Genetic Discrimination and Life Insurance

The Role Of Genetic Discrimination In Life Insurance
You're sitting and waiting to buy life insurance. You walk into the room, the insurer tells you, their company won't cover you. This is the third time an
insurance company won't cover you. Why? The insurer tells you, that with your genetic information shows that you have a gene for alzheimer's and
another gene for heart disease. How is this okay? There is no law to protect people from life insurances, long–term insurances, and disability insurances
from denying coverage or raising rates based on an individual's genetic information. This is called genetic discrimination. Genetic discrimination is
"when people are treated differently by their employer or insurance company because they have a gene mutation that causes or increases the risk of an
inherited disorder" (What is genetic discrimination?, 2018). The question is, should insurance companies be allowed to have access to people's genetic
information? No, insurance companies should not be allowed to obtain access to genetic information because it can be used to discriminate people and
it's morally not right. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thousands of people are experiencing discrimination with insurance companies, over something they have no control over, their genes. Every person
has multiple DNA differences/or genetic mutation that can increase and/or decrease their chance of acquiring certain diseases, such as: cancers,
alzheimer's disease, diabetes, heart disease, etc. But just because people may have those certain genes/differences, does not mean that they will ever
get that disease (Genetic Discrimination Fact Sheet, 2015). It is also discrimination because, if people are forced to show their genetic information, it
will/can lead to vulnerable groups being denied insurance or will have higher premiums to pay. People cannot control their genes and they should not
be subjected to this
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Effects of Genetic Discrimination
The new advancements in genetics spark a new revolution in medicine. Genetic information not only can help us better understand the diseases that
plague us, but can also prevent diseases that could potentially be harmful to us. However America's history of discrimination has taken over this new
revolution also. Despite our revolutionized and civilized culture, America still suffers the cruel grip of evil that lies behind many legal documents and
contracts. Genetic Discrimination is when people are treated differently by their employer or insurance company because they have or are perceived to
have a gene mutation that causes or increases the risk of an inherited disorder. Although insurance companies and many employers are looking out for
their companies genetically discriminating against clients or employees promotes the public's weariness about the revolutionized genetic tests and also
discourages further medical research.
Although science of genetics still has to be improved to able to accurately predict genetic conditions, the information it provides can be a good
indicator of future illnesses. This helps psychologically prepare and "receive genetic counseling" (Amy) and prepare for any surgery that may be
required to prevent the disease. This new invention has opened up amazing possibilities and should be used in order to better our health. The small
group of people who aren't afraid of the possible consequences believe that their "life is worth more than the cost of

Genetic Testing : The Silicon Valley Company 23 & Me
Genetic testing has gone viral in recent era with advancements made in computing. Breakthroughs in hardware and software is driving down the costs
associated with the whole genome sequencing (WGS) making it more affordable. Independent companies have started to offer general public a
chance to have their genome sequenced. In most cases the test requires a doctor's referral however the Silicon Valley company 23&me believes it is
everyone's right to know about their genes making 23&me one of the few companies that performs the test for curious individuals who like to learn
about their DNA (Holt, "NOVA: Cracking Your Genetic Code", 2012, t. 10':00"). Genetic testing shows genes variations and mutations that could be
used for a better ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is shown that anonymized genetic information could sometimes be compromised and tracked back to the individual using other types of publicly
obtainable data such as date of birth, family history and geographic location (D. Sorani, 2014, p. 1).
As genetic testing becomes cheaper and main stream (Berdik, 2010, pr. 30), the argument of whether or not insurers and employers have the right to
access this data remains a question. The controversy is over employers' and insurers' rights to have access to all obtainable data in order for them to
come up with a better risk assessment and how this could affect the current markets and business models. Is the test result reliable enough to be
considered as a main factor for risk management? How beneficial could genetic test results be to corporations? We also have to consider questions
related to morality, human rights and data privacy. Is it right to differentiate a person based on probabilistic diagnosis? These are some of the questions
that will be discussed further in this paper.
As this is an emerging area of technology, laws and regulations surrounding this issue are subjects of controversy. For instance in Canada, there are no
laws or legislations in place to cover the genetic testing controversy. The Canadian Life and Health Insurance Association (CLHIA) published an article
on this subject which we will discuss in details. The PIPEDA (Personal Information Protection and Electronic

What Is Human Genetic Engineering?
Human genetic engineering is currently a hot topic of discussion in the scientific world. What is human genetic engineering? According to the National
Human Genome Research Institute, "Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of
an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly by controlling breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits. Genetic
engineering involves the direct manipulation of one or more genes. Most often, a gene from another species is added to an organism 's genome to give
it a desired phenotype." In other words HGE, is the process of genetically improvising the genes of a human being and selecting desired traits and
trying to eliminate certain diseases in utero. The goal is to develop physical characteristics known as the phenotype of the child to what the parents'
desire. This process is very expensive and still in the process of experimental research. This topic is very debatable, due to the fact that there may be a
chance for the parent to enhance the child to whatever they may find desirable, and to eliminate diseases. The cons of HGE, includes taking away the
autonomy of the child, their natural creation, enhancing the child, lead to eugenics, and lead to social inequality (Seck). Human genetic engineering is
immoral and unethical due to the fact that it is taking away from the child's individuality, it is unnatural, the adverse effects of trying to deplete

The Human Resources Representative Leader, It Is My Job Essay
This memo is in attention to the current employees in reference to a job analysis of all positions on account of the fact that the organization must
mandate the compliance of all regulations. As the human resources representative leader, it is my job to inform everyone in the office of what will be
needed to be reviewed per the CEO of this company. First off the job analysis is only a thorough explanation of the duties the make up each of the
positions that have been currently filled in this company, furthermore there are three focal aspects to this topic. The focal points include job
requirements, competency–based, and job reward. The job requirements will consist of a report of what each employee does in addition to what is the
proper procedure for the production. Correspondingly that employee must conclude that statement with what equipment and material must be used.
The best way to collect this information is interviews, task questionnaires, and observations. The job analysis is only here to inform the each of the
employees of the responsibilities that should have been met within the standard of the company and these standards should have been explained to all
employees upon accepting their current job placement, thus stated will be a list of all the requirements in terms of aptitudes, attitudes, knowledge,
skills, and physical expectations. The objectives of this job analysis will have to include the recommended and more importantly well–organized
approaches for each of

Genetic Discrimination Essay
Genetic Discrimination
The fear of genetic discrimination is a phobia gripping many people around the world. People find themselves asking, could my genetic information
raise my health bills? Could this cause me to be rejected from a job opportunity? These anxieties are causing people to lash out at genetic research, and
ultimately the human genome project. People do not want our understanding of human genomics to advance. This is because the risks of the
development of the technology could inflict on them. A major risk is genetic discrimination. I believe that genetic discrimination is wrong and
governments should continue to prevent it because it is an invasion of privacy, it violates equity, and it could really hurt people with genetic... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I fully support these laws because I am against genetic discrimination. Many risks could be poised if genetic discrimination was legal. First of all,
it is invasion of privacy. Your genetic information is YOUR genetic information. It is not anyone else's business and you should not be required to
make it public. If genetic information was a requirement when applying for a job or health insurance, people could make biased opinions and that
almost immediately ends your chance of getting what you applied for. Therefore, people with genetic disabilities would have a hard time facing the
discrimination. These people would be lucky to get a job and their health bills would go through the roof. I think that having a disability does not
mean you are not able to be a reliable worker, and it also doesn't necessarily mean your health will be significantly impacted. Besides, it is wrong to
discriminate against people just because of who they are! In addition, genetic discrimination does not promote equal opportunities. For example, in
Hong Kong three men were denied the opportunity in being in the disciplined forces (law enforcement) because a parent had schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia is a mental
disorder that hurts a person's ability to process their thoughts, and overall makes them prone to emotional responses.

Pros And Cons Of Gattaca
General Science is a study involving biology, chemistry, physics and environmental sciences. Students from Year 7 to Year 10 are introduced to these
various disciplines to gain general knowledge about science and can later be develop into deeper concepts. Science is not just fat laboratory coats,
Einstein's equations, mixing chemicals, massive space shuttles, or peeking through microscopes but involves critical thinking, analysing data and
apply understandings in the natural world to solve real problems. Science is an approach of learning what make this world and how things work
decades ago, how they work today, and how they are expected to work in forthcoming years. Some of the social justice issues hidden behind science
can cause major... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She accepted her destiny from people and failed to reach her capacity. Gattaca proves how society impedes individuals' dreams and talents based on
their genes.
I chose Gattaca because it is a great Sci–fi movie representing major concerns behind genetic engineering. The use of genetic engineering can eradicate
diseases, physical imperfections, enhanced beauty and improved the next generation. However, there are no such things as perfect, the pros and cons
exist behind every concept. I chose Gattaca because it clearly represents the conflicts and barriers created between families and society due to the
alterations of genes and shows the effects on individuals. The manipulation of genetics has major consequences dividing the world into two types of
classes. People's destiny will belong in the hands of society and genecists. For these reasons, Gattaca is suitable in any classrooms to educate students
about the social justice issues present behind science. By watching those scenes, students can visually see the endurance of Vincent due to science
discrimination. This film shows the amount of pressure imposed by the society upon Irene and Jerome who can't perform beyond their abilities despite
being 'valid'. The content of the movie will allow students to develop their own thoughts whether future people should have the choice to select the
faith of their children or not before their birth.
This movie

Increased Access To Genetic Testing
Will increased access to genetic information lead society to more discrimination? In this biotechnology era, one of the most significant scientific
accomplishments has been the completion of the Human Genome Project, which provided us with the necessary tools to access, understand and use
our genetic information. All the advances made up to date have opened the doors to new approaches in practicing medicine and health care since
genetic testing allows determining the presence of certain markers (genes) that enhance the probability for a patient of developing a genetic condition
(BГ©atrice Godard). Likewise, genetic testing helps in some cases to the early diagnosis and proper treatment of the disease. However, a growing fear
and debate about... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In one side if the results are negative will provide great relief and peace of mind, while a positive result will facilitate the prognosis, early treatment
and a positive effect on quality of life and life expectancy. Two important examples of the benefit of having more access to genetic information are the
newborn screening and cancer screening. The first one allows the detection and early management of serious conditions such as phenylketonuria in
newborns. The second one is of vital importance in the early detection of cancer as long as the evaluation and follow–up in those patients who have
higher predisposition to suffer this disease. The regular screening of prostate, breast, and ovarian cancer, to mention some, have helped to identify
individuals at risk based on their family history and to improve the management of the condition increasing their regular check–ups

Who Is Kitcher Inescapable Eugenics
I support the guidelines outlined by Kitcher for the use of genetic information because of their responsible and ethical nature. I believe that future
generations will benefit as a direct consequence of these guidelines. I shall begin by defining eugenics as the study of human genetics to improve
inherited characteristics of the human race by the means of controlled selective breeding.
Chapter 8 of Kitcher's novel, Inescapable Eugenics, identifies past abuses of eugenics resulting from inaccurate, misleading information; abuses that
include dominant groups using eugenics to discriminate against other undesirable groups.
In 1933, the Nazi's exercised eugenics as a direct way to rid individuals who were portrayed as "unfit" or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By the conditions above, Kitcher states one main precondition. This precondition is the ability to form a sense of self in order to set one's own
personal values and to also take course of ones future path of life . In Kitcher's point of view, the use of genetic information concerning embryos or
fetuses is permissible if and only if Fragile X, Lesch–Nyhan, neurofibromatosis, and other similar severe syndromes prevent even a modest quality of
life . Under these circumstances, Kitcher justifies the need for the use of genetic information to restore the ability to attain a decent quality of life
and to have the ability to satisfy desires that individual's value. Kitcher rejects relying on objective science, a science that sometimes falsely labels
diseases according to society views and biases. For example, masturbation and homosexuality were falsely labeled as disorders. The outcomes of
objective science are unreliable and bring about social prejudices instead of promoting health and life .
A moral justification for genetic treatment is only as accurate as the justification of disease. In the realms of objective science and the use of genetic
testing, Kitcher argues that the basis for terminating a pregnancy due to a severe syndrome can also lead to the basis for termination due to an
undesired sex or possibly even homosexuality. Ultimately, Kitcher supports only a minimalist approach to the use of

The Pros And Cons Of The Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project was an international research effort of the human genome, conducted in an effort to map out the ladder of human DNA.
This project was ran by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy. These agencies allowed researchers to truly understand
the blueprint of a person, having major impacts on the fields of medicine, biotechnology, and life sciences. However, this project has had a few legal
implications, and has caused serious concerns regarding their privacy and ethical guidelines. The Human Genome project should have more ethical
restrictions on its applications, because it is a violation of privacy and has the potential for misuse and discrimination.
Some people may inquire as to what exactly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is private information for a reason. It is to protect the person who is generously willing to take part in a genetic research project, and this goes
for any experiment or project where others sensitive, private information is being collected. This is information that is sensitive, which means it
should be protected from being released if the owner of that information doesn't want it to be released and made public. This is also clearly
predictive and powerful information. This is future information about yourself, that not even you might even know about yourself. How would it be
and feel to know a complete stranger was in control of your personal information, had power to decide who gets access to that information, had the
power to decide how they wanted to use this information, and you not have any say in their decision making? What if this was information that you
yourself, didn't even know about yourself? Imagine a complete stranger knowing important details about yourself, such as your chance of being a
carrier for Alzheimer's, or having a type of cancer, and not even you yourself knew about this? Not to mention as well that this is information that if
released to employers, potential future employers, your doctor, and or your health insurance provider, they have the power to and most likely will
view you from then on in a negative

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act : Overview,...
Running head: GENETIC INFORMATION NONDISCRIMINATION ACT: OVERVIEW
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act: Overview, Success and Future Concerns
Arunima Raghav
Touro College Abstract
As the number and availability of various genetic tests have grown, so too has a fear among Americans that their genetic information may be used for
purposes other than curing or preventing diseases. This paper looks at the law Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act passed in 2008 and how it
influences the workplace and the health insurance practices. GENETIC INFORMATION NONDISCRIMINATION ACT: OVERVIEW
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) is a federal law that protects individuals from genetic discrimination in health
insurance and employment or employer–sponsored group health plans contained in the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of
1996 (HIPAA) . On May 21, 2008 GINA was referred to by its sponsors as the first civil rights act of the 21st century was enacted after a 13–year
struggle in Congress.
The statute is divided into three titles: Title 1, which prohibits genetic discrimination in health insurance; Title 2, which prohibits genetic discrimination
in employment ; and Title 3, which contains miscellaneous provisions on severability and child labor protections.
Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project was first proposed to Congress in 1990 by Department of Energy and National Institutes of Health as a part of

Arguments Against Genetic Discrimination
Genetic discrimination happens when people are treated with bias standards by their employer or insurance company because they have a genetic
predisposition that causes or increases the risk of an inherited disorder. Subsequently, this information can be used to discriminate against or stigmatize
individuals on the job because they possess particular genetic traits. The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) provides federal
protection from genetic discrimination but it also protects the genetic privacy of individuals in health insurance and employment (Levin, 2013). There
are five congressional findings that have helped to create the final GINA law. First, human medical advances are discovered each day. One way of
achieving these goals are comprehending the human DNA and how it functions. Another scientific approach is to uncover the potential key to the
genetic break down that causes biological aspects to human diseases. The encoding of this information could give insights of the causes and may allow
advance medical treatment to intervene earlier in the disease pathways and possibly find a cure. These advances may be the significant aspects to
regulating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Given that some specific genetic disorders are more predominant in a population group can result in judgmental aspects toward that particular person or
group. For example, a person that has mention publically that they are a carrier of Huntington's disease can experience the perceptions of
discrimination from insurance companies, relatives and in social settings; although they may not be showing any symptoms of the disease. Although
this disease may not occurs in one population group, the duration may only give a person 15–20 life span after diagnosis which could affect the way a
person could be considered in a long term approach in

Gattaca Is Genetic Discrimination?
A theme in gattaca is genetic discrimination. In the aspetic society Vincent lives in ,ones life is genetically restrained even before the individual is born
so that each person gets the "best possible start". The sterile environment metaphorically captures a harsh authoritarian ambience favouring genetic
perfection above anything else. It is a society that overpowers human desire and human relattionships. This becomes apparent through the mechanical
robotic characters that live in Gattaca. Traits such as personality, beliefs, values and morals are useless. Identity in gattaca is seen in solely defined by
ones individual status as a valid or in–valid. Other then this nothing else is relevent.The starting scenes in the film sets an atmosphere of controlled
physical excellence. Vincent is shown shaving and exfoliating his skin.Vincent gathers a stray hair d from his keyboard and the space director
ackknowledges his admirable cleaning habits, To which Vincent believes is "next to godliness". There are extreme close–ups of human matter
including blood, skin, hair , urine and fingernails. Extreme closeups areused in Gattaca to show how the environment in which Vincent lives
ephaisises the importance of DNAl,. Those who are considered perfect among the society are often delayed and put down by a lack of aspiration; this
idea of perfection comes from ones i ndividual values influencedby a corrupt society.nVincent is considered a god child due to having no genetic

Genetic Discrimination: What Is The Key Purpose Of GINA?
Genetic discrimination is judgement based on one's genetic characteristics or chromosomes. In 2008, the "Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act"
(GINA) was passed, this act would prohibit discrimination based on genetics; moreover, GINA would prevent employers and health insurance
providers from increasing health insurance rates based on one's genetic disposition, which I will discuss further. In this paper, I will discuss the key
purpose of GINA, summarize the five congressional findings that impelled the formation of GINA.
The purpose of GINA is to prevent genetic discrimination from insurance companies and employers. Genetic discrimination occurs when one judged
based on their genetic characteristics or DNA. Mainly GINA was implemented to safeguard the public from discrimination and eliminate anxiety about
discrimination to promote the use of genetic testing, research, and therapy.
Before GINA was passed, there were five discoveries made by congress, these discoveries would be the driving force for GINA to be passed. Initially,
Congress found human genetic testing to be profitable to the public, new breakthroughs through genetic testing and research would prevent and cure
some illnesses and diseases.
Sterilization laws were very prominent in early research, in 1905 Indiana passed laws ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In contrast GINA do not protect against factors such as gender, or race as these elements are covered under the Civil Rights Act. The text describes
three elements covered under GINA which include "an individual's genetic test results, information pertaining to the genetic test results of an
individual's family members, and information about the patient's family history of genetic disease and disorder," (Bustillos,

Persuasive Essay On Genetic Discrimination
Whether an employer or health insurance company should have access to your genetic information can one day be the difference between having a job
and health insurance to having neither. Even though it's prohibited for an employers to ask or request for genetic information there will be people who
voluntary provide that information. Those who do provide genetic information might be doing themselves more harm than good. Many are against
providing their genetic information as they fear it could lead to genetic discrimination and prevent them from acquiring the proper insurance needed to
cover health problems or obtain employment (National, 2002). To prevent genetic discrimination laws like "The Americans with Disabilities Act"
(ADA), "The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act" (GINA), and "Affordable Care Act" (ACA) have been passed to prevent insurance
companies from denying coverage or increasing rates, employers from denying work, prohibit discrimination in public services areas, and prohibits the
discrimination against those who need accommodations (National, 2017). While providing genetic information is not required, some employers feel
that's its necessary to have this information. If an employer is are able to access a person genetic information they can to determine whether the person
poses a risk to themselves or to those around them (Midwest, n.d). Allowing an employer or insurance company to have access to your genetic
information could lead to genetic

Ethical Issues Surrounding Genetic Screening and Genetic...
Ethical Issues Surrounding Genetic Screening and Genetic Engineering
In today's modern age science is moving at a rapid pace; one of those scientific fields that has taken the largest leaps is that of genetics. When genetics
first comes to mind, many of us think of it as a type of science fiction, or a mystical dream. Yetgenetics is here, it is real, and has numerous ethical
implications. One of the particular areas of interest is prenatal genetics. In this field, many new and outstanding innovations have been made. A
mother and father can now check for a large array of disorders that could occur in their child; sexual preference has now been shifted from the hands
of a higher being to that of someone with a Ph.D.; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this brave new field, there have been many steps and strides taken of which we could have never imagined. For instance, before a mother and father
decided to carry out the process of having offspring, they can visit a genetic clinic to figure out if their child is likely to have certain illnesses. A list
of such illnesses are: Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, dwarfism, breast cancer (susceptibility to), fragile X syndrome, Huntington's Disease,
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and various types of nervous system degeneration (Golden 51). These are only a few of the nearly 40 types of
disorders that can be determined by genetic testing. It may be rather nice to know that a child does not have a genetic disease, but what does a
couple do if the results of a genetic test are returned with negative results? Also, if the information from the test is ambiguous the couple might
decide not to carry out the pregnancy due to risk. In a 1999 article written by Frederic Golden, he questions if the child should be brought into the
world "...in hopes that a cruel disease can be managed or cured..." or if the fetus should be aborted. He also poses the question of insurance coverage.
This might seem like a rather odd comment to make. Insurance is insurance isn't it? And for the most part we all have it. Yet this brings us into another
issue about genetics, privacy. Our genetic code is consistent throughout our entire lives. It is who we are. Will insurance coverage be available

The Cloning Of The Sheep
Genetics is always a hot topic, but it is usually met with many different, and often times contradictory, opinions. Several major events occurred in the
1990s that sparked this great debate. A few of those event were the cloning of Dolly the sheep, gene mapping that can determine the likelihood of a
disease, and genetically modified crops. The public in the United States feared that gene mapping would lead to "genetic discrimination" from
insurance companies, but at the same time they supported the exploration. Genetic discrimination is defined as "discrimination against an individual or
against members of that individual's family solely because of real or perceived differences from the normal genome of that individual" (Reilly, 2000,
p.489). Gene mapping could have a positive effect on the future health of Americans, but insurance companies have the potential to keep that from
happening by increasing rates or denying coverage because of predispositions for disease. The public attention about research studies for genetics is
comparable to the topic of eugenics from the early 1900s. Eugenics focused on the sterilization of humans based on their illnesses (e.g. Sickle Cell
Anemia), mental disabilities (e.g. Down syndrome), or even life decisions (e.g. Habitual criminals). In the 1980s, Americans were given a poll and
"44% favored compulsory sterilization of 'habitual criminals' and of the 'hopelessly insane'" (Reilly, 2000, p. 486). This, along with several other cases,

Examples Of Genoism In Gattaca
In the film Gattaca, Vincent states "I belonged to a new underclass, no longer determined by social status or the color of your skin." Vincent is
referring to a new form of discrimination called "Genoism". Genoism is defined as the discrimination against someone due to their genetic traits Those
with inferior genetic traits are known as Invalids.
This form of discrimination is preventable, although only if the parents choose to have an unnatural birth. In such a birth, the ovum with inferior traits
are weeded out and those with superior traits are chosen for fertilization. Though Genoism is avoidable pre–conception, it becomes a permanent
struggle postnatally. This struggle will cause prejudice from employers and peers throughout

The Hiring Process and the Laws That Govern It
The Hiring Process and the Laws that govern it
Jeremy Pesek
National American University
Abstract
Human resource departments spend many hours trying to recruit and hire quality employees. This is done by following the laws set forth in the
hiring process. This research will benefit an organization to better understand the laws and find quality employees. Making sure they follow these
laws and methods they will be able to make the best selection for the 'fit' of the company. This will apply to large or small companies. Following a
good process and knowing the laws will make for a good fit for both the employer and the employee.
The Hiring Process and the Laws that govern it There are many laws that help regulate the hiring ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This applies to job application procedures, hiring, advancement and discharge of employees, workers ' compensation, job training, and other terms,
conditions, and privileges of employment. Covered entity can refer to an employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor–management
committee, and is generally an employer engaged in interstate commerce and having 15 or more workers. (Human Resource Management Instructional
Materials 2009) The ADA requires employers to make reasonable accommodations for and know disability for people who are qualified to do the job.
Although reasonable can be defined differently by different people you should consult with the person for whom you are making these
accommodations to help define reasonable. A short section of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 noted as Section 503 prohibits employmentdiscrimination
by Federal government contractors and subcontractors with contracts of more than $10,000. (Human Resource Management Instructional Materials
2009) Overall the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in programs conducted by Federal agencies, in
programs receiving Federal financial assistance, in Federal employment, and in the employment practices of Federal contractors. These standards are
the same as the ones used in Title I in the Americans with Disabilities Act spoke about earlier. The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008

Genetic Discrimination In Australia
only lead to discrimination with insurance coverage but also with employers. Once the genetic information is part of the individual's medical record,
it may then be accessed by others. Cases of employers having used genetic information as part of the selection process have been found in Australia.
Genetic discrimination has even been detected in the armed forces where a young man was asked to provide documentation that showed he was not
predisposed to Marfan syndrome, of which he had a family history. Genetic discrimination is probably the biggest concern for individuals when it
comes to the cause and effects of genetic testing upon society. Some of this concern roots from the extreme examples of world leaders and prevalent
scientists in the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the genetic information is only accessible to the individual then there is a decreased chance of such discrimination occurring because the information
is disclosed to who the individual wishes to. Genetic information can raise questions about personal responsibility, personal choice versus genetic
determinism, and concepts of health and disease. Personal factors, family values, and community and cultural beliefs can mould the reactions to these
issues. For example the response to the genetic information and suggestion from physicians after the test will be drastically different in a society where
traditions and religion determine life choices, such as India, than to a more individually liberal society like the USA. Even in a progressive society that
has had specific ethnic groups for multiple generations disparities with medical technology are common. A study conducted, using the national
representative data, in the USA with the sample that consisted of 1724 men and women of non–Hispanic whites, Latinos, and African American
background. Results exposed significant differences by racial/ethnic groups in knowledge and concerns about the potential misuse of genetic testing.
Significantly higher levels of mistrust in a physician and the medical system was a common thread within minorities. The genetic tests can be a way
of ridding anxiety attached to the assumed inheritance of genetic disease due to family background whilst for others the genetic test reveals their
reality. The results can have a great deal of a psychological impact upon the individual. The possibility of developing a genetic disease alone can create
anxiety within some. The psychological impact from the results revealed is another issue that society is concerned about. A

Equal Employment Opportunity History and Laws
Running head: Equal Employment Opportunity History and Laws
Equal Employment Opportunity History and Laws
Nickki LaCour
Grand Canyon University: AMP–434 Human Resources
December 1, 2011
Equal Employment Opportunity History and Laws Many of us have heard of or have been made aware of the phrase Equal Employment
Opportunity (EEO). But how many of us genuinely comprehend the criterion of EEO and why it subsists? Equal Employment Opportunity laws are
designed to give all workers fair consideration on the basis of job performance rather than any irrelevant personal factors. These laws are in place in
order to prevent bias, prejudice, bigotry, and inequity against anyone due to physical abilities, race, religion, gender, or age.... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sections 102 and 103 of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 "The Act authorizes compensatory and punitive damages in cases of intentionaldiscrimination,
and provides for obtaining attorneys' fees and the possibility of jury trials. It also directs the EEOC to expand its technical assistance and outreach
activities (Federal EEO Laws, 2011).
Sections 501 and 505 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
This act is much like the ADA, the only difference is that the Rehabilitation Act is that it focuses on the federal government. "The Rehabilitation Act of
1973 was the first "rights" legislation to prohibit discrimination against people with disabilities. However, this law applied to programs conducted by
Federal agencies, those receiving federal funds, such as colleges participating in federal student loan programs, Federal employment, and employment
practices of businesses with federal contracts" (The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 2011). Section 501 demands affirmative action and bans discrimination
in employment by Federal agencies. Section 505 includes steps managing solutions and attorney's expenditures under Section 501 (The Rehabilitation
Act of 1973, 2011).
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) GINA makes it against the law to discriminate against employees or applicants
because

Essay about Gattaca, A Film by Andrew Niccol
Gattaca, A Film by Andrew Niccol
Exactly five seconds after he came into the world, Vincent Freeman was already considered to be a loser. His first genetic test revealed high
probabilities of hyperactivity, sight troubles and serious heart diseases, a life expectancy of 30 years and 2 months and quite low intellectual faculties.
At that time, the artificial insemination of test tube babies selected according to their genetic potential had become for many people "the natural way of
making children". But Vincent's parents had preferred to let the other nature take its course. Of course they regretted it, and for their next child they
went to see a geneticist. A perfect son has been born to them, a son who deserved to be called... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was called genoism and was forbidden but this law was not taken seriously.
Faced to this setback, he adopted the most radical solution. He met a man who introduced him Jerome Morrow. Jerome is a former athlete who was
paralyzed after an accident and condemned to move in a wheelchair. He used to be a very good sportsman and had won a silver medal during the
world championship. But it was not his only quality. His whole genetic code was perfect. The man's task was to help Vincent to take Jerome's identity.
With such a profile, Vincent was to make a promising career in Gattaca. The man provided them all the equipment they needed so that Vincent could
join the company and stay there under Jerome's identity, Vincent paid the man and Jerome's rent and Jerome gave his genetic code. Jerome was a
bitter character who could not accept his paralysis and who also has difficulties to accept Vincent, the man who was going to become him, steal his
identity. But little by little, he understood that there was a real exchange between them. While he was giving Vincent his life, Vincent gave him his
dream and brought interest in his gloomy life.
Under Jerome's name and profile, Vincent climbed the rungs of Gattaca's hierarchical ladder very quickly. Since any particle of his body could
betray him, he used to brush his skin, his nails and his hair as meticulously as possible, to vacuum his desk and leave Jerome's hair or skin dust
instead. He always had an

Gattaca Shows Us the Dangers of Uncontrolled Technology.
In the 'not–to–distant future', the world of Gattaca is where genetic engineering has become the normal approach to procreation. Gattaca's society
involves a culture of self–advancement through genetic determinisms, a caste system of valid and in–valids and social discrimination based on
'genoism'. This sterile and cold society of elitist collaborations like Gattaca promotes competition, isolation and discrimination. This is something that is
dangerous to individuals and relationships and shows an arrogant belief to the world of science. Despite this hierarchical world it isn't the technology
that stands alone as dangerous to individuals, instead it is the human sprit or lack of it and the desire one has to reach their dreams that have an ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Twice he beats Anton at swimming; proving genes are not the sole determinant– 'The impossible happened. It was the one moments in our lives that my
brother was not as strong as he believed, and I was not as weak.' Vincent crosses the highway despite his blurred vision, whereas the police investigating
the murder seem blind. Instead of the physiological fate, it is the strengths an individual psychological holds that determines the future of an individual,
and Vincent proves this. Vincent's defects give him the spirit Eugene, Josef and Anton lack. Niccol condemns the obsession withgenetics as something
which blinds people to reality.
The film condemns the false premises of genetic engineering and eugenics that aim to eradicate all 'undesirable' traits and imperfections. In this
'manicured' world, human passions still seek liberation; people quietly sabotage the rules, loyalty and love continue and individuality survives. The
human sprit it suggest remains strong, and can act as a counterbalance to the negative tendencies of an oppressive, controlling society where
uncontrolled technology is dangerous, but also

The Pros And Cons Of Genetic Gold Diggers
Genetic Gold Diggers It's sad to live in a world where the thought of genetically–modifying babies exists. While parents are just trying to better their
children's lives, they're doing nothing but wasting their money on a very expensive and risky procedure. It's no coincidence that when CRISPR, the
machine/tool used for genetic modification was released, over 40 countries produced legislation to fight against it due to the moral, legal, safety, etc.
issues. With genetic modification, numerous health risks, moral questioning and possible discrimination, genetic modification is not the way to go.
One of the main reasons a parent would modify their traits is to become more athletic; so, if a parent modifies their baby in order for them to grow
up to be 'the next LeBron James', chances are they're not special for thinking of that. They think that their kid will be the superior athlete but in reality,
the kid is going to be battling against many other kids that have been genetically modified, reducing their talent back down to what it would've been
prior to genetic modification. The only difference is that if the kid didn't get modification, he might've gotten his college paid for if the parents didn't
spend a bazillion dollars for this genetic treatment.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sure, the kid might be prone to a few diseases and smarter, but part of having a family is making a child with your same traits, which is what
makes us as humans unique. Take for example, a couple: a man and a woman both with black hair and green eyes. They decide to have a
genetically modified baby. Since sources claim that people with blue eyes and blonde hair get better jobs and have better social lives, they decide to
give the baby these traits. Now, throughout this kid's life he has to be burdened with the question: "Did your mom have an affair or like were you
adopted because like you look nothing like

PGD: A Form Of Genetic Discrimination
Disability rights advocates have great concern about such procedures that eliminate so called "disabilities". Many argue that the healthy wellbeing of
a disabled child is often easily disregarded as limited and disadvantageous, when really many people with disabilities lead full and satisfying lives7.
They argue that PGD is a form of genetic discrimination, particularly against disabled people. Professor Mark Henaghan, dean of faculty law Otago
University and member of Advisory Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technology (ACART), states that PGD is indeed a form of discrimination.
"If you choose an embryo that doesn't have a certain gene, you're discriminating against that defect. It's really a question of whether you think there is
any great

Essay on Human Genetic Screening and Discrimination in...
Human Genetic Screening and Discrimination in Gattaca
Works Cited Missing
A few months ago I watched a movie called Gattaca, which dealt with the issue of genetic discrimination in the near future. In the movie, people
were separated into two classes, those that were genetically screened and positively altered before birth and the class that was unaltered. The
separate classes had stark divisions, from what jobs that you were able to apply for to where you could eat. Security was aimed at keeping unaltered
people away from the enhanced people. Knowledge about who and what you are was done by "instant" genetic genotyping that tells anyone everything
that they want to know about a person's genome from a small sample of blood or a hair ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So far, there are relatively few people who have been genotyped already, and those that have usually have their information withheld from insurance
companies as a precaution.
Genetic screening is done with RFLP analysis. RFLP stands for Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. RFLP analysis is used to find an
identifiable pattern of fragments (an RFLP) that indicates a genetic marker. The genetic marker is unique and is inherited in all people with a disorder
or disease. The RFLP comes from a strand of DNA near a suspected gene location that has been cut with a restriction enzyme into smaller pieces.
The pieces of DNA are separated using gel electrophoresis into their distinctive bands. The RFLP is a distinctive pattern of the fragments in the gel.
All people with the disorder or disease have the RFLP pattern, it is written in stone or in this case, DNA. DNA bands are studied to determine if a
person has a disease, is a carrier, has no prior deposition to the disease, or if they will develop the disease in the future. A detailed human map is being
developed by scientists worldwide who are contributing information to the human genome project. The human genome project is an attempt to map out
every gene on every chromosome of the human genome. It is going slowly, but growth in knowledge of the genome is growing exponentially every
year. Along with the growth, we are accumulating knowledge about more

Depression And Nonfatal Depression, Leading Causes Of...
Depression as the DSM–5 describes it is a low, sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self worth, guilt, or related
symptoms. "Depression is a disabling psychiatric disorder that is the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide and the leading cause of nonfatal
disease burden (Ustun 1). Depression has the ability to affect anyone. Studies have shown that depression can be linked to genetics, environmental
factors, and other factors such as life satisfaction. People are prone or more likely to experience depressive symptoms by the different factors they are
exposed to. They are With the rates of depression dramatically increasing among African Americans, one would question how depression is affecting
the minority population. One would suggest that being a part of a minority population causes more stressors that later could lead to depression. To take
that even further, gender also may be an influencing factor. According to recent studies, depression is seemly affecting those of the minority population
more so than white male Americans. Some reasons that were found to be associated with the issue are While understanding how different people are
exposed to depression it is important to take note of the cause of depression. Within the study "Genetic predisposition to high anxiety– and
depression–like behavior coincides with diminished DNA methylation in the adult rat amygdala", scientist mention that "Vulnerability to mental

Eeoc Nvq
1.The EEOC is in place to protect the rights of individuals in the workplace. They are also laws in place that protects employees from being punished
for reporting discrimination. Laws of the EEOC include:
–Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects people from being discriminated against due to who they are and what they look like this includes
skin color, religious preference, where they come from and sex of the person. Title VII was amended to include the protection of pregnant women.
–The Equal Pay Act of 1963 is in place to make it so men and women are paid the same if they are performing the same jobs. It gives equality in the
workplace between men and women.
–The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 means that

Genetic Discrimination
Still in this world today, there are so any discrimination acts which still exist in the coverage of health care insurance for employees, and unjust or
prejudicial acts taking place in employers' decision making. Discrimination health care exists in the workplace by limiting the access of care to
employers, denying care, or just by simply cancelling their care due to discrimination towards that certain employee. GINA ( Genetic Information
Non–discrimination Act of 2008), was implemented to fight against discrimination of health care insurance.
GINA, maintains that genetic discrimination should not exist. Health insurance companies and employers are not allowed to look at your prior health
history before you enroll for health care, or change

Title 2 Prevents Genetic Discrimination
Despite all of the progress that has made towards equal opportunity, discrimination is still a major problem in the United States of America. A relatively
new phenomenon, titled genetic discrimination, occurs when individuals are discriminated against on account of their genetic information. On May
21st, 2008, the GINA Act was passed, making it illegal to refuse to provide employment or health insurance to individuals based on their genetic
information in all U.S. states and territories. Title I prevents genetic discrimination in health coverage, while Title II prevents genetic discrimination in
employment. Title I took effect on May 21st, 2009, and Title II took effect eighteen months later on November 21st, 2009. With the GINA Act, it is

The Film Gattaca Is Genetic Discrimination
A theme in The film Gattaca is genetic discrimination. In the aseptic society Vincent lives in , life is genetically restrained even before the individual is
born so that each person gets the "best possible start". The sterile environment captures a strictly controlled ambience favouring genetic perfection
above anything else. It is a society that overpowers human desire and human relationships. This becomes apparent through the mechanical robotic
characters that live in Gattaca. Traits such as personality, beliefs, values and morals are useless. Identity in gattaca is seen in solely defined by one 's
individual status as a valid or invalid. Other than this nothing else is relevant.The starting scenes in the film sets an atmosphere of controlled physical
excellence. Vincent is shown shaving and exfoliating his skin.Vincent gathers a stray hair d from his keyboard and the space director acknowledges
his admirable cleaning habits, To which Vincent believes is "next to godliness". There are extreme close–ups of human matter used in Gattaca to show
how the environment in which Vincent lives emphasises the importance of DNA. Those who are considered perfect among the society are often set
back by a lack of aspiration; this idea of perfection comes from one 's individual values influenced by a corrupt society.Vincent is considered a god
child due to having no genetic advantage from birth, Vincent is an alien concept to the genetically modified world. A test such as a

Film Review : Gattaca And Gattaca
The films I have chosen to analyse Snowpiercer directed by Joon Ho Bong, Gattaca directed by Andrew Niccol both are movies that show this genre of
a futuristic and dystopian society. Snowpiercer and Gattaca show conventions that convey this genre through a dystopian protagonist who standing up
against a higher power, restrictions upon freedom and inequality(discrimination) in Gattaca the protagonist Vincent stands up to the labels of valids
and invalids and the discrimination between the two labels in order to achieve his dreams, even though he commits identity fraud. Whereas others
conforms to their DNA as a pathway in order to live their lives. In Snowpiercer a train contains the last remaining survivors of the global ice age
which unexpectedly occurred during the attempt to reduce global warming. Curtis Everett is a member of the lower class passengers who have been
place in the tail section, who leads a revolution against the elites in the front of the train in order to get control. Convention1
Inequality (discrimination) is a convention that is shown in both Gattaca and Snowpiercer. In Gattaca inequality plays a major part in the film;
'valids' and 'invalids'. Gattaca is a world based on inequality not based on tradition, race, gender or religion but on DNA. This is so that everyone can
get the "best possible start". Gattaca is a world that lacks freedom based on the fact that all the children are made through geneticists, who pick the
perfect child that have long

Genetic Privacy And The Human Genome Project
With bounding advances in the field of genetics, genetic privacy has sparked a controversy. In the 1980s, the Human Genome Project was formulated
to sequence the entirety of the human genome. The first draft of this project was published in Nature in February, 2001, about 10 percent short of
completion (National Institutes of Health [NIH], 2015). Originally, scientists had hypothesized that there was anywhere from 50,000 to 140,000 genes,
but after the release of this first draft and the later completion of the full sequence in April 2003, it was revealed that there were actually about 20,500
genes (NIH, 2015). As of April 2003, the structure, organization, and function of these many genes can finally begin to be better understood. While the
completion of the Human Genome Project seems like a huge accomplishment, there are those who are worried about its implications. Each person's
genome holds a plethora of essential information that many would like to keep private (Moor, 1999, p. 261–262). However, the compilation of a
national genetic database would benefit both the fields of medicine and justice by facilitating personalized health care, improving overall health care,
and aiding in the conviction of criminals.
Scientists anticipate that genetic information will be useful in the concept of personalized health care. While the sequencing of the human genome is
the first step towards this, it does not guarantee success. Rather, it is important to develop a deeper

Genetic Testing Research Paper
Should Society or an Individual bear the cost and consequences of genetic screening and genetic tests STATEMENT OF THE ISSUE With the kind of
packages many employees get in corporate America, part or full health coverage is a very common perk. Through these health benefits, employees
undergo many different tests because they are subsidized. In some cases, general health checkups are also required by the employers. The results of
these tests contain sensitive information and handling of that information can directly affect the patient's employment at the company. The issue lies in
the confidentiality of the information amongst the employer, employees and the healthcare providers. The Genetic... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, people may not know that BRCA1/2 are genes that have risk of cancer of about 25%–90% but it doesn't necessarily indicate that they
will get breast cancer in the future (Morris, 2010). Genetic discrimination by employers and insurers are the main culprit for not protecting the privacy
of an individual. Impact on family Due to germline mutation(passed via sperm or egg to offspring). This can suggest risk associated with it in the
bloodline of the relatives (McGuire, 2008). Also if a child is adopted and is not aware about his/her adoption and finds out that his/her adopted parents
have risks of chronic heart condition then they might alter their lifestyles thinking that they can get serious heart conditions in future. Expensive and
Time consuming Genetic testing is expensive and time consuming.

How Do Acts Of Discrimination Such As Bullying Affect The...
My research question is "How do acts of discrimination such as "bullying" affect the workplace relationships?" To better understand my research
question allow me to define both discrimination and bullying and get more in depth with the different types of discrimination in the workplace and
how the Equal Employment Opportunity is involved with such acts.
According to the Merriam–Webster dictionary discrimination is the practice of unfairly treating a person or group of people differently from other
people or groups of people and bullying is a blustering browbeating person; especially : one habitually cruel to others who are weaker. In my
personal/professional opinion and as a Equal Employment Opportunity Counselor (EEO) for my organization I strongly believe both acts of
harassment and bullying coincides in the workplace. The act of bullying is needed to harass a person or persons.
According to my EEO counseling training through US Graduate School, The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is responsible
for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person's race, color, religion, sex
(including pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. It is also illegal to discriminate against a person because the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The law also makes it illegal to retaliate against a person because the person complained about discrimination, filed a charge of discrimination, or
participated in an employment discrimination investigation or lawsuit. The law also requires that employers reasonably accommodate the known
physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified individual with a disability who is an applicant or employee, unless doing so would impose an
undue hardship on the operation of the employer's

Discrimination in the Workplace Essay
Introduction
There are different types of discrimination against a job applicant or an employee. It is prohibited by law to make biased decisions based on
preconception to group of people according to a certain race, national origin, class, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation, age, disabilities,
genetic information etc. All developed countries have an advanced legislation to protect job applicants and employees against different types of
discrimination in many types of work situations such as hiring, firing, promotions, harassment, training, wages and benefits. This paper examines issues
associated with the main forms of discrimination.
We will focus on these issues using the example of the USA. There were a number of studies... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This act prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin;
2.The Equal Pay Act (EPA). This act prohibits sex–based wage discrimination;
3.The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA). This act protects employees who are 40 years or older;
4.Title I and Title V of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). It protects individuals with disabilities from discrimination;
5.Title II of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA). This act prohibits discrimination based on genetic information about
workers (http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/index.cfm, para. 3–4).
There is a special organization in the USA (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or EEOC) which oversees and coordinates all federal equal
employment opportunity regulations, practices and policies. This governmental institution ensures an implementation of these laws in the U.S (http:/
/www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/index.cfm). One of the main functions of this organization is preventing discrimination with the help of special technical assistant
programs. Investigation of charges with discrimination is another function of this institute. This organization also has a power to bring charges if it
found out that a case of discrimination occurred.
Age discrimination
Age discrimination is a negative attitude towards people on the grounds of their age. There is the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)
prohibiting age

Genetic Discrimination In The Workplace
On the National Human Genome Research Institute website they provide various information about different issues such as health, genetics, and
education. One main issue that they provided information on is genetic discrimination. They describe this issue as discrimination that can be toward an
individual based on their genetics. To address this issue of possiblediscrimination, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act was put into law in
2008. This law prohibits discrimination in the workplace and by any health insurance issuers. There are also other legal protections against genetic
discrimination by employers, issuers of health insurance, and any others who may use genetics to discriminate. The Genetic Information
Nondiscrimination Act,

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act Of 2008 (...
1. Official Title of the Law
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) is an act of Congress that give individuals federal protection against genetic
discrimination concerning insurance and employment; the federal law was enacted on the 21st of May 2008 (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission, n.d.). GINA forbids group health organizations including health plans and insurers from denying insurance to a person or charging them a
higher fee grounded on their genetic information that may indicate their susceptibility to developing a certain disease in the future. The Genetic
Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) equally prohibits employers from conducting job allocations, hiring, firing as well as promotion
decisions based on their individuals 'genetic information. GINA includes revisions to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 and the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
GINA comprises of two titles; title one bans genetic discrimination involving health insurance, and title two makes it unlawful to discriminate against
employees based on their genetic information. This paper will out more emphasis on title one.
2. Health Care Organization's Obligations to meet Patients' Legal Rights
A lot of people in the United Sates are unwilling to participate in studies or undertake any genetic screening that may expose them to discrimination
grounded on their genetics. That has patients from volunteering to take part in research

Genetic Discrimination and Life Insurance

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