP Architecture?
The advantages to layering are as follows:
Flexible for the Extensible of applications.
Segmentation concept makes to solve the problems in easy way.
Easy to alter the network services.
2.8 What is a Router?
Router is

Unit 3 Assignment 1 Osi Model
OSI Model OSI Model explains the transfer of data thru the network. The structure of the model help understands where some of the protocols in the
network are functioning, operating with other workstations, servers, and switches. Mainly, I will explain how the protocols are functioning
throughout each layer. Specific protocol functions and operations interpose two layers, knowing that part of their process start in one layer and
continue in the next layer. Layers 7,6 and 5 or Application Layer for TCP Protocol The first protocol explain is TCP. Starting with the Layer 7, 6,
and 5, the Application Layer is providing the payload (data and instructions). The web browser is an example of initiation of Layers 7,6,5 and the
payload flow. The Transport... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Note that other servers not selected will receive the information by the requesting client to ignore the request. The device accepts the server answer
and reply to it. DHCP Acknowledgement The last phase is DHCP Acknowledgement. During this transmission, the client' message is accepted by the
DHCP server and the IP address and configuration are provided. DHCP protocol requires extra adjustment to be safe. There is the Option 82, which
is like a tattoo on the information sent from client to DHCP server. This information is attached to the packet and allowed the device to recognize the
message and retransmitted by the DHCP server. Both client and server, need to be configured for this safe feature effectiveness (Juniper, 2017).
Bluetooth Protocol I enjoy the capacity of my car to immediately transfer my phone functions and features. Listening to my favorites music, answering
phone calls while driving is something I saw in the movies in my youth (yes, the 90's). I am fascinating to learn that Bluetooth is a protocol. Link
Management Protocol (LMP) This operation creates a bond with the radio connections of the

802. 11a Standard Essay
2.3 IEEE 802.11 Common modifications. At the beginning, in 1997, there was just one standard– 802.11 with 2.4Ghz frequency band and transfer rate
up to 2Mbps. Recent days we have more than 10 different and more or less popular types of 802.11 standards. Figure 3. 2.3.1 IEEE 802.11a The
IEEE 802.11a standard provides data transfer rates up to 54 Mbps and was implemented in 2001. Unlike the base standard, the 802.11a specification
provides for operation in a new 5 GHz frequency band. The IEEE 802.11a standard is incompatible with 802.11b or 802.11g. 2.3.2 IEEE 802.11b This
standard adopted in 1999. It is not recommended to use the standard at home, as same as in corporate computing networks. The exception may be those
cases when the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Speed is 300 Mbps, Security protocols are WEP, WPA, WPA2, Security level can be declared as high. This standard was approved in 2009. 802.11n is
comparable in transmission speed to the wired standards. The maximum transmission speed of the standard 802.11n is about 5 times higher than the
performance of classic Wi–Fi. The increase in the transmission speed in the IEEE 802.11n standard is achieved, firstly, due to the doubling of the
channel width from 20 to 40 MHz, and secondly, due to the implementation of MIMO technology. MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology
involves the use of multiple transmit and receive antennas. (Mitchell, 2017) 2.3.4 IEEE 802.11ac/ad
Kldhflskdjhflskjhfdlskjdhflksjdhflksjhdflksjdhflkjshdflkjsdhf . (Triggs, 2016) 2.3.5 IEEE 802.11ah Sdkjhfksdjhflksjdhflkjsdhflksjdhflksjdhflkjsdhf.
(DeLisle, 2014) 2.4 Security. Initially, to ensure security in 802.11 standard networks WEP algorithm (Wired Equivalent Privacy) was applied,
including RC4 encryption algorithm with 40–bit or 104–bit key and means of key distribution between users, but in 2001 it found a basic vulnerability
allowing get full access to the network for a finite (and very short time), regardless of the length of the key. Strongly not recommended for use this
security mode at the moment. Therefore, in 2003, a wireless certification program called WPA (Wi
–Fi Protected Access) was adopted, eliminating the
drawbacks of the previous

What Is Internet Of Things?
What is Internet of Things?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of the physical objects containing embedded systems which connects and communicate with each other
internally or externally through sensors. According to David Ahrens, it is the "network of interconnected sensor–equipped electronic devices that
collect data, communicate with each other, and can be monitored or controlled remotely over the Internet" (Ahrens, 2014). The main goal of its
development is to connect the physical world and the environment to the Internet or wireless networks which would allow making objects, machines
and work environments interactive without any human intervention which would result in improved efficiency and economic benefits. The word
"Things" in IOT includes biochip transponders, electric clams, automobiles, electronic appliances etc. These devices collect the data individually with
the existing technology and then share the data autonomously between each other through the internet protocol. It includes different technology
infrastructure, devices and services such as the cloud, computing, data analytics and mobile communications. It is more about the disruptive business
models than technology. It is a trend through which the physical world is becoming a big information system through the embedded system used in the
devices over the wireless networks. The IoT is without a doubt an increasing trend that takes the advancement of interconnectivity to a level which was
once just

The Evolution of TCPIP and The Internet Essay
The Evolution of TCPIP and The Internet The Evolution of TCP/IP (and the Internet)
While the TCP/IP protocols and the Internet are different, their evolution are most definitely parallel. This section will discuss some of the history.
Prior to the 1960s, what little computer communication existed comprised simple text and binary data, carried by the most common
telecommunications network technology of the day; namely, circuit switching, the technology of the telephone networks for nearly a hundred years.
Because most data traffic transmissions occur during a very short period of time, circuit switching results in highly inefficient use of network resources.
In 1962, Paul Baran, of the Rand Corporation, described a robust, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The original ARPANET gave life to a number of protocols that were new topacket switching. One of the most lasting results of the ARPANET was the
development of a user–network protocol that has become the standard interface between users and packet switched networks; namely, ITU–T (formerly
CCITT) Recommendation X.25. This "standard" interface encouraged BBN to start Telenet, a commercial packet–switched data service, in 1974; after
much renaming, Telenet is now a part of Sprint's X.25 service.
The initial host–to–host communications protocol introduced in the ARPANET was called the Network Control Protocol (NCP). Over time, however,
NCP proved to be incapable of keeping up with the growing network traffic load. In 1974, a new, more robust suite of communications protocols was
proposed and implemented throughout the ARPANET, based upon the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) andInternet Protocol (IP). TCP and IP
were originally envisioned functionally as a single protocol, thus the protocol suite, which actually refers to a large collection of protocols and
applications, is usually referred to simply as TCP/IP. The original versions of both TCP and IP that are in common use today were written in
September 1981, although both have had several modifications applied to them (in addition, the IP version 6, or IPv6, specification was released in
December 1995). In 1983, the DoD mandated that all of their computer systems would use the TCP/IP protocol suite for

Nt1310 Unit 7
Assignment 1
2.3Protocol:
A protocol is predefined set of rules or conventions which governs the way in which two entities co–ordinately cooperate to exchange data, in any
network.
2.4Protocol Data Unit (PDU):
A PDU is the used to refer collection of data moving from one layer to another, higher communications layer, with the control information for layers.
2.5 Protocol Architecture:
It is the software structure, which implements the communication function. The protocol architecture consists of a layered set of protocols, with one or
more protocols at each layer.
2.6TCP/IP:
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are the basic communication protocols, which were designed to provide low level support
for internetworking. This term is generally also used to refer to a more generalised collection of protocols developed by the internet community and
U.S. Department of Defence.
2.7Advantages of Layering in TCP/IP architecture:
Layering is the process which is used and helped to reduce the overall problem, which is huge in size, to number of sub problems, which are
manageable is size.
2.8Router:

A router is a device that is used to connect dissimilar device. It is present and operates at the Network layer of the OSI model.
2.9Version of IP, that is prevalent today:
IPv4, is the version of IP that is prevalent today. It may also be expected that IPv6 may be prevalent in the future.
2.10Does all Traffic on internet use TCP ?
No, we cannot say

Communication Protocols And Functions Of Seven Layers Of...
ASSIGNMENT 6 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS Data communication allows individuals and companies to transmit or receive information
from one point to another. For two or more devices to communicate, there should be some mechanism or medium that can link them to help them
achieve their goals. This mechanism or medium is governed by rules or laws defining a format is called a protocol [3]. This is because all
communications between devices require that the devices agree on proper format of the data. There are variety of standard protocols from which
programmers can choose based on the resources available and mainly on the requirements. For e.g. if reliability is very important, then reliable
protocols such as TCP should be used. Each protocol has its own advantage and restrictions. Depending on several factors such as speed, reliability,
simplicity, programmers choose these protocols. In this essay, I am going to address about the networks and commonly used protocols, functions of
seven layers of the OSI model, TCP/IP protocol, and protocols used in wireless communication. Technologies related to internetworking is growing
rapidly day by day. "A network is a group of connected, communicating devices such as computers and printers." [1] When two or more networks exists
and communicate with each other, it is known as an internet. We know, Internet is the most notable internet, which is composed of thousands of
interconnected networks [1]. Any individual or any organization such as

Tcp/Ip
The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite is indisputably one of the most popular networking protocol suites ever developed.
TCP/IP is an industry standard designed for large networks consisting of network segments connected by routers, and is the protocol used on the
Internet (Hillpot & Ivy, 2005).
TCP/IP's roots can be traced back to research conducted by the United States Department of Defense (DOD) Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) as early as 1960. In the best bureaucratic tradition, DARPAs (or ARPA, as it was called at the time) involvement in the creation of theinternet
began with a memo dated April 23, 1969 that was authored by Joseph Licklider (Waldrop, 2012). Between1970 to 1996 the... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This layer compares to the Network layer of the OSI model.
TRANSPORT LAYERprovides the Application layer with session and datagram communication services. TCP and UDP are the core protocols at this
layer. TCP provides a one–to–one, connection–oriented, reliable communications service that establishes connections, sequences, and acknowledges
packets sent, and recovers packets lost during transmission. In contrast, UDP provides one–to–one or one–to–many, connectionless, unreliable
communication service which is used when the amount of data transferred is small (Davis, 2007). For example, when the data would fit into a single
packet or when the applications or upper–layer protocols provide reliable delivery. This layer is equivalent to the OSI Transport layer.
APPLICATION LAYER is constantly evolving and contains a vast amount of protocols. This layer allows access, defines protocols for applications to
utilize the services of the other layers, and delineates the exchange of data. Recognizable protocols that help users exchange information are, HTTP,
which transfers files that make up the pages on the World Wide Web, FTP that transfers individual files for interactive user sessions, and SMTP, which
transfers mail messages and attachments. Protocols that aid in the management of TCP/IP networks are DNS that resolves a host name, such as
www.distance–education.itt–tech.edu, to an IP address, RIP routers use to exchange

Computer Networking, The Transport Layer Of The Internet...
In computer networking, the transport layer is a conceptual division of methods in the layered architecture of protocols in the network stack in the
Internet Protocol Suite and the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). The protocols of the layer provide host–to–host communication services for
applications. It provides services such as connection–oriented data stream support, reliability, flow control, and multiplexing.
1.1Protocols:
This list shows some protocols that are commonly placed in the transport layers of the Internet protocol suite, the OSI protocol suite, NetWare 's IPX
/SPX, AppleTalk, and Fibre Channel.
ATP, AppleTalk Transaction Protocol
CUDP, Cyclic UDP
DCCP, Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
FCP, Fibre Channel Protocol
IL, IL Protocol
MPTCP, Multipath TCP
RDP, Reliable Datagram Protocol
RUDP, Reliable User Datagram Protocol
SCTP, Stream Control Transmission Protocol
SPX, Sequenced Packet Exchange
SST, Structured Stream Transport
TCP,Transmission Control Protocol
UDP, User Datagram Protocol
UDP–Lite
ВµTP, Micro Transport Protocol
1.2Comparison of OSI transport protocols
ISO/IEC 8073/ITU–T Recommendation X.224, "Information Technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Protocol for providing the
connection–mode transport service", defines five classes of connection–mode transport protocols designated class 0 (TP0) to class 4 (TP4). Class 0
contains no error recovery, and was designed for use on network layers that provide

Communications Technologies
Student's Name
Case Study 1: Florida Department of Management Services, Part 1
CIS 505 Communication Technologies
Professor's name
May 5, 2013
Analyze the security mechanisms needed to protect the DMS systems from both state employees and users accessing over the internet:
Department of Management Services (DMS) has chosen to expand their applications and services via TCP/IP and Internet access. DMS uses a widely
used proprietary scheme: IBM's Systems Network Architecture (SNA) which provides support for TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol). SNA architecture is projected to remain important for some years to come. Implementing standardized protocol architectures allow DMS
ongoing communication with suppliers, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, all distributed applications, including remote logon, client/server, email, file transfer, Web access, and so on, can be secured (Stallings, 2009).
Finally, Stallings (2009) has noted, "another relatively general–purpose solution is to implement security just above TCP by using Secure Sockets
Layer (SSL) and the follow–on Internet standard Transport Layer Security (TLS). For full generality, SSL, (TLS) could be provided as part of the
underlying protocol suite and therefore be transparent to applications. Alternatively, SSL can be embedded in specific packages.
Critique the transition process performed by the DMS in the case study. Then, recommend two (2) alternatives to the IP Infrastructure or applications
not already mentioned in the case study: By the early 1990s, the Florida department of management services (DMS) had built up a large information
systems network that serve state government agencies in 10 regional sites and connected these to the data center in Tallahassee. The network was
based on the use of the proprietary systems network architecture (SNA) from IBM and mainframe at the data center that housed most of the
applications. Although relatively happy with the SNA application and services by providing TCP/IP capability and internet access. The goal was met
in a remarkably short time. Over the course of 30 months, DMS built a statewide TCP/IP network, began

Traffic Control And Congestion Control Essay
1. Increasing the router memory to infinite cannot control the congestion. Agree or disagree? Elaborate briefly (60–100 words) Why is it true that route
with infinite memory does try to minimize congestion, this can simply get out of control and get worse if the rate of incoming packets is far more than
the outgoing packet and especially if more incoming packet from multiple input line arriving at any given router need the same output channel. This
build up a queue and before other packet reach the beginning of the queue they have already timeout prompting re–submission of duplicates building up
the queue again leading to more congestion. A lot of other factors are in play here, among these include router CPU and bandwidth. 2. Compare the
following: Flow Control vs Congestion Control Congestion control basically states that a network device can transmit only a certain number of
packets and can not add more packets to a network until an acknowledgement is received. Congestion control prevents too much data from being
injected into the network, causing links and switches to be overloaded Flow control works by refusing new connections until congestion is resolved.
In serial transmissions, Xon/Xoff is used for flow control. It is a handshaking mechanism that will keep a sender from sending data faster than a
receiver can receive it. flow control prevents senders from overrunning the capacity of the receivers Open loop congestion control methods vs Closed
Loop congestion

Cis Data Communications Concepts Wans
Data Communication Concepts I Instructions: Insert your answer after each question in a bold red typeface. When complete, attach the document as
your submission for this assignment. You may name your answers document any name you choose. Once I score your document it will be named [Last
Name][First Name], and returned to you as an attachment to my feedback. When your answer consists of a list of items, please enter only one list–item
per line. This helps speed the scoring process. Name: ________Hugo Tinoco sanchez___________ Assignment Questions: Describe the responsibilities
and scope of authority for each of the following government organizations. You may need to review the discussion on the ITU from chapter one:...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Describe the three dedicated–circuit network architectures discussed in the textbook. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of each. Ring
Architecture. Has a closed loop with all PC's linked to the next one. Circuits are full duplex or half duplex, which allows messaging in both
directions around the ring. The fall back is the time in which message can take to travel around the ring from the sender to a receiver, since the
messages have to pass through several different computers and circuits, concluding in traffic delays which can pile up quickly. Star Architecture
connects all the PCs to a central PC which acts as the message router to an appropriate PC. It's easier to manage because of the central PC receiving
and routing all the messages in the desired network. This allows the communication to be faster than ring architecture since it only travels through
two circuits to reach the receiver. However, having only one central pc can create more problems since its in change of all the messages on the
network. This creates room for overload in traffic and could potentially decrease performance overall. Mesh Architecture has every PC connected to
very other PC. This is a Full–mesh network, and it's biggest downfall is the high price. However, partial–mesh most PC, but not all are connected to
each other. Although it combines star and ring, if

Seven Layers in the OSI Model
1. This class made me learn quite a lot. Though it was a course I have done in my under graduate, this class helped me to learn more about the
networking. The class was interactive and fun, the lab sessions were very helpful. The project was one of the best parts of the whole course. It
made me look into and study about various new protocols in networking and finally I could get an idea on how I could design a protocol by
myself. The most important thing I learnt in this class is the detailed functions and uses of every later in the OSI model, and I also realized that
TCP is the most important protocol of all that I learnt. It is very reliable and provides acknowledgement, and is a full duplex process. It provides
congestion control and flow control and is also a connection oriented service. On an overall this class made me learn a lot that would always be
very helpful to me. 2. The seven Layers in the OSI model are Physical Layer, Link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Session Layer,
Application Layer and the presentation Layer. Each layer has a specific function to perform and consist of different protocols. Physical layer is the
lowest one and handles transmission and reception of messages over the medium. Then comes the link layer , it allows error free transmission of the
data frames in the physical layer. The network layer takes care of processes like routing, traffic control and fragmentation of the data. The next one is
the transport layer, it takes care of the

Security And Privacy Issues Of Iots
Security and privacy issues of IoTs: A Survey K. Krishna Pradheer1, L. Raghavendar Raju2 1 BE computer science engineering, 3rd year, Matrusri
Engineering College, Saidabad, Hyderabad–59. 2 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Science & Engg, Matrusri Engineering College, Saidabad,
Hyderabad–59. Abstract: The presence of smart things around us is growing rapidly. The world as we speak now is filled with crores of smart
things, collecting rich amount of data. This paper is a general survey of all the security issues existing in the Internet of Things (IoT) along with an
analysis of the privacy issues that an end–user may face as a consequence of the spread of IoT. The survey is mostly focused on the security loopholes
arising out of the information exchange technologies used in Internet of Things. Countermeasures are discussed for only some of these security
drawbacks in this paper. Keywords: Internet of Things; Security; Privacy. 1. INTRODUCTION IoT technology mainly focusses on applications that
are aimed at improving quality life of people while saving costs for companies and public authorities. We live in real world and some of activities we
perform here cannot be fully implemented with the help of services provided by virtual approaches. It is the limitation of such approaches that confines
the development of Internet to offer better services. To overcome such restrictions, a new technology has come into limelight which integrates the
features of virtual world and

Systems Administration and Network Administration
Systems Administration and Network Administration Systems administration and network administration are, in many respects, very similar jobs.
Both positions are highly involved in maintaining the computer systems in an organization, and, in some smaller firms, the position may be handled by
the same individual. However, while there are significant similarities between systems administration and network administration, there are differences
in the roles as well. Basically speaking, system administration focuses on computer systems and networks, while network administration looks at
maintenance and upkeep of the hardware and software that composes the network (Entrance Exams 2012, 2012). Because there is obviously an overlap
between the two different job descriptions, it can be difficult to understand why it is so important for information technology professionals to
differentiate between network and systems administration. However, when one understands the different roles of the two different positions, it
becomes clear that, why they might overlap, and why a single individual might be able to handle the position in a small organization, there are actually
substantial differences between the two positions. Particularly in a large organization, the two jobs may need to be handled by different professionals
with different skill sets. It is because of these different skill sets that the industry has been so adamant about differentiating between systems and
network

Wireless Sensor Network Essay
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Sensor Network consists of highly distributed
Autonomous sensors nodes to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants and
to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a receiver (destination) [1] [7].
A sensor node consist of a radio transceiver with internal antenna or connected to external antenna, a microcontroller and electronic circuits for
interfacing with the sensors and energy source such as battery[1][7].
A.Topologies:
Topologies used in Wireless Sensor Network are Mesh, Star, Ring, Tree, and Bus, Fully connected.
Mesh Network.
B.Characteristics:
Power consumption constrains for nodes using batteries or energy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wireless Sensor Network Protocols:
Physical layer: Sonet , ISDN
Data link Layer: Frame Relay, FDDI, Ethernet
Network Layer: RIP,OSPF, EGP,IPX,IPv6,ARP
Transport Layer: TCP, UDP, SPX
Application Layer: BOOTP, DHCP, HTTP, DNS
Classifications of the Protocols
Protocols are classified into the following major categories.
TCP/IP IP, TCP, UDP, SMTP, POP3, RIP, FTP, DHCP
Cellular GPRS, GSM, WAP and CDMA
VOIP SIP, RTP, MGCP and H.323
General Frame Relay, ATM, X.25, PPP[1].

II.OBSTACLES IN WIRELESS SENSOR SECURITY
Wireless sensor nodes[2] have limited resources such as limited memory and limited power. There is unreliable communication in wireless sensor
network that leads to threat to sensor security. The security of network depend on communication which relies on protocol.
Energy Constraint: Energy requires converting input to output (sensor transducer), communication among the sensor nodes and computation. Security
levels depend upon the cost of energy.
Memory Limitations: Sensor nodes have small amount of memory and storage. Sensor nodes require simple algo–rithms because they do not have
enough space to store complicated algorithms and executed them.
Unreliable communication: – Unreliable communication occurs due to unreliable transfer, conflict and latency. Unreliable communication occurs due
to connectionless packet based routing in wireless sensor network. Even if channel is

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