Hit1614 hbhd13e ppt-ch7

Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 7
The Skeleton: Bones and Joints

Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Overview

Key Terms
amphiarthrosis endosteum osteon
arthritis epiphysis osteopenia
arthroscope extremity osteoporosis
arthroplasty fontanel periosteum
articulation joint resorption
bursa marrow skeleton
circumduction osteoblast synarthrosis
diaphysis osteoclast synovial
diarthrosis osteocyte

The Skeleton
• The skeletal system is made up of bones, joints, and
supporting connective tissue.

Figure 7-1 The skeleton.
The Skeleton (cont.)

Bones
Learning Objectives
1. List the functions of bones.
2. Describe the structure of a long
bone.
3. Name the three different types of
cells in bone, and describe the
functions of each.
4. Differentiate between compact
bone and spongy bone with
respect to structure and location.

Bones (cont.)
Learning Objectives
5.Explain how a long bone grows.
6. Name and describe nine markings
found on bones.

Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Learning Objectives
7.Name, locate, and describe the
bones in the axial skeleton.
8.Describe the normal curves of the
spine and explain their purpose.

Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
Learning Objectives
9. Name, locate, and describe the
bones in the appendicular
skeleton.

Disorders of Bone
Learning Objectives
10.Describe five types of bone
disorders.
11.Name and describe eight types of
fractures.

Joints
Learning Objectives
12.Describe three categories of joints
based on degree of movement, and
give examples of each.
13.Name six types of synovial joints,
and demonstrate the movements that
occur at each.
14.Describe three types of joint
disorders.
15.Describe methods used to correct
diseased joints.

Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System
Learning Objectives
16.Describe how the skeletal system
changes with age.

Learning Objectives
17.Using the case study, discuss how
fractures heal.
Case Study

Word Anatomy
Learning Objective
18. Show how word parts are used to build words related
to the skeleton.

Bones
Learning Objective
1.List the functions of bones.
2.Describe the structure of a long
bone.
3.Name the three different types of
cells in bone, and describe the
functions of each.
4.Differentiate between compact bone
and spongy bone with respect to
structure and location.

Bones (cont.)
Bone Functions
•Act as a framework for body
•Protect delicate structures
– Examples: Brain and spinal cord
•Work as levers to produce movement
•Store calcium
•Produce blood cells

Bones (cont.)
Bone Structure
•Diaphysis
•Marrow
– Red
– Yellow
•Membranes
– Periosteum
– Endosteum
•Tissues
– Compact
– Spongy

Figure 7-2
The structure of
a long bone.
What are the membranes
on the outside and the
inside of a long bone
called?
Bones (cont.)

Bones (cont.)
Bone Tissue
•Osteoblasts build bone tissue.
•Osteocytes maintain bone tissue.
•Osteoclasts break down bone tissue (responsible for
resorption).

What cells are located in the spaces of compact bone?
Figure 7-3 Bone tissue.
Bones (cont.)

Bones (cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
7-1 What are the scientific names for the shaft and the
ends of a long bone?
7-2 What compounds are deposited in the intercellular
matrix of the embryonic skeleton to harden it?
7-3 What are the three types of cells found in bone,
and what is the role of each?
7-4 What are the two types of osseous (bone) tissue,
and where is each type found?

Bones (cont.)
Bone Growth, Maintenance, and Repair
•Long bone formation
– Epiphyseal plates
•Bone resorption
– Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue
– Types of bone cells
•Osteocytes maintain and repair the existing bone matrix
•Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue
•Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone

Bones (cont.)
Bone Growth, Maintenance, and Repair (cont.)
•Long bone formation
– Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone.
• Cartilage begins to turn into bone.
• Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends.
• Bones continue to lengthen.
• Bones stop lengthening.
• Bone resorption and formation continue.

Bones (cont.)
Bone Resorption
•Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue.
•Necessary for repair of bone injury.
•Bone tissue resorbed when the body needs its stored
minerals.

Bones (cont.)
Bone Markings

Bones (cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
7-5 What are the centers for secondary growth of a
long bone called?
7-6 What are some functions of bone markings?

Bones (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz
7.1 Which protein makes up a major component
of the bone matrix?
A)Keratin
B)Collagen
C)Melanin
D)Calcium

Bones (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz Answer
7.1 Which protein makes up a major component
of the bone matrix?
A)Keratin
B)Collagen
C)Melanin
D)Calcium

Bones (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz
7.2 Where does bone growth occur in children?
A)Center of bone shafts
B)Epiphyseal plates
C)Medullary cavities
D)Epiphyseal lines

Bones (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz Answer
7.2 Where does bone growth occur in children?
A)Center of bone shafts
B)Epiphyseal plates
C)Medullary cavities
D)Epiphyseal lines

Figure 7-4 Sinuses.
Bones (cont.)

Learning Objectives
7.Name, locate, and describe the
bones in the axial skeleton.
8.Describe the normal curves of the
spine, and explain their purpose.

Bones of the Axial Skeleton (cont.)
• Two main groups of bones:
– Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and trunk
– Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the extremities

Bones of the Skeleton
Region Bones Description
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Cranium Cranial bones (8) Chamber enclosing the brain; houses
the ear and forms part of the eye
socket
Facial bones Facial bones (14) Form the face and chambers for
sensory organs
Mandible
Maxillae (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Nasal bones (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Vomer
Palatine (2)
Inferior nasal conchae (2)
Lower jaw
Upper jaw (fused)
Prominence of cheek
Bridge of nose
Anterior medial wall of each orbital
cavity
Inferior part of nasal septum
Posterior part of hard palate
Side of nasal cavities
Ossicles Ear bones (3) Transmit sound waves through the
middle ear
Trunk
Vertebral column Vertebrae (26) Enclose the spinal cord
Thorax Sternum Anterior bone of the thorax
Ribs (12 pairs) Enclose the organs of the thorax

Bones of the Skeleton (cont.)
Region Bones Description
Appendicular Skeleton
Upper Division
Shoulder girdle Clavicle Anterior; between sternum and
scapula
Scapula Posterior; anchors muscles that
move arm
Upper extremity Humerus Arm bone
Ulna Medial bone of forearm
Radius Lateral bone of forearm
Carpals (8) Wrist bones
Metacarpals (5) Bones of palm
Phalanges (14) Bones of fingers
Lower Division
Pelvis Os coxae (2) Join sacrum and coccyx of
vertebral column to form the bony
pelvis
Lower extremity Femur Thigh bone
Patella Knee cap
Tibia Medial bone of leg
Fibula Lateral bone of leg
Tarsal bones (7) Ankle bones
Metatarsals (5) Bones of instep
Phalanges (14) Bones of toes

Framework of the Skull
•Other bones
– Ear ossicles
– Hyoid bone
•Sutures
– Coronal suture
– Squamous sutures
– Lambdoid suture

Figure 7-5 The skull.
What type of joint is between the bones of the skull?
What two bones make up each side of the hard palate?
What is a foramen?

Figure 7-6 Infant skull,
showing fontanels.
Which is the largest
fontanel?

Framework of the Trunk
•Vertebral column
– Cervical vertebrae
– Thoracic vertebrae
– Lumbar vertebrae
– Sacral vertebrae (sacrum)
– Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)

Figure 7-7 The vertebral column and vertebrae.
From an anterior view, which group(s) of vertebrae form
a convex curve? Which group(s) form a concave curve?
Which vertebrae are the largest and heaviest? Why?

Thorax
•Sternum
•Ribs
– True ribs
– False ribs
•Manubrium
•Clavicular notch
•Sternal angle
•Xiphoid process

Figure 7-8 Bones of the thorax.
To what bones do the costal cartilages attach?

✓
Checkpoints
7-7 What bones make up the skeleton of the trunk?
7-8 What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

?
Pop Quiz
7.3 Which bone forms the back and part of the
base of the skull?
A)Parietal bone
B)Temporal bone
C)Occipital bone
D)Sphenoid bone

?
Pop Quiz Answer
7.3 Which bone forms the back and part of the
base of the skull?
A)Parietal bone
B)Temporal bone
C)Occipital bone
D)Sphenoid bone

Learning Objective
9. Name, locate, and describe the
bones in the appendicular
skeleton.

Figure 7-9 The shoulder girdle.
What does the prefix supra mean? What does the prefix
infra mean?
Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton (cont.)

Figure 7-10 Bones of the upper extremity.
What is the medial bone of the forearm?

Figure 7-11 Movements of the forearm.

Figure 7-12 Left elbow, lateral view.
What part of what bone forms the bony prominence of
the elbow?

Figure 7-13 Bones of the right hand, anterior view.
How many phalanges
are there on each
hand?

Figure 7-14 The pelvic bones.
What bone is nicknamed the “sit bone?”

Figure 7-15 Comparison of male and female pelvis, anterior
view.

Figure 7-16 Bones of the lower extremity.
What is the lateral bone of the leg? Which bone of the
leg is weight-bearing?

Figure 7-17 Bones of the right foot.
Which tarsal bone
is the heel bone?
Which tarsal bone
forms a joint with the
tibia?

✓
Checkpoint
7-9 What are the four regions of the appendicular
skeleton?

?
Pop Quiz
7.4 Which of the following bones is found in the
shoulder girdle?
A)Sternum
B)Humerus
C)Scapula
D)Ulna

?
Pop Quiz Answer
7.4 Which of the following bones is found in the
shoulder girdle?
A)Sternum
B)Humerus
C)Scapula
D)Ulna

Disorders of Bone (cont.)
• Metabolic diseases
• Tumors
• Infections
• Structural problems

Metabolic Disorders
•Characterized by a lack of normal bone formation or
excess loss of bone tissue
– Osteopenia
– Osteoporosis
– Osteitis deformans
– Osteomalacia

Figure 7-18 Osteoporosis.

Figure 7-19 Metabolic bone diseases.

Tumors
•Two types found in bone tissue
– Benign
– Malignant
• Osteosarcomas
• Chondrosarcomas

Infection
•Two types found in bone tissue
– Osteomyelitis
• Inflammation of the bone caused by pyogenic
bacteria
– Tuberculosis
• Pott disease (tuberculosis of the spine)

Structural Disorders
•Spinal curve abnormalities
– Kyphosis (hunchback)
– Lordosis (swayback)
– Scoliosis
•Cleft palate
•Flatfoot

Figure 7-20 Abnormalities of the spinal curves.
Which abnormal curve is an exaggerated concave curve?
Which is an exaggerated convex curve?

Figure 7-21 Types of fractures.
Fractures

✓
Checkpoint
7-10 What are five categories of bone disorders?

Joints (cont.)

Joints (cont.)
More about Synovial Joints
•Bones are joined by other structures in synovial joints.
•Synovial joint structure
– Ligaments
– Joint capsule
– Hyaline (articular) cartilage
– Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus
– Fat
– Bursae

Figure 7-22 Structure of a synovial joint.
What is the purpose of the greater trochanter of the
femur? What type of tissue covers and protects the
ends of the bones?
Joints (cont.)

Figure 7-23 The knee joint, sagittal section.
Joints (cont.)

Joints (cont.)
Movements at Synovial Joints
•Flexion
– Dorsiflexion
– Plantar flexion
•Extension
•Abduction
•Adduction
•Circumduction
•Rotation

Joints (cont.)
Movements Characteristic of Forearm and Ankle
•Supination
•Pronation
•Inversion
•Eversion
•Dorsiflexion
•Plantar flexion

Figure 7-24 Movements at synovial joints.
Joints (cont.)

Joints (cont.)
Types of Synovial Joints

Joints (cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
7-11 What are three types of joints based on the
degree of movement they allow?
7-12 What is the most freely movable type of joint?

Disorders of Joints
• Mechanical (stress) disorders
– Dislocation
– Sprains
– Bursitis
– Bunions
• Herniated disk
• Arthritis
– Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease [DJD])
– Rheumatoid arthritis
– Septic (infectious) arthritis
– Gout

Figure 7-25 Herniated disk.
Disorders of Joints (cont.)

Figure 7-26 Joint changes in osteoarthritis (OA).

Joint Repair
•Arthrocentesis
•Arthroplasty

Figure 7-27 Arthroscopic examination of the knee.

Joints
✓
Checkpoints
7-13 What is the most common type of joint disorder?
7-14 What type of endoscope is used to examine and
repair joints?

Joints (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz
7.5 Freely movable joints are also called:
A)Fibrous joints
B)Cartilaginous joints
C)Diarthroses
D)Amphiarthroses

Joints (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz Answer
7.5 Freely movable joints are also called:
A)Fibrous joints
B)Cartilaginous joints
C)Diarthroses
D)Amphiarthroses

Learning Objective
16.Describe how the skeletal system
changes with age.

(cont.)
Bone
•Loss of calcium salts and collagen
•Bone weakening
•Reduction in collagen
Joints
•Thinning of cartilage
•Decreased flexibility

Learning Objective
17.Using the case study, discuss how
fractures heal.
Case Study

Case Study (cont.)
Body’s Fracture Healing Process
•Blood clot forms around fracture.
•Blood vessels grow into clot, pulling connective tissue
with them.
•Fibroblasts and chondroblasts convert clot into a soft
callus.
•Macrophages remove remains of blood clot, and
osteoclasts resorb dead bone tissue.
•Osteoblasts convert soft callus into a hard callus of
spongy bone.
•Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel hard callus into
compact bone.

Word Anatomy (cont.)
Word Part Meaning Example
Bones
-clast break
An osteoclast breaks down bone in the process of
resorption.
dia-
through,
between
The diaphysis, or shaft, of a long bone is between the
two ends, or epiphyses.
oss, osse/o
bone, bone
tissue
Osseous tissue is another name for bone tissue.
oste/o
bone, bone
tissue
The periosteum is the fibrous membrane around a bone.
cost/o rib Intercostal spaces are located between the ribs.
para- near The paranasal sinuses are near the nose.
pariet/o wall The parietal bones are the side walls of the skull.
infra-
below,
inferior
The infraspinous fossa is a depression inferior to the
spine of the scapula.
meta- near, beyond
The metacarpal bones of the palm are near and distal to
the carpal bones of the wrist.
supra-
above,
superior
The supraspinous fossa is a depression superior to the
spine of the scapula.

Word Anatomy (cont.)
Word
Part
Meaning Example
Disorders of Bone
-malacia softening Osteomalacia is a softening of bone tissue.
-penia lack of In osteopenia, there is a lack of bone tissue.
The Joints
ab- away from
Abduction is movement away from the midline of
the body.
ad-
toward,
added to
Adduction is movement toward the midline of
the body.
amphi-
on both
sides,
around,
double
An amphiarthrosis is a slightly movable joint.
arthr/o
joint,
articulation
A synarthrosis is an immovable joint, such as a
suture.
circum- around
Circumduction is movement around a joint in a
circle.

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